Waa maxay commercialism? Wakiilada mercantilism. Mercantilism dhaqaalaha

Dad badan ayaa erayga "calooshiis" maqlay, laakiin qof kasta oo aan og yahay waxa ay tahay iyo meesha ka dhacay. Laakiinse eraygii waa si dhow la xiriira mid ka mid ah nidaamyada ku baraya ugu caansan marka hore u muuqday in qarnigii XV ah. Sidaas waxa mercantilism iyo waxa ahmiyad u lahaa in taariikhda aadanaha?

Taariikhda dhacdo

Waa maxay "mercantilism" dareenka ballaadhan ee erayga? Ereyga laftiisa ka timaaddaa erayga Laatiin Mercanti, taas oo macno ahaan tarjumayaa "ganacsi". Mercantilism sida ku qeexan buugaag kala duwan waa wax yar oo kala duwan, waa aragti dhaqaale, taas oo uu tilmaamayaa waxtarka dheeraadka ah dheelitirka bixinta ee gobolka for korodhka wareegga lacag mass oo kobcinaya dhaqaalaha. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay baahida loo qabo in protectionism iyada oo loo adeegsanayo lagu gaarayo ujeedooyinka kuwan. Fikradda ah "mercantilism" waxaa si weyn loo by qorayaasha ka mid ah treatises kala duwan loo isticmaalo cilmi ahaan substantiates baahida loo qabo faragelinta dawladda in waxqabad kasta oo dhaqaale. Ereygani waxa uu markii ugu horaysay la soo jeediyay by falsafo caanka ah Scottish oo ah dhaqaaleyahan Adam Smith. Ayuu u shaqeeyaa si firfircoon dhaleeceeyay saaxiibadii, baaqayaa Maraykanka in ay ka qayb qaataan hawlaha dhaqaale qaataan taasi oo ka protectionism, kaas oo lagu muujiyay in kabidda soo saare qaranka iyo abuuritaanka waajibaadka dejinta sare. Adam Smith rumeysan yahay in mercantilists, kuwaas oo dhaqaale, dhakhaatiirta, ganacsiga iyo difaaco danaha monoboli ee Shirkadda Hindiya Bariga iyo qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha kale ee English-stock. taariikhyahanadu badan oo aasaas khilaafsan opinion this of Adam Smith. Waxay ku doodayaan in horumarinta sharciyada mercantilist British ku salaysan aragtida tiro balaadhan oo ah dadka, soo saarka iyo ganacsatada ma aha oo kaliya.

Gool iyo fikradaha of mercantilism

Si ka duwan Adam Smith, ka apologists of this caqiido ku dooday in ujeeddada xeerkan ma aha oo kaliya in ay ka dhergin rabitaanka saarka British iyo baayacmushtariyaasha, laakiin sidoo kale hoos u of shaqo la'aanta, la kordhiyo ku darsaday in miisaaniyadda dalka, dagaalka ka dhanka ah caleema saarka, xoojinta nabadgelyada qaranka. In la fahmo waxa mercantilism, waa in aad si taxaddar leh baaris ay fikirka. Its mabaadi'da asaasiga ah:

• wax soo saarka shaqada sare waxay noqon kartaa oo kaliya in kuwii warshadaha in ay soo saaraan alaabta loo dhoofiyo,
• Wealth muujin karaa oo kaliya nuxurka birta qaaliga ah;
• Dhoofinta waa in lagu dhiiri by gobolka;
• dawladdu waa in ay hubiyaan in monoboli ee soo saarka gudaha iyo ganacsato oo gargaar ka hortagga tartan;
• kororka dadka loo baahan yahay si loo badbaadiyo mushaharooyinka hoose iyo heerka sare ah laabto.

hawlaha mercantilist

Sida laga soo xigtay taageerayaasha aragtida this dhaqaale, waxa ay leedahay hawlahan soo socda:

• horumarinta iyo hirgalinta talooyinka gobolka, tan iyo abuurista dheelitirka wanaagsan ganacsiga oo aan faragelin dawladeed, waa suurtogal aheyn;
• si ay u fuliyaan siyaasadda ah protectionism, by dejinta canshuurta kastamka sare (canshuuraha) on alaabta yihiin in laga keeno dibadda, kor u qaado horumarka of warshadaha kuwa alaabta waxaa loogu talagalay ganacsiga shisheeye, fulinta abaalmarinta niyad waxyaabaha in dibadda laga dhoofiyey.

