Falgalka Kiimikada noole. Qaab-dhismeedka, guryaha iyo hawlaha

cell ee u shaqeeyo kasta oo nool, malaayiin falgalka kiimikada dhacaan. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxa muhiim ah, sidaas darteed waa muhiim si ay u ilaaliyaan xawaaraha bayoolajiga heer sare. Ku dhawaad falcelin kasta waxaa catalyzed ay enzyme. Maxay yihiin falgalka? Waa maxay doorka ay qafas?

Ensaymes. qeexid

"Enzyme" Ereyga ka soo jeeda Laatiin fermentum - khamiirka. Waxay sidoo kale laga yaabaa in loo yaqaan falgalka ka Giriigga en zyme - "in aadamiga iyo gudbee."

Falgalka - walxaha bayoloji firfircoon, si dareen-celin kasta oo ka dhaca unugyada, ma aan samayn karo iyaga oo aan. xeryahooda Kuwani dhaqmaan sida Xoojiya. Iyadoo la raacayo, enzyme kasta waxay leedahay laba guri oo waaweyn:

1) Insaymkaas dedejisaa falcelinta lagmamaarmaanna, laakiin waxa aan la wada baabbi'iyey.

2) Qiimaha joogto hoganaya aysan waxba ka beddelin, laakiin kaliya dedejisaa guusha ee qiimaha this.

Falgalka dedejiyo reactions lagmamaarmaanna in kumanaan ah, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood, a million jeer. Taas macnaheedu waa in ay ka maqan yihiin nidaam enzyme oo dhan geeddi socodka intracellular ayaa gebi ahaanba joojiyay, iyo gacanta laftiisa dhinto. Sidaa darteed, doorka ensaymes sida sinji waa heer sare ah.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah ensaymes waxay suuro gelineysaa in ay ballaadhiyaan nidaaminaya-shiid cell. In Cascade kasta oo dareen diidmo qaadashada qayb fasalo badan oo kala duwan ensaymes. Xoojiya Biological leeyihiin selectivity sare iyada oo conformation gaar ah oo Britain ka. T. Si. Xaaladaha badankooda falgalka waa protein ee dabiiciga ah, ay ku jiraan qaab-dhismeedka jaamacadeed ama quaternary. Sababta mar waa koobnaanta reer Britain ah.

Shaqada ensaymes in gacanta

Hawsha ugu wayn ee eulayska - dardargelinta cadaanyo u dhiganta. geeddi socodka Cascade kasta, tan iyo markii ay kala daatay oo hydrogenperoxid ah iyo glycolysis afjaridda, wuxuu u baahan yahay Hannaan nafleyda.

hawlgal si fiican loo of falgalka gaari cayimayo sare si substrate gaar ah. Taas macnaheedu waa in Hannaan ku dardar kartaa falcelin qaarkood oo innaba mar dambe, xataa mid aad u la mid ah oo kaliya. By heerka ku koobnaanta of eulayska, ka dib markii kooxaha:

1) ensaymes la cayimayo buuxda marka catalyzed by falcelin ka mid ah oo kaliya. Tusaale ahaan, Cuskada collagenase collagen jajabiyaa maltose iyo maltase.

2) ensaymes la cayimayo qaraabo. Tan waxaa ku jira walxaha in weyni tahay kartaa class gaar ah oo dareen diidmo, tusaale ahaan, cholesterol hydrolytic.

shaqada biocatalyst bilaabmaa xidhiidhka ka mid ah ay goobta firfircoon si substrate ah. Isla mar ahaantaana la hadal saabsan isdhexgalka kaabaha la mid ah timahayga oo muhiim ah. Tani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa kulan buuxa la substrate foomamka xarunta firfircoon, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxaa suurto gal ah si loo dardar-falcelinta.

Tallaabada xigta ka kooban yahay ee koorsada of falcelinta. Its xawaaraha korodhka by tallaabada ee adag eulayska. In dhamaadka, waxaan ka heli eulayska, kaas oo la xidhiidha waxyaabaha falcelinta.

stage Final - in meesha laga saaro waxyaabaha falcelinta ka eulayska, ka dib markii taas goobta firfircoon mar kale noqdo lacag la'aan ah hawlgalka kale.

