Kuzma Minin: Biography, dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ah, maleeshiyada. Kuzma Minin iyo Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

In xarunta of magaalada, on square ugu weyn ee dalka, aasaasay a si fiican u yaqaan agagaarka taallada ah, abuuray 1818 by sculptor I. P. Martosom. Imprinted on waxaa wiilashii istaahila Russia - Kuzma Minin iyo Prince Dmitry Pozharsky ee saacaddii ugu culus ee dalka u suurtagashay in ay abaabulo oo keeni dagaalka ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta kumanyaalka kun ee maleeshiyada dadka. The dhacdooyinka kuwa sannadood noqday mid ka mid ah bogaga ammaanta leh oo taariikhda.

Nizhegorodets Young iyo ganacsiga

Marka dhashay Kuzma Minin, lama yaqaan. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay tani ka dhacay agagaarka 1570 magaalada Volga ee Balakhna. Si loo ilaalin lahaa taariikhda iyo magacyada waalidkiis - Michael iyo Domniki. Waxa kale oo aanu ognahay in ay ahaayeen dad qani ah, iyo markii wiilkiisii ahaa kow iyo toban sannadood jirtay, dhaqaaqay Nizhny Novgorod - mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka Volga ugu weyn. Oo waagaas, waxaa la go'aamiyay in carruurta laga bilaabo sanadaha hore sida ugu badan ee kaa caawin awowayaashood ay kibista u cunaan. Kuzma iyo caado shaqada ayaa helay in uu dhalinyarada.

Marka koray, ka dibna uu furay ganacsiga isaga u gaar ah. Near derbiyada Kremlin ayaa iska leh xoolaha la qalayo Minin iyo dukaan ku leh hilibka. Waxyaabaha si fiican u baxay, kaas oo loo ogol yahay in uu gurigiisa ugu taliyo dhisidda dejinta xaafad ka mid ah Annunciation ah, halkaas oo ay degeen waqti dadku lacagta la. Iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan oo aan soo ogaaday aroosadda wanaagsan - Tatiana Semenovna, oo naagtiisa noqday, waxay isagii u dhashay laba wiil - Nefedov iyo Leontius.

headman Zemsky Baaqa

Waxyaabaha kale, Posadskogo Lyuda Kuzma sirdoonka, tamarta, iyo sameeyaan, hoggaamiye cad istaagay. Sababtoo ah oo ka mid ah tayada dadka degan dejinta, kaasoo uu kula soo riyaaqay sharafta weyn, iyagoo headman doortay Kuzma. Laakiinse sida runta ah soo jireenka ah waxaa ku jira awoodda in la furo ee 1611, markii Novgorod Nizhny waxaa laga soo qaaday diblooma Wadaad Hermogenees, oo la odhan dhan fasal ka mid ah dadka Ruush inay soo kici la soo duulay Polish.

Waayo, dood warqaddan isla maalintaas uu u socday golaha deegaanka, oo ka kooban wakiillo ka wadaadada reer magaalka sare iyo. Waxaan isaga iyo Kuzma Minin ka qeyb galay. Isla markii charter ku akhriyey dadka deggan Nizhny Novgorod, oo wuxuu iyaga ka hadlay hadal ah oo ololaysa yeedhi waayo, rumaysad iyo Fatherland taaganahay oo sabab this xurmada uma tudhi mana nolosha hanti midna.

shuruudaha adag ee dagaalka

Dadka deggan magaalada waxaa diyaar ku jawaabay in uu call, laakiin a baaxad weyn sida shuqullada lagama maarmaan u yihiin oo ay ku ah ganacsiga handyman dhuun daloola, kuwaas oo ciidamada u noqon lahaa dhaqaale ciidan ammaan ah oo ah taliyaha khibrad dagaal, awoodaan in ay qaataan amarka. Waxay ahaayeen Kuzma Minin iyo Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, ayaa si joogta ah cadeeyay inuu yahay taliyaha a heer sare ah. Haddaba, dhammaan arrimaha la xiriira khayraadka aadanaha iyo lacagtii loo baahnaa si toos ah u Minin tagaan.

Isticmaalka xogta laga amarkiisii iyo taageerada ciidamada Pozharsky, waxaa go'aansaday in degane kasta oo magaalada waxaa ku waajib ah inay ka qayb qaataan sanduuqa guud ee lacag isku mid ka mid saddexaad oo dhan ee uu hantida. In xaalado gaar ah, lacagtaas waxaa laga soo dhimay shanaad ka mid ah qiimaynta oo dhan ayuu hantiyeen muwaadin. Dooneyn in la sameeyo share fuusho, diiday oo dhan xuquuqda madaniga, iyo category ah oo Hanatay ka gudbay, iyo alaabtoodii oo dhan si buuxda u xiran lahaansho ay guushu ku maleeshiyada. Kuwani waa sharciyada adag ee dagaalka, iyo Kuzma Minin waxaa xaq uma laha in ay muujiyaan daciifnimo.