Doorka mercantilism dhaqaalaha

Fikradda ah mercantilism - waa mid ka mid ah ku baraya horeeya dhaqaalaha, lagu gartaa ay daacadnimada. Its muuqaalka iyo ansixinta ka dhacay mudada of shuuciyad hore. Mercantilists mar walba la rumaysan yahay in doorka ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha kasta, iyo halkan sidoo kale in la abuuro of faa'iido, mar walba ciyaaraa gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah wareegga. Sida laga soo xigtay iyaga, Xoolo qaranka been oo keliya lacag. Dhaleeceyn of mercantilism waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in mustaqbalka fog siyaasadda noocan oo kale ah u keenaysaa in is burburinta dhaqaalaha, sida lacag badan si joogto ah taasoo keentay in qiimaha sare. Horumarinta ayaa suuragal ah keliya ilaa waqti sida uu furmo suuqa ganacsiga firfircoon ma baaba'aan, laakiin natiijada wax xadeyn ku saabsan iibinta alaabta doono oo kaliya khasaaraha net. mercantilism wuxuu u qaybsan yahay marxaladaha hore iyo kan dambe.

horumarinta aragtida dhaqaalaha

Mercantilism dhaqaalaha, sida aragti kasta oo kale, waxaa si joogto ah guuxayay. Waqtiyo kala duwan mabaadii'da ay fartaan ku xiran tahay heerka wax soo saarka warshadaha iyo ganacsiga. . Waxa loogu yeero "mercantilism hore," taasoo loola jeedaa qarniyadii XV-XVI, lahaa aad u adag (ku habboon da'da) jago oo aasaasi ah:

• for dhoofinta birta qaaliga ah (lacag, dahab ah) ayaa ka baxay dalka isku halleeyeen ciqaabta dilka;
• dhoofiyo alaabta waxaa ku koobnayn buuxda;
• alaabtooda oo ajnebi ah ayaa dhigay sicirka aad u sarreeya;
• in la xadido baxsiga ee helitaanka lacagta ee dalka ka mamnuucday dhoofinta dibedda;
• laga iibiyo shisheeyaha u lahaa in ay qaataan on iibka badeecadaha degaanka;
• Aragtida of dheelitirka lacagta waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay muhiim, maxaa yeelay waxa ay ahayd mid ku salaysan dhammaan siyaasadaha loogu talagalay kordhaya Xoolo iyada oo sharciga.

mercantilism Early Marx tilmaamay "nidaamka lacagta." Wakiilada mercantilism in muddo this: W. England Stafford, Talyaaniga De Santis, G. Scaruffi.

mercantilism daahay

Tan iyo markii qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVI ka. iyo ilaa dhamaadka qarnigii XVII ah. Aragtida sidaan ah waxaad fartaan Wannaagga yara. commercialism badan ee dhaqaalaha ka yimid fikradaha jira si ay muddada warshadaha. Wuxuu loogu tala galay in la xaddido baahida gaarka ah ee dadka iyo inelasticity baahida. Dhaqaalaha lagu uuraysan sida ciyaarta eber raaciyo. In si kale loo dhigo, khasaaraha ka mid ah mid ka mid ahaa oo u dhiganta faa'iido ah xisbiga kale. Waa maxay mercantilism in Zaman this? qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee ay:

• Waa fikrad ku xukuma ee dheeraadka ah ganacsiga;
• waxaa qaaday xayiraad adag ku saabsan dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta badeecadaha lacag;
• Siyaasadda dhaqaale ee dawladda waxaa lagu gartaa saaraha gudaha protectionism;
• Waxa uu yeesho mabda'a helitaanka alaabta raqiis ah in mid ka mid ah dalka iyo iibinta qiimo sare ee kale;
• ilaalinta dadka ka soo nabaad by ganacsiga xorta ah keena.