Schematically, shuqulka eulayska heer kasta waxaa loo qori karaa sidan:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, halkaas oo S - waa substrate ah, E - eulayska, iyo P - wax soo saarka.

dirka ensaymes

In jidhka bini'aadamka, waxaad ka heli kartaa tiro badan oo ah ensaymes. aqoon oo dhan oo ku saabsan hawlaha iyo shaqada ah ayaa la habeeyay, oo ay sabab u tahay, waxaa jiray soocidda caadi ah, kaas oo aad si fudud u ogaan kartaa waxa Hannaan gaar ah. Halkan waxaa ku qoran lix fasallada aasaasiga ah ee ensaymes, iyo sidoo kale tusaale oo qaar ka mid ah kooxaha.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Falgalka of class this weyni tahay falcelinta redox. Total soo kabsaday 17-kooxaha sub. Oxidoreductases sida caadiga ah waa non-protein qayb bixiyo vitamin ama heme.

Ka mid ah oxidoreductases yihiin inta badan ka helay kooxaha soo socda:

a) dehydrogenase. enzyme Kiimikada noole-dehydrogenase waxaa jiidhi atamka hydrogen iyo waxa u gudbaayo substrate kale. hoosaadka Tani waxay ku badan tahay falcelinta of Neefta, photosynthesis. Iyadoo qayb ka ah dehydrogenase waa daruuri joogo qaab nad coenzymes / NADH ama flavoproteins qaab / FMN. Inta badan waxaa jira udhigo biraha. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah ensaymes sida tsitohromreduktazy, dehydrogenase pyruvate, dehydrogenase isocitrate, iyo sidoo kale falgalka badan beerka (dehydrogenase lactate, dehydrogenase glutamate, iyo D. sidaas on.).

b) oxidases. Tiro ka mid ah ensaymes weyni tahay dheer ee ogsijiin si hydrogen, dheehan alaabta falcelinta noqon kartaa biyo ama hydrogenperoxid (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Tusaalooyinka falgalka ka cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) perodoxida iyo catalase - falgalka weyni tahay H daatay ₂ O ₂ si ay biyo iyo oksijiin.

g) oxygenase. biocatalysts Kuwani dardar lifaaqa oxygen in substrate ah. Dofamingidroksilaza - mid ka mid ah tusaalooyinka ensaymes sida.

2. Transferases.

falgalka Target ka mid ah kooxdan waa kala iibsiga ee xag ka walax walax deeq-qaataha ah.

a) methyltransferase. methyltransferase DNA - ensaymes muhiim ah in la xakameeyo nidaamka of taranka DNA. nucleotides Methylation kaalin weyn ka sharciyeynta shaqada acid nucleic.

b) acyltransferase. Falgalka of hoosaadka waxaa gaadiid ka mid Britain koox acyl kale. Tusaalooyinka acyltransferases: acyltransferase soyalecitin-kolestaroolka (xanbaarsan koox functional la acid dufan on kolestaroolka a), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (group acyl waxaa loo wareejiyey lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - ensaymes in ay ku lug leeyihiin beddelidda ee acids amino. Tusaalooyinka ensaymes alanine ku aminotransferase oo catalyzes ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee aminotransferase ka pyruvate iyo glutamate by wareejinta group amino ah.

g) phosphotransferase. Falgalka weyni tahay dheer ee this-group sub ee group phosphate ah. Kale tyrosinkinashämmare magaca phosphotransferase, ku badan yahay. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah ensaymes sida hexokinase iyo aspartate, taas oo ku xiran yihiin in ka harta phosphate hexose (inta badan glucose), iyo aspartic acid , siday u kala horreeyaan.