Formation of maleeshiyaadka iyo bilowgii colaadda

Akhriska iyo qorista, sida mid ka mid ah in uu helay in Nizhny Novgorod, ayaa sidoo kale soo diray in magaalooyin badan oo kale oo ka mid ah Russia. Aad ugu dhakhsaha badan ee Nizhny Novgorod biiray kooxaha badan oo ka yimid meelo kale, halkaas oo dadka degan oo aan ka yar xiiso leh ka jawaabay baaqa ah Wadaad ah. Sidaas darteed of dhammaadka March 1612 sanadka Volga ku soo ururay kumanyaalka kun ee maleeshiyada, kaas oo uu hogaaminayo Kuzma Minin iyo Dmitry Pozharsky.

The salaysan qaab kama dambaysta ah ee ciidamada ku noqday magaalada ganacsiga daawashada of Yaroslavl. Sidaa awgeed, in July 1612 maleeshiyada, in xaddi ka badan soddon kun oo qof ayaa ka dhigay inay dhexda ciidamada hetman Yana Hodkevicha, ku degdegin inaad badbaadinta hor istaagay in Moscow, ciidankii reer Poland. dagaalka ayaa go'aan waxaa xigay 24 August hoos darbiyada magaalada. Fadilmo tiro ahayd dhinaca duulay, laakiin niyadda maleeshiyada iyaga diiday gargaarkii ahaa. Prince Pozharsky iyo Kuzma Minin keentay dabcan dagaalka iyo tusaale shakhsi ahaaneed ee geesinimada Ruhbaaniyad in askari.

Kremlin Go'doonsan

Guushaan ayaa ahaa dhamaystiran. Cadaawayaashooda ka carareen, taasoo ka dhigeysa in gacmaha maleeshiyaadka koobab hodan, teendhooyin, calammo, fuustooyinka iyo afar gaadhi cunto. Waxaa sidoo kale qabtay maxaabiis badan. Getman waxaa dib uga Moscow tuuro, laakiin unugyada derbiga Kremlin ahaayeen kornayladii Polish jet oo dib, taas oo wali ku reebtay. Intaa waxaa dheer, awood gaar ah iyo taageerayaasha waxay ahaayeen - boyars, peremetnuvshiesya duulay ee. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah ay maleeshiyada u gaar ah, kaas oo sidoo kale ay la dagaallanto.

In Poles la go'doomiyey ee Kremlin ay muddo dheer ka badan cuntada, oo waxay soo gaaray abaar daran. og, Kuzma Minin iyo Pozharsky, si looga fogaado khasaare aan loo baahnayn, ku bixiyeen in ay is dhiibaan, nolosha dammaanad, laakiin waxaa lagu diiday. October 22 (November 1) maleeshiyada ay weerareen oo qabsadeen Town Shiinaha, laakiin iska caabin ah la go'doomiyey sii. From gaajo Saf ay bilaabeen ay qasheen.

raafadiyay ee maleeshiyada Polish iyo entry si Kremlin

Prince Pozharsky jilcincy shuruudaha oo waxay bixiyeen duulay inay ka baxaan Kremlin la gacmaha iyo calammo, kaliya ee qiimaha leh xaday, laakiin sidoo kale on polish ah isku mid ma ahayn. Yimid oo kaliya xadgudbayaasha - gobta qoysaskooda, taas oo Kuzma Minin, taagan on Bridge Stone ee iridda ku ag yaal, lahaa in laga ilaaliyo Cossacks ah, waxay doonayaan waa la ololaya ay si degdeg ah u degaan xisaabaadka la xadgudbayaasha.

Ogaaday in ay Cadaab, Oct. 26 (Nov. 5) hareereeyey dhiibay oo ka tagay Kremlin. Ay qaddar sii ahaa kala duwan. guutada Lucky, amray toosisay: isna wuxuu ahaa in maleeshiyada goobta Pozharsky ah, oo waa inuusan eraygiisa dhawrayay, si ay u sii noolaadaan by diraya dambe ee Nizhny Novgorod. Laakiin Ciidankii jet ku dhuftay in taliyaha Trubetskoy oo taasna waxaa lagu gebi ahaanba burburiyey Cossacks ah.

maalinta weyn ee taariikhda Russia ahayd on 27 October (6 November) 1612. Ka dib markii adeegga, ka go'an Archimandrite of keniisad Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos oo ahaa Diyonusiyos ki, maleeshiyada Kuzmy Minina iyo Pozharsky, dhawaqa ee dawanno noogu soo galay Kremlin. Nasiib darro, ilaa maantadan la joogo ma uu noolaa Wadaad Hermogenees, kan sara kiciyey uu call dadka Ruush inay la diriraan duulay ee. Waayo diiday in ay soo gudbiyaan iyaga siday doonayeen Poles isaga Zamora in la dilo in qaybta hoose ee keniisad Chudov ah.