The wakiilada ugu weyn ee mercantilism: T. England Mann (ilaha qaar ka mid ah - Maine), Talyaani iyo France A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Fikradda ah siyaado ganacsiga

Sida laga soo xigtay mercantilists ka dib, dheeri ganacsiga waxaa bixiyey dhoofinta badeecadaha dalka. mabda'a ugu weyn ee ganacsiga: iibsadaan ka jaban iyo iibiyo ka jeeeeshihiin Ilaahay. Money leeyahay laba hawlood: Qabashada iyo kaydinta hab, in uu yahay, mercantilism goor dambe wuxuu bilaabay inuu daaweeyo lacagta sida caasimadda, garashada lacag waa badeecad.

Mabaadi'da Aasaasiga ah:

• maaraynta ganacsiga shisheeye ujeeddo ah qulqulaya oo lacag iyo dahab;
• taageero Industry by dhoofiyo alaabta ceeriin raqiis ah oo dheeraad ah;
• Oogidda canshuuraha ilaaliya alaabta laga keeno,
• dhiirrigelinta dhoofinta;
• kororka dadka si ay u ilaaliyaan heerka u hooseeya ee mushaharka.

Taariikhyahanada ayaa aaminsan in mercantilism goor dambe ahaa mid aad u horumar ah ee ay waqti. Waxa uu caawiye ka ahaa in Dhismaha maraakiibta, warshadaha, ganacsiga, kala qeybinta caalamiga ah ee shaqada.

horumarinta mercantilism

Mercantilism in dhamaadka XVII iyo bilowgii qarnigii XIX dhaqaalaha ah. ku dhowaad dhammaan oo ka mid ah dalalka ugu horumarsan ee Europe (England, Austria, Sweden, France, Prussia) loo qaato sida cilmiga dhaqaalaha rasmiga ah. In England ayaa jiray muddo ku dhow 2 qarniyo (ilaa qarnigii XIX bartamihii.). Mercantilism, sida lagu qeexay in muddo this lacag fikirka kala duwan ee aragtida dhaqaalaha - protectionism, oo waxay noqdeen caanka ah ee Russia. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay waxa uu isticmaalaa mabaadi'da weli Peter I. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada mercantilism Elizabeth ee Russia ayaa noqonaya mid sii kordheysa oo caan ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed isticmaalaan aragtida this dhaqaalaha ugu badan si joogto ah hoos Nicholas I gobolka. Muddadan, siyaasadda protectionist waxaa loogu talagalay hagaajinta balance ganacsiga ee dalka, taas oo qeyb ka ah horumarinta warshadaha iyo koboca bulshada. Muddadan, dheelitirka u dhexeeya dhoofinta iyo soo kacshay hore ay sabab u tahay isbedelka ku dhacay qiimaha dalalka - ka qaybgalayaasha in habka ganacsi ee.

mercantilists Ruush

In Russia, hadal dhalaalaysa oo ka mid ah fikradaha mercantilism ahaa Nashchekin AL-Ordyn (1605-1680 GG.). statesman Tani, lagu daabacay 1667, "Commercial Charter New", kaas oo la permeated leh mabaadi'da iyo fikradaha of aragti this. AL-Ordyn Nashchekin had iyo jeer loogu tala galay in ay keenaan sida biraha qaali ah intii macquul ah in ay dalka u gaar ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale noqday caan ku tahay oo uu bacdi baayacmushtariyaal iyo ganacsiga gudaha.

kaalin weyn in aragtida dhaqaalaha ayaa saynisyahan Ruush iyo tirada dadweynaha V. N. Tatischev (1680-1750 GG.), yaa ka dhan ah dhoofinta dibedda ee buljoonka dahab iyo lacag. Dejinta ee birta qaaliga ah wuxuu ku bixiyey si buuxda free of canshuurta (waajibaadka), iyo sidoo kale dhoofinta alaabta ceeriin loo baahan yahay horumarinta warshadaha ee qoyska. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in ay bilaabaan waajibaadkooda sare ee alaabta iyo badeecada in laga been abuurtay kara shirkadaha Ruush.

oo ah dhaqaaleyahan u fiican oo waqtiga loo arkaa inuu mercantilists iyo I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 GG.). In 1724 wuxuu ku qoray "kitaabkii yaraanta iyo Xoolo", taas oo uu ku muujiyay fikrado badan oo asal ah (tusaale ahaan, kala qeybinta Xoolo dhabta ah iyo kuwa aan dhabta ah). Marka laga dhaqaaleyahannada Yurub I. T. Pososhkov dhawaajiyaan barnaamij dhaqaale ee horumarinta Russia, iyada oo la tixgelinayo waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee qaranka.