3. Hydrolases - fasal ah falgalka weyni tahay cholesterol ee bonds ee Britain, waxaana ku xiga sii dheer oo biyo ah. Maadadaha ka tirsan tahay koox this - enzyme ugu weyn ee dheefshiidka.

a) esterases - jebin bonds Ester ah. Tusaale - lipases in dumin dufanka.

b) glycosidases. falgalka Kiimikada noole ee taxanahan been burburinta bonds glycoside ah polymers (oligosaccharides iyo polysaccharides) ah. Tusaalayaal: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - falgalka weyni tahay burburka ee borotiinada in amino acids. falgalka Peptidase la xiriira sida pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - bonds amide ku dhegaan. Tusaalayaal: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase iwm badan oo amidase ensaymes waxaa la helay in wareegga ornithine.

4. Lyases - ensaymes for hawlaha la mid ah hydrolases, si kastaba ha ahaatee in cholesterol ee bonds ee u taagoo aan biyo wada baabbi'iyey. Falgalka of class this mar walba qayb ka mid ah qayb non-protein, tusaale ahaan, qaab vitamins B1 iyo B6.

a) decarboxylase. falgalka Kuwani dhaqmaan on the bond C-C. Tusaale ahaan waa decarboxylase acid glutamic ama decarboxylase pyruvate.

b) hydratase iyo dehydratase - falgalka weyni tahay cholesterol ee bonds C-O.

c) The amidine-lyases - baabbi'iyeen bond C-N. Tusaale: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) lyase R-O. falgalka noocan oo kale ah waxaa badanaa lagu dhegay group phosphate ka wax substrate ah. TUSAALE: cyclase adenylyl.

Kiimikada noole of falgalka ku salaysan qaab-dhismeedka

Awoodda enzyme kasta waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa shakhsiga, kaliya uu dhismeedka soo jireenka ah. enzyme kasta - ugu horayn waa protein, qaab-dhismeedkoooda iyo heerka uu laabanto ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah go'aaminta in ay shaqada.

biocatalyst kasta waxa lagu gartaa joogitaanka xarunta firfircoon, taas oo, markeeda, waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr qaybood oo kala duwan:

1) caawintu Center - Gobolka gaar ah protein ah, taas oo u hogaansanaanta enzyme si substrate ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan conformation ee protein xarunta Britain horseed qaadan kartaa noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo, taas oo waafaqsan waa in substrate ah iyo sidoo kale qufulka iyo muhiimka ah. Noocan oo kale ah dhisme kakan sharxayaa sababta protein enzyme waa in gobolka jaamacadeed ama quaternary.

2) adsorption Center - adeegtaa sida a "heysta". Halkan, koowaad ee xidhiidhka oo dhan meel u dhaxaysa Britain enzyme iyo Britain substrate ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xidhiidhka ka manidu xarunta adsorption ah, aad u tabar daran, oo sidaas falcelinta horseed waa karo marxaladan.

3) Xarumaha Allosteric ku yaalaan waxaa laga yaabaa in ee xarunta firfircoon, iyo guud ahaan dushiisa oo dhan eulayska. Shaqadooda - qaanuunka ee eulayska. Regulation qaadataa meel via taagoo inhibitors iyo taagoo activators.

borotiinada The activator ku qabanaya in Britain eulayska, dardar ay hawlgalka. Inhibitors, on lid ku ah, la xakameeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa fikraan, iyo this dhici kartaa laba siyaabood: midkood Britain ayaa ku xidhana gobolka xarunta allosteric ee xarunta firfircoon ee eulayska (Iscelin tartan) ama waxaa ku lifaaqan gobolka kale oo protein ah (Iscelin noncompetitive). Iscelin tartan waxaa loo arkaa wax ku ool ah. Ka dib markii meel bannaan oo sidaas xidhan substrate ku qabanaya in eulayska, iyo habka this ayaa suuragal ah keliya in ay dhacdo kadis ficil ahaan dhamaystiran oo Britain inhibitor iyo foomka xarunta firfircoon.

