Waqooyi-bari Russia: kibir, dhaqanka, taariikhda iyo horumarka gobolka

Si loo go'aamiyo kooxda boqortooyooyinka aan ollogga rus degeen inta u dhaxaysa Volga iyo Oka in IX-XII qarniyo, taariikhyahanadu la ansixiyay isticmaalka ereyga "North-Eastern Russia". Waxaa loola jeedaa dhulka jiifa gudaha Rostov iyo Suzdal, Vladimir. Khusayso sidoo kale marka la eego isku, oo muujineysa ururka ee dhismayaasha dawladda in sano kala duwan - ". Grand Duchy The of Vladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "kibir Vladimir-Suzdal," iyo In qeybtii labaad ee Russia XIII qarnigii, kaas oo la odhan jiray the-North East, dhab ahaantii uu joogsanayo si uu u jiro - in ay ka qayb qaatay dad badan oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka.

Grand ugaasyadii Rostov

Dhamaan seddex ka mid ah madax ka mid ah Waqooyi-bari Russia xirmaan isla dalka, beddelay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, laakiin magaalada iyo taliyayaal. magaalada ugu horeeyay ee ku sugan qaybo ka mid ah kuwan la dhisay, ayaa Rostov, in Xusuuso qorna waxaa taariikhda dib u 862 BC. e. Ka hor inta aan qabiil uu aasaasay halkan ku noolaa Meria, oo dhan ay lahaayeen dadka Finno-Ugric. qabiilooyinka Slavic sida sawir aan ahaa nafta, wayna - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - ayaa si firfircoon uga jirtay gumeysato dalka.

Ka dib markii formation of Rostov, taas oo ka mid ah shan magaalo ee ugu waaweyn hoos xukunka of Kiev, Oleg, ee Meria iyo tuulooyinka Xusuuso amiirka waa ahaayeen yar tahay in ay u muuqdaan in diiwaanka. Mararka qaarkood Rostov garoomada proteges oo ah amiirradii Kievan, laakiin 987 Monaco horay u talin jiray Yaroslav Mudry - ina Vladimir, oo amiir u ahaa Kiev. Iyada oo 1010-th - Boris. Ilaa 1125, markii caasimadda laga soo wareejiyey Rostov si kibir Suzdal ka soo qaado gacantii maray in ay gacanta ka taliyayaashii Kiev, oo waxay lahayd taliyayaashii oo u gaar ah. Amiirradii ugu caansan Rostov - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - ku samaysay badan oo horumarka ah Russia North-Eastern, keentay in barwaaqada ay kuwa dalkan, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan isla Dolgoruky guuray caasimadda si Suzdal, halkaas oo uu u talin jiray ilaa 1149. Laakiin waxay la dhisay qalcado iyo kaniisadaha badan ee qaab dhismeedka isku Serf leh Joogaba, miisaan, idinkoo Goodin oo ka. Marka Dolgoruky hormariyey qoran luqadda, fanka iyo farsamada.

Legacy Rostov

qiimaha Rostov ahaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrin muhiim ah taariikhda sano kuwa. In qorna 913-988 sano. hadal caadi ah "Rostov dalka" - meel hodan ku ah ciyaarta, farsamada gacanta, farsamada gacanta, qoryo iyo dhagax naqshadaha. 991 waa mid ka mid ah diocesi ugu da'da weyn ee Russia - Rostov - waxaa halkan aasaasay ma aha shil. Waqtigaas, magaaladuna waxay ahayd xarun ka mid ah Monaco ee North-Eastern Russia, hogaaminayo ganacsiga degdeg ah la degsiimooyinka kale ee Rostov, awelna loola farsamo, oo kuwii ku dhisayna, gunsmiths ... All amiirradii Ruush isku dayeen in ay leeyihiin ciidanka hufan. Meel kasta, gaar ahaan fog dalalka Kiev, dallacsiiyey iimaanka cusub.