Ingiriisi mercantilism

Nidaamkani wuxu dhaqaalaha ayaa la fuliyay in ku dhowaad dhammaan wadamada Yurub, laakiin waqti isku mid ah - ku xiran tahay xaaladda taariikhiga ah ee dalka - siisay natiijooyin kala duwan. The guulaha waaweyn ee aragtida mercantilism gaari ee England. Sababo la xiriira mabaadi'da iyo xeerarka ay gobolka oo noqday boqortooyadiisa ugu weyn ee gumeysiga ee dunida. Fikradda ah mercantilism UK buuxda ka tarjumaya danaha kootooyin ay ganacsi ee ugu ballaadhan.

mercantilism dugsiga

Commercialism ay xudunta u yahay dugsiga ugu horreeya ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha ganacsade, kaas oo isku dayay in uu qiil aragti ahaan siyaasadda ku dooday by ganacsatada. Waxaa lagu gartaa-gelinta gobolka firfircoon dhamaan hababka dhaqaale. mercantilism School baray in kaliya iyada oo loo marayo protectionism gobolka firfircoon kordhin karta wax soo saarka alaabada loo dhoofiyo. Xaaladdan oo kale, siyaasadda dawladda waa in loogu talagalay in lagu taageeraya ballaarinta caasimadda ganacsiga by dhiiri abuurista shirkadaha monoboli ku hawlan iibinta waxyaabaha ay. Gobolka waa in ay ka dhigan tahay oo dhan si ay u horumariyaan navigation iyo raxan, in lagu soo qabto in ka badan oo deegaanada. Si loo gaaro gool, kuwaas oo lahaa si kor loogu qaado canshuurta muwaadiniinta '.

Doorka gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah wareegga

Taageerayaasha of mercantilism bixisay dareenka ugu badnaan waa gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah wareegga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si dhib leh lagu baranayay sharciyada guriga ee wax soo saarka hantigoosi ah ee curdinka. Oo dhan mercantilists siyaasadda dhaqaalaha viewed sida sayniska ah in daraasad dheelitirka dalka ee ganacsiga. u dooda hore ee aragtida this dhigantaa Xoolahana birta qaaliga ah (dahab, iyo lacag), iyo ka dib - la soo saarka xad hartay ka dib markii qanacsanaanta of baahida gobolka, kaas oo lagu xaqiijin karaa suuqa shisheeye iyo lacag soo jeestay. In shuruudaha la'aan ah lacag hore mercantilists ay shaqada waa la dhimay raasamaal ee lacagaha. Waqti ka, lacagta bilaabay si ay u arkaan, oo dhexdhexaad ah oo is-dhaafsiga. mercantilists Later bilaabay inuu daaweeyo lacagta sida caasimadda.

Money - alaabtana

mercantilists Later rumeysan badeecadaha lacagta, laakiin Marx iyo waa garan kari waayeen sababta iyo sida wax soo saarka ah waxaa loo baddalaa lacag. Is diidan uu sha dhexe ee "lacag - waa Xoolo" mercantilists noqday awoowayaasha waxa loogu yeero "nominalist" iyo ka dib "tiro" Aragti lacageed. Shaaca ka qaaday in kaliya shaqada wax soo saar, kuwaas oo alaabta for dhoofinta lacag badan oo badan ayaa ay kharashka keenay gobolka. In geeddi-socodka horumarinta si degdeg ah shuuciyad, xaaladda mercantilism mar dambe la kulmi karaan xaaladaha dhaqaale ee ugu dambeeyay. Waxa uu bedelay dhaqaalaha ah ganacsade siyaasadeed, taasoo aragti taaban dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale oo lacag la'aan ah. Mercantilism ayaa ay waddadii mar marka wadamada horumariyo, caasimadda ganacsiga siiyey si ay warshadaha. Waxaa asalkiisu ka soo jeedo oo la Shafay ee kala guurka ah si ay wax soo saarka warshadaha ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha classical.