Insaymkaas inta badan ma aha ka kooban yihiin acids amino, laakiin sidoo kale ka mid ah waxyaabaha kale ee organic iyo imanba. Iyadoo la raacayo, apoenzyme go'doon - coenzymes proteinaceous qayb - moiety organic iyo cofactor - qayb ka imanba. Coenzymes waxaa matali kara ulgevodami, dufanka, acids nucleic, vitamins. Taa baddalkeeda, wada-factor - inta badan waa ka udhigo biraha taageeraya. dhaqdhaqaaqa Insaymkaas waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ay qaab-dhismeedka: walxaha dheeraad ah ka mid ah sideeda, bedeli guryaha horseed. Noocyada kala duwan ee falgalka - waa natiijada iskujir ah arrimo kuwaas oo dhan u sameeyaan adag ah.

Xeerka shaqada of falgalka

Falgalka sida walaxda bayoloji firfircoon ma aha had iyo jeer lagama maarmaan u ah jidhka. Kiimikada noole of falgalka waa inay kiiska unugyada nool dhibaato catalysis xad-dhaaf ah. Si looga hortago waxyeellada daran ee jirka ah ensaymes lagama maarmaan ah in bartey nidaaminaya shaqadooda.

T. Si. Falgalka waa protein ee dabiiciga ah, waxay diyaar u halaagnay at heerkulka sare. habka denaturation waa karo, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa in si weyn u saameeya walaxda.

pH sidoo kale kaalin muhiim ah in sharciyeynta. dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme ugu badnaan waxaa guud ahaan lagu arkay at pH-dhexaad ah (7,0-7,2). Sidoo kale waxay leedahay falgalka shaqeeyaan oo keliya xaaladaha acidic ama kaliya in cawaaqib xumadoodu. Sayidka, ee lysosomes gacanta lagu hayo pH yar yahay, taas oo ay hawshu maximal of falgalka hydrolytic. Haddii ay dhacdo in xiriir shil la cytoplasm ah, halkaas oo deegaanka waa u dhaw in ay dhex-dhexaad ah, oo ay hawl yaraan doonaa. ilaalinta noocan oo kale ah ka "samopoedaniya" waxay ku salaysan tahay muuqaalada hydrolase ah.

Waxaa xusid mudan oo ku saabsan muhiimadda ay leedahay coenzymes iyo cofactor in kooban of falgalka. Joogitaanka vitamins ama udhigo biraha weyn u saameeya hawlaha qaar ka mid ah ensaymes gaar ah.

Magac-of falgalka

All ensaymes ee jirka waxaa lagu magacaabaa sida ay ka tirsan mid ka mid ah fasalada, iyo sidoo kale substrate ah oo ay ku fal. Mararka qaarkood Magac-u nidaamsan oo aan ka mid, laakiin laba ka mid ah substrate ee horyaalka isticmaalo.

Tusaale ahaan magacyada ensaymes qaar ka mid ah:

1. falgalka Beerka: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. Magaca oo buuxa nidaamka eulayska: lactate + -oksidoredukt nad-aza.

-Dhowro oo Ciyaalle magacyada, oo ha u hoggaansamaan xeerarka waydaarsanayeen. Tusaale ahaan waa ensaymes dheefshiidka: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Geedi socodka ah ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee falgalka

Shaqooyinka falgalka waa go'an yahay xataa heer hidaha. Tan iyo Britain by yahay, wuuna ballaadhan - Protein, iyo Avv waa dhab la mid ah sida habka of qoraal iyo turjumidda..

falgalka ereygu wuxuu dhacaa sida soo socota. Markii hore, DNA akhri warbixin ku saabsan enzyme la doonayo si ay u sameeyaan mRNA. Rasuulka RNA baaq dhan acids amino in ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah eulayska. Regulation of falgalka sidoo kale laga yaabaa inuu dhaco heerka DNA ah, haddii sheyga of falcelinta catalyzed filan joogsato qoraal hiddo iyo on lid ku ah, haddii ay jirto baahi ah in wax soo saarka, waxay shidaa habka qoraal ah.