Ka dib markii dhaqaaqin Yuriya Dolgorukogo in Suzdal Rostov halka xeerarka Izyaslav Mstislavovich, laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah ay saameyn ku leeyihiin magaalada ugu danbeyn noqdeen wax aan waxba, iyo waxa ay bilowday in qorna ka xuso kuwo aad u dhif ah. Xarunta Duchy qarnigii badh wareejiyay Suzdal.

abtirsan dhulgoosadka taagay Qolol ay naftooda, halka farsamo iyo beeralay qallashaa buulal alwaax. guryahooda ka badan sida lagu kaydiyey, maacuunta ahaayeen inta badan ka samaysan alwaax. Laakiin qolalka shiday Lucin dhashay unsurpassed, dhar, raaxo. in dhammaan loo yaqaan, dhaleen iyo sida loo qurxin munaaradaha ay, gacmaha yaroow iyo farsamayaqaanno sameeyaa. dhaqanka Wonderful oo ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern waxaa la abuuray oo ka hooseeya thatched buulasha alwaax.

Rostov-Suzdal

Inta lagu jiro muddada gaaban ilaa xarunta oo ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern waxa uu ahaa madax Suzdal lahaa inuu u taliyo oo dhan seddex ka mid ah amiirka. Waxa intaa dheer in xeerbeegtida, iyo wiilashiisii - cornflowers Yu iyo Andrew Yu, naaneeso Bogolyubsky, ka dibna, ka dib markii suuqa kala iibsiga ee caasimadda si Vladimir (ee 1169) ee sanadkii Suzdal garoomada Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, laakiin doorka gaarka ah waxaa ka qaatay taariikhda Ruush. All amiirradii reer Waqooyi Bari Russia ka Rurik soo degay, laakiin qof kasta oo aan ka ahayd nooc ka mid istaahila in.

Caasimadda ah ee cusub ee madax ee Rostov ahaa wax yar ka yar oo asal ahaan loo yaqaan Suzhdal. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaalada ay magaca ka ereyga ku helay "nastay", ama "dhisaan". markii ugu horeysay ka dib markii formation of Suzdal ahaa qalcaddii a deyr leh iyo taliyayaal princely maamulo. In ka sano ee hore ee qarnigii XII ah ayaa horumar qaar ka mid ah magaalada, halka koritaanka si tartiib tartiib ah laakiinse hubaal hoos. Oo 1125, sida hore u soo sheegnay, Dolgoruky Yuri ka tagay Rostov mar weyn.

Marka Yuri, kaasoo si fiican u yaqaan aasaasihii Moscow, halkaas joogay kale oo muhiim u ah taariikhda Russia dhacdo. Sidaas, waxa ay aheyd xilligii Dolgoruky Waqooyi Bari madax ka noqday go'doonsan ka Kiev weligiis. doorka A weyn ee this lagu ciyaaray iyo mid ka mid ah wiilashii Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii in la iibiyo xurmada jeclaa, aabbahay iyo maayo inaan aniga qudhaydu ka fekeri karaa iyada oo aan.

Dagaalka looga soo horjeedo kuwii gobta ahaa iyo doorashada ee caasimada cusub ee Russia

Qorshayaasha Yuriya Dolgorukogo, taas oo uu ku arkay wiilashiisii ka weyn, taliyayaashii boqortooyooyinka koonfurta, iyo kuwa ka yar - sayid of Rostov iyo Suzdal, oo waxba ma ay rumowday. Laakiin doorkooda waa siyaabo qaar ka mid ah waxaa ka sii weyn. Sidaas daraaddeed, Andrew qudhiisa ku dhawaaqay sida taliye xigmad leh oo meel fog-arkay. Dabeecaddiisa darbo xoogan la harjadaya sidii ay ku jiraan xubnaha ay guddiga ka mid ah kuwii gobta ahaa, laakiin halkan Bogolyubskii muujiyey sida ay tahay doonista by dhaqaaqin caasimada ka Suzdal in Vladimir, ka dibna isaga qudhiisu qaatay Kiev ee 1169.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, caasimadda ah ee Kievan rus ma soo jiitay qofkan. Isagoo ku guuleystay labada magaalo iyo horyaalka ee "Grand Duke", ma uu sii joogo Kiev, iyo beeray waxa ku jira taliyaha walaalkiis ka yar Gleb. Rostov iyo Suzdal, waxa uu sidoo kale qaatay kaalin yar ee taariikhda sano kuwa, sida by time in caasimadda ah ee Russia North-Eastern ahaa Vladimir. magaaladan waxaa Andrei doortay uu deganaansho ee 1155, muddo dheer ka hor qabsashadii of Kiev. Laga soo bilaabo madaxda koonfurta, halkaas oo uu garoomada in muddo ah, wuxuu keenay in Vladimir iyo icon ah oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaaha reer Vyshgorod, kaas oo aad u sharrifnay Binii.

