Sharciga hore ee thermodynamics - waa bilowgii wax walba oo

Mawduuca ku saabsan daraasadda of thermodynamics waa tamarta ee qaabkeeda oo dhan iyo, ugu muhiimsan, guurka tamarta ka mid ah foomka si kale. Waxaa dhacdo in muddo ah asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee wakhtigii hore ee cilmi berrinkii cilmi tamarta, iyo waqti in liiska kala duwan noocyada tamarta weli yaryar - farsamo iyo kaamerada. Sidaa awgeed, magaca "Thermodynamics" ugu sax ah ka tarjumayaan nuxurka shayga - dhaqdhaqaaqa (suuqa kala iibsiga), iyo diinta kulaylka galay shaqada farsamo iyo qeybsanaan. Tartiib tartiib fikradaha ah sifeeyay geedi socodka kaamerada: kulaylka ee isuga, awoodda kulaylka, iyo, ugu dambeyntii, xaddiga unit kulaylka - calorie (1772 M.Vilke). Waxay qaadan doontaa waqti iyo in la diyaariyey doonaa sharciga ugu horeeya ee thermodynamics, laakiin talaabo kasta oo uu ahaa natiijo ka mid ah shaqo adag oo ah cilmi badan.

Si aad u bartaan sharciyada thermodynamics yihiin heshiisyada qaar ka mid ah qaatay, jidaynayey daraasadda muujiyo shayga iyo sheeg hantida waa in la derso. Waxyaabaha waxbarasho matalayo nidaamyada u xiran yihiin oo ah tiro badan oo ah qayb ka. Haddii nidaamka go'aan ka gaari kara xuduudaha mugga gaar ah, waxa loo yaqaan jidhka. Halkan iyo halkaas ayaa ahayd ka qaybgale weyn in tallaabada thermodynamic: nidaamka qayb ka jira mugga gaar ah - gaas ku haboon. In geeddi-socodka of Isbadal tamarta nidaamka thermodynamic badala ay gobolka, iyo isbedeladan waxa lagu sharaxay by set oo ah fikradaha - beegyada uu geedi socodka. Haddii beegyada uu u qaado heerkulka T, V mugga iyo P cadaadis, waxa ku filan si ay u sharaxaan geedi socodka kasta oo thermodynamic. nidaamyada oo dhan waxaa loo arkaa oo keliya dalalka hoganaya. Dhismaha kortay, tusaale ahaan, kulaylka, - habka kulaylka kala iibsiga - wax qaboobeyso oo maraysa wax. Xaaladdan oo kale, tirada "bixisay - helay", sida uu qabo sharciga ugu horeeya ee thermodynamics, isla uu noqon doono. Oo halkan been dhibaatada ugu weyni waa in qarniyo, saynisyahano go'aan: Search ka qaybgalayaasha shiid tamarta iyo si loo ogaado doorka ay geedi socodka.

The salaysan aragtida ah ee thermodynamics qalab jira 3 sharciga. Waxaa la malaysan in jidhka nuugo kartaa tamarta, sii kordhaya hoose (tus, kuleylka) iyo / ama ay sabab u tahay tamar gudaha si ay shuqulka in ay ka gudbaan ciidamada dibadda sameeyo (tus, riixaya cabbeeyaha). Iyadoo la raacayo, sharciga ugu horeeya ee thermodynamics waxaa lagu daaweeyaa sida soo socota: isbedelka tamarta gudaha U jidhku waa wadarta tamarta nuugo ay Q tamarta iyo ciidamada dibadda A. Xisaab, tani waxaa la muujiyay iyada oo isbedel infinitesimal sida soo socota:

du = dQ + da (1)

Dhab ahaantii, waa sharciga ku saabsan ilaalinta ee tamarta, waxaan dhihi karaa, sharciga ku saabsan nolosha.

Guryaha geedi socodka thermodynamic waxaa badanaa loo arkaa in model ah, halkaas oo dhexdhexaad ah ee ka shaqeeya qaadataa gaaska kaamil ah oo laga yaabo kulul iyo / ama in ay sameeyaan waxa ay ku saabsan shaqada farsamo ah awoodo dibadda ah (riixo - fidinta) oo macneheedu yahay qalab ah, iyo mid ka mid ah xuduudaha - P cadaadis, mugga V iyo heerkulka T - waa joogto ah. Codsiga sharciga ugu horeeya ee thermodynamics in izoprotsessam si loo ogaado qaateyaasha ilaha tamarta ee xaalado gaar ah.

habka Isochoric ka dhigan tahay in V = const. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in shaqada farsamo aan la heli karin, maxaa yeelay, mugga aysan waxba ka beddelin by kulaylinta kaliya kordhin karaan tamarta gudaha, ka dibna, da = pdV = 0, iyo halkan du = dQ oo waxaa go'aan ka gaari kara xiriirka ka:

dQ = (m / M) * CV * DT (2)

Sidaas darteed, habka isochoric waxaa sabab u kordhiyo heerkulka.

habka Isobaric ku lug p = const, iyo xaaladan ku qanacsan yahay haddii dheecaan ka shaqeeya marka kulul u qabata shaqo farsamo, tusaale ahaan, dhaqdhaqaaqa of qalab ah. Haddii aad soo jeedin si aad u dalbato hadal tamarta kulaylka, iyo isla'egta of Mendeleev-Clapeyron, mid si fudud u heli kartaa hadal ah xisaabinta farsamo hawlgalka gaaska :

A = (m / M) * R * (T2 - T1) (3)

R - gaas joogto ah, oo waxay ka dhigan tahay shaqo in la kordhiyo mugga gaaska ee lacagta ah ee ka mid ah bar, haddii isbedel heerkulka per degree Kelvin ah. Gunaanad: hoos gaaska habka isobaric buuxsama kululaynta tamarta (2) iyo gubtay, qayb ka mid ah tamarta kordhay gudaha by kordhin (3).

nidaamka A taas oo T = const, in thermodynamics yeedhay isothermal. Its nuxurka waa in la kulayliyo tamarta gudaha si buuxda loo wada baabbi'in shuqulka preodoleniiyu ciidamada dibadda. sharciga hore ee thermodynamics for izoprotsessov soo jeedisay in si ay u ilaaliyaan heerkulka jidhka joogta ah ay tamar gudaha ka dhigaysa ilaa kharashka qabashada shaqada farsamo, iyo waxay ku xiran tahay isbedelka cadaadiska. Xisaabi qarashka tamarta wuxuu noqon karaa ka hadal ah:

S = A = (m / M) * R * T * (lihida (P1 / p2)).