The Tsar naxariistiisa

In July 1613 waxaa jiray xaflad weyn oo sababay xukunka trohsotletnemu House Romanovs carshiga Ruush uguma hore ee wakiilka - ahu Mikhail Fedorovich. Waxaa dhacay on July 12 iyo maalinta ku xigta aasaasihii guri ammaan ah ee boqortooyo - in shukriya falimihiisa waddaniyiin - Kuzma Minin siiyey darajo ah oo sharaf leh a of Duma ah. Waxay ahayd abaalgud istaahilo, waayo, waagaas waxay ahayd darajo saddexaad ee "sharaf", labaad oo kaliya in ay ku boyar iyo okolnichy. Haddaba Abuuraha reer maleeshiyada lahaa xaq u leeyahay inuu ku fadhiisan Duma Boyar ah, madax ka amar ama noqon taliyaha.

Tan iyo Minin riyaaqay kalsoonida aan xad lahayn of madax ah. Marka in 1615 Mikhail Fedorovich iyo kuwii la jiray dhow tegey on Xajka ah in Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos oo ahaa Lavra, ilaalinta caasimada Aaminto isaga, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ogaa, cadaawayaashaada hore ka xorayn Moscow, ninka ay awoodaan in ay iyada ka mustaqbalka ilaaliyo noqon doonaa. In mustaqbalka, gooyo inta badan isku halleeyey shaqooyinka mas'uul ka Minin.

Geeri iyo qarsoodiga ee la xidhiidha hadhaagii geesiga

Kuzma Mihaylovich Minin dhintay on May 21, 1616 oo waxaa lagu aasay kaniisadda Pohvalinskoy xabaalo ah. In 1672, ugu horeysay Nizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret amar ku bixiyay in dambaska lagu wareejiyo in isbeddelid Cathedral ee Kremlin ee Nizhny Novgorod. In soddon jirka ahayd ee qarnigii XIX ku quruxsan u burbursanaa by markii ugu macbudka la burburiyey, iyo in 1838, waxa ka gees u dhisay mid cusub.

Uu godka kacsanayd dambas Minin iyo amiirradii dhowr. Mid ka mid ah boqol sano ka dib, ku raad siyaasad ah mulxidnimo xagjirka ah, Bolsheviks ayaa la duminayaa dhulka ku macbudka iyo hadhaagii ka maliishiyaad Nizhny Novgorod in museum degaanka yimid, ka dibna lagu wareejiyay Michael Mikaa'iil Cathedral ee Nizhny Novgorod. Oo waxaa lagu aqbaleen si rasmi ah loo arkaa meesha aaska ee Kuzma Minin.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-waxay leeyihiin saaraysa shaki qaar ka mid ah. Waxaa jira warar in Michael Cathedral Mikaa'iil ilaalinaysay dambaska qofka gebi ahaan kala duwan, iyo hadhaagii geesi caanka weli dhulka at bartii halkaas oo macbudka la burburiyey. Waxaa hadda loo dhisay dhismaha maamulka Nizhny Novgorod iyo golaha magaalada, si ay u kabxid iyo xaqiijin ama ku doodeen this la xiqiijiyay in aad waa wax aan macquul aheyn.

Faracoodii Thanks

dhimashada wiilkiisa dib markii Minin ahaa Nefedov, oo ahaan jiray qareen ee Moscow - rasmi yaryar ee mid ka mid ah amarada bannaan ee. Xasuusta mudnaanta aabbihiis, Mikhail Fedorovich shahaado gaar ah sii adkaynayo uu xaq u lahaanshaha tuulada patrimonial of Bogorodsk ee degmada Nizhny Novgorod. Waxa uu sidoo kale leedahay dalka iyo in Kremlin ee Nizhny Novgorod.

Kuzma Minin iyo Dmitry Pozharsky difaacay Russia, iyo wiilashii mahadisaan ee 1818, aasaasay Moscow, halkaas tiir xusuus kuwa waddaniyiin dhab ah oo ka mid ah dalka. Its qoraaga ahayd sculptor fiican I. P. Martos, oo waxaa loo abuuray deeqaha iskaa wax u qabso laga bilaabo shakhsiyaadka. Asal ahaan waxa la qorsheeyay in la dhiso taallo in Nizhny Novgorod - ishaartay ee maleeshiyada Dadka, laakiin goor dambe go'aansaday inuu ku dhaqaajiyo caasimada, sida feat dadka, kuwaas oo ay baaxadda aado meel ka durugsan magaalada hal.