Doorashada ee magaalada ayaa ahaa mid aad u guulaystay, ku dhawaad laba boqol oo sannadood, magaalada lagu qabtay timirta ahaa ee Russia. Rostov iyo Suzdal ay isku dayayaan inay dib u ammaantiisii hore, laakiin xitaa dhimasho ee Andrew, kuwaas oo da 'weyni sida Duke Grand la aqoonsan yahay ku dhowaad dhammaan dalalka oo Ruush, marka laga reebo in Chernigov iyo Galic ka dib, iyagu ma ay guulaystaan.

isqabqabsi

dhimashada Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal iyo Rostov Ka dib hadal reer Rostislav Yurevich in - Yaropolk iyo Mstislav - rajada ah in ay xukunka ku soo laaban doona magaalada si ammaantiisii hore, laakiin midoobidda dheer la sugayay oo ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern ma iman.

Vladimir garoomada wiilal yar Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov iyo Vsevolod. By markii ugu caasimada cusub ayaa si ku xoogaystay ay muhiimada. Andrew sameeyey heshiis weyn la sameeyo: si guul leh horumariyo dhismaha ah, inta lagu guda jiro boqornimadiisa la dhisay Cathedral caanka ah ee male ah, xitaa wuxuu doonayay Oogidda dhacay dilal kala gooni ah oo uu madax iyo ka Kiev goonida.

North-Eastern Russia inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Bogolyubsky noqday xarunta of midoobidda dalalka Ruushka, iyo ka dib xuduntii ee gobolka Ruush weyn. Ka dib dhimashadii Andrew of Smolensk iyo Ryazan amiirro Mstislav iyo Jaropolk - reer mid ka mid ah wiilashii Dolgoruky Rostislav isku dayeen inay qabsadaan awoodda Vladimir, laakiin adeerradood Michael iyo Vsevolod xoog. Intaa waxaa dheer, ay taageerayaan ku Svyatoslav Prince Chernigovskiy ku Vsevolodovich. Dagaalka sokeeye ka socday in ka badan saddex sano, ka dib markii taas Vladimir xaqiijisatay xaaladda magaalada caasimadda ah ee North East of Russia ah, bidix, oo Suzdal, Rostov iyo dhaxal boqortooyooyinka hoose.

From Kiev in Moscow

dalalkii Waqooyiga-bari ee Russia ahayd markii badan oo magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka. Sidaas daraaddeed, caasimada cusub ee la aasaasay 990 by Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem xataa sida Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Qaar ka mid ah labaatan sano ka dib markii la aasaasay, magaalada, qayb ka mid ah madax-Rostov Suzdal, ma keeni xiiso badan ku dhex amiirradii talada haya (ilaa 1108). Wakhtigan, waxay kor u qaadeen sidii loo xoojin lahaa amiir kale - Vladimir Monomakh. Wuxuu waxaa la guddoonsiiyey magaalada xaaladda ay marjac ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern.

Xaqiiqada ah in tuulada this yar ugu danbeyn noqon doonaa magaalada caasimada ah ee dalalkan oo Ruush ah, ma uuraysan karaa qof kasta. Waxay qaadatay badan oo sano ka badan ka hor inta Andrew Siibay fiiro waxaa si oo u guuray caasimadda ah ee uu kibir, oo waxay noqon doontaa muddo ku dhow laba boqol oo sannadood.

Tan iyo markaas, Grand Duke of Vladimir bilaabay inuu la weyneeyo, halkii Kiev, caasimadda hore ee Russia ayaa laga badiyay ay door muhiim ah, laakiin xiiso it in aan ka mid ah amiirradii oo laga badiyay. Edit Kiev sharaf la karaameeyey kasta. Laakiin ka bartamihii qarnigii XIV mar duleedka magaalada kibir Vladimir-Suzdal ah - Moscow - tartiib ah laakiinse hubaal bilaabay inuu kici. Vladimir la mid ah sida waqtiga Rostov iyo Suzdal, ka dibna - in ay lumiyaan saamayntiisa. Waxa uu ka qayb qaatay wax badan inuu u dhaqaaqo-dhagax cad ee Metropolitan Peter ee 1328. Princes ee Waqooyi Bari Russia iyaga dhexdooda u diriray, iyo taliyayaashii Moscow iyo Tver sameeyey ay ugu wanaagsan inuu ku guuleysto Vladimir faa'iido magaalada ugu weyn ee dalalkan oo Ruush.

dhammaadkii qarnigii XIV la calaamadeeyay by xaqiiqada ah in milkiilayaasha maxaliga ah waxay leeyihiin mudnaan ah in loogu yeedho Grand Duke of Moscow, si Moscow faa'iido magaalooyinka kale caddaatay. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy la soo dhaafay soo xirtay horyaalka, ka dib oo dhan u taliya, Russia ku faantay Grand Duke of Moscow. Sayidka dhamaaday horumarinta reer Russia North-Eastern sida madax-bannaan ah, xataa khaas ah kibir ah.

Burburiyo kibir mar awood badan

Ka dib markii uu u dhaqaaqo Moscow Metropolitan Vladimir madax kala qaybsamay. amiirradii Vladimir Suzdal wareejiyay Alexander, Veliky Novgorod iyo Kostroma hoos xukunka Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich dalkaasi ka qaaday. Yury Dolgoruky weli doonayay in lagu fuliyo ururka reer Russia North-Eastern la Novgorod weyn - in dhamaadka, ku sameeyey, laakiin ma aha, waayo muddo dheer.

dhimashada Suzdal Prince Alexander Ka dib, ee 1331, isagoo dalkiisii amiirradii dalka Moscow maray. Iyo 10 sano ka dib, in 1341-m, dhul ka mid ah Waqooyi-Bari Russia hore ayaa mar kale qaybin: Nizhny Novgorod u tageen inay Suzdal sida Gorodets, Vladimir kibir ayaa had iyo jeer ku hadhay taliyayaashii Moscow, kuwaas oo markii, sida hore u soo sheegnay, ayaa sidoo kale soo xirtay horyaalka Great. Sayidka kacay Novgorod-Suzdal Nizhny ee Monaco.

Hogaaminaysaa in amiirradii North-East rus ka socda Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha ee dalka, oo ay ciidamo, gacan ka yar horumarinta dhaqanka iyo farshaxanka. Oo weliba meel kasta si ay u dhisaan macbudyo cusub ee design ah oo loo isticmaalo farsamooyinka ugu wanaagsan ee Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta. Waxay abuurtaa dugsiga qaran ee rinjiyeynta icon la sifo waqtiga isku sharraxdid midabo dhalaalaya, oo ay weheliso rinjiyeynta Byzantine.

Land-dilis Ruush Mongols

Dhibba dadyow badan oo Russia keenay dagaalo sokeeye, oo waxay isku amiirradii reer markii ugu dhex diriray, laakiin dhibaato dheeraad ah u cabsi badan Mongols u yimid bishii February 1238. oo dhan oo ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern (magaalo ee Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) waxaa lagu ma ahan oo keliya halakeeyey - iyada waxaa ku dhawaad la gubay oo dhulka ku. ciidanka reer Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich ahayd la jebiyey askartii Temnik Burundi, oo amiir u dhintay, iyo walaalkiis Yaroslav Vsevolod ayaa lagu qasbay in ay soo gudbiyaan si Horde oo dhan. rasmi ah oo kaliya Mongol-tataarka garteen isaga sida ugu da'da weyn oo ah amiirradii dalka Ruushka oo dhan, dhab ahaantii, kulligood way wada refueled. The doorashada adkaaday Russia kaliya si ay u noolaadaan Novgorod Weyn.

In 1259, Alexander Nevsky lahaa tirakoobka ah Novgorod, ayaa soo saartay istaraatijiyad ee Dawladda iyo jid kasta oo suurto gal ah in ay xoojiso booska. Saddex sano ka dib, in Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl iyo Vladimir lagu dilay cashuurqaadayaal, ee Russia North-Eastern mar kale istaagay yimid eegaayo in ay weerar iyo halaag. Cabbirkan ciqaab waxaa fogaaday - Alexander Nevsky si shakhsi ah u tageen inay Horde iyo maamulo si looga hortago in dhibaato, laakiin dhintay oo ay jidka ku soo laabtay. Tani waxay dhacday 1263. Ciidamada uu kaliya si ay u ilaaliyaan qaar ka mid ah sharafta Vladimir kibir dhimashada Alexander ka dib, waxa ay kor u galay xer xeran madax banaan.

xoraynta ee Russia ka harqoodka of tataarka ah, nooleynta fanka iyo horumarinta dhaqanka

Cabsi waxay ahayd sano ... Dhanka hal - duulaanka reer Russia North-Eastern, oo dhinaca kale ah - waxaa jira dagaallo sii badbaaday madaxda hanti dalalka cusub. Xanuunsaday oo dhan, iyo taliyayaashii, iyo maadooyin ay. Liberation ka Khan Mongol oo kaliya ku yimid, 1362. ciidanka Ruush-Lithuanian hoos amarka Duke Algirdas adkaaday tataarka ah, barakiciyay, kuwaas oo dhan reer guuraa warlike ka-Vladimir Suzdal, Muscovy, gobolka Pskov iyo gobolka Novgorod.

The sano ku qaatay ka hoos mariya harqoodka ee cadowga, lahaa cawaaqib xun: dhaqanka oo ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern ayaa joogasadey dhamaystiran. baabba 'The magaalooyinka, burburinta kaniisadaha, burburinta qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadweynaha iyo, sida natiijo ah - khasaare noocyo qaar ka mid ah farsamada gacanta. At laba iyo badh qarniyo joojiyay horumarinta dhaqanka iyo ganacsiga ee gobolka. taxadiri badan oo ka mid ah naqshadda dhismaha alwaax iyo dhagaxyo lagu dilay dabka ama ku jiray Horde ah. badan oo ka mid ah farsamooyinka dhismaha ayaa laga badiyay, slesarstva iyo farshaxanimada. diiwaanka badan oo qoraal ah ayaa la waayay oo aan raad a, taariikhda, fanka iyo farsamada, rinjiyeynta in xannibidda dhamaystiran yimid. Waxay qaadatay ku dhowaad nus qarni ah inuu ka soo kabsado yar ku jirtay kara inuu wax badbaadiyo. Laakiin horumarinta noocyo cusub oo farsamada degdeg u tegey.

dalalkan oo Dadka halakeeyey maamula si ay u ilaaliyaan oo ay aqoonsiga qaranka gaar ah iyo jacaylka dhaqanka qadiimiga. In siyaabo qaar ka mid ah, sano ah ku xiran tataarka waxay ahaayeen sababta ah ee noocyada kala duwan cusub ee Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta ee Russia.

Midnimada beeraha iyo dhulka

Ka dib markii xoraynta ka harqoodka amiirrada Ruush dheeraad ah si ay walwalsan yimid iyaga, waayo, go'aanka iyo ku dooday in ururka ee ay hantiyeen iyo gobolka hal. Xarumaha nadiifinta dhalashadii labaad iyo xorriyadda iyo dhaqanka Ruush bilaabay inuu Novgorod iyo Pskov dalka. Waxaa halkan ahaa in la miiro ka soo jeeda gobollada koonfurta iyo bartamaha ee dadka da'da shaqada, iyaga oo la dhaqanka jir ah oo ay dhaqan, qoraal, naqshadaha. Of muhiimadda ugu weyn ee ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka iyo soo kabashada dhaqanka ayaa saamaynta kibir Moscow ka, taas oo uu leeyahay dad badan oo ka mid ah waraaqaha of Qarniyadii hore, buugaagta, farshaxanka.

Dhismaha magaalooyinka iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca, oo qalcad ah. Tver laga yaabaa ahayd magaaladii ugu horeysay ee North-Eastern Russia, halkaas oo dhismaha dhagax bilaabeen. Waxaan ka hadleynaa dhismaha kaniisadda of isbeddelid sida ku jirta in style ee naqshadaha Vladimir-Suzdal. In magaalo kasta, oo ay la socdaan dhismayaasha daafaca la dhisay kaniisadaha iyo Macaabidda Yuhuud ah oo Badbaadiyeheenna ah on yl daadatay, Peter iyo Paul ee megdeeye ah, Basil on Hill ee Pskov jannayo ee Zapskove iyo kuwo kale oo badan. History of North-Eastern Russia ka muuqatay oo sii dhismayaasha kuwan.

Rinjiyeynta soo noolaaday Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny iyo Andrei Rublev - ka Ranjiilayaasha icon Russian caan ah. noolayn Master dahabluhu ee Mala'igtu laga badiyay, farsamo badan ka shaqeeyeen dib u soo celinta ee farshaxanka abuuraya maacuunta qaranka, dahabka, dharka. Inta badan oo da 'ah ayaa u yimid inuu maalmood our.