Marka mRNA lagu sii daayay in cytoplasm ah, marxaladda soo socota - baahinta. On ribosomes reticulum endoplasmic dhexsameeysmo silsilad hoose oo ka kooban acids amino lala by bonds peptide. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Britain protein in qaab dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee weli u oofin karin ay shaqo enzymatic.

dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme The ku xiran yahay dhismayaasha protein. protein EPS isla dhacdaa maroojin, oon la xirrira dhismeedka sare ka dibna jaamacadaha ugu horeeya. Avv The of falgalka qaar ka mid ah waxaa la joojiyay xilligan la joogo, laakiin si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka Hannaan inta badan waa lifaaqa lagama maarmaan iyo coenzymes cofactor.

Meelaha qaar ka mid ah reticulum ku endoplasmic yimaado lifaaqan qaybaha organic ah eulayska, sonkor, acids nucleic, dufanka iyo fitamiino. falgalka Qaar ka mid ah ma shaqeyn karaan iyaga oo aan goobjoog ka ahaayeen coenzymes ah.

Cofactor kaalin muhiim ah samaynta of dhismeedka quaternary of protein ah. Qaar ka mid ah hawlaha ensaymes waxaa laga heli karaa oo keliya marka ururka domain protein ah. Sidaa darteed waxaa aad muhiim u ah in ay qaab-dhismeedka quaternary joogaan kuwaas oo link Xiriirisa globules protein badan waa ra'iyi bir ah.

noocyada kala duwan ee falgalka

Waxaa jira xaalado marka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in joogitaanka dhowr falgalka weyni tahay falcelinta la mid ah, laakiin ku kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale ka eego qaar ka mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, enzyme shaqayn karaan at 20 digrii, laakiin at 0 digrii, isagu ma uu awoodi doono inuu oofiyo hawlihiisa. Maxaa la sameeyaa in xaaladda noocan oo kale ah, jidhkaaga ku nool kul hoose ee?

dhibaatada Tan waxaa si fudud u xallin by joogitaanka dhowr falgalka weyni tahay falcelinta la mid ah, laakiin xaalado shaqo oo kala duwan. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah noocyada kala duwan ee falgalka:

1. Isoenzymes. borotiinada noocan oo kale ah waxaa la encoded by hiddo-oo kala duwan, ay ka kooban yihiin acids amino kala duwan, laakiin weyni tahay falcelinta la mid ah.
2. noocyada kala duwan True. borotiinada Kuwan waxaa soo guuriyeen ka hiddo isku, laakiin waxay dhacdaa on peptides ribosomes beddelid. Ugu wax soo saarka saaray noocyo dhowr ah oo enzyme la mid ah.

Sidaas darteed, noocyo kala duwan oo ah nooca ugu horeysay waxaa la aasaasay heerka hidde, marka labaad - ku-translational post.

taasoo la micno ah ensaymes

Isticmaalka falgalka daawada yimaado hoos si arrinta daawooyin cusub, oo qayb ka ah taas oo walxaha ay horey u yihiin in ay tiro sax ah. Seynisyahanno aan weli laga helay hab lagu kicin ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ka maqan ensaymes ee jirka, laakiin waxaa haatan si weyn loo qaybiyey daawooyin dhigi karaa ilaa inta ay khasaaro.

falgalka kala duwan ee gacanta weyni tahay tiro badan oo dareen diidmo oo la xiriira dayactirka ah ee nolosha. Mid ka mid ah wakiilada kuwan waxaa enizmov nucleases group: endonuclease iyo exonuclease. Shuqulkooduna waa inuu joogteeyo heerka joogta ah acids nucleic qol, ka saarida DNA dhaawacan iyo RNA.

Ha illoobin ah oo ku saabsan arrin ee xinjirowga dhiigga. Iyadoo tallaabo wax ku ool ah ilaalinta, geeddi-socodka waxaa ay gacanta ku tiro ka mid ah ensaymes. Chief iyaga ka mid ah waa thrombin, taas oo badasha fibrinogen protein firfircoonayn galay fibrin firfircoon. Its thread abuuraa nooc ka mid ah network in occludes goobta markabka dhaawaca, oon ku hortagga dhiig la'aan xad-dhaaf ah.

Falgalka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in winemaking, yaynana kolna, wax soo saarka alaabta badan oo caanaha. Waayo, khamriga ka khamiir glucose waxaa loo isticmaali karaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo dhacdo guul ah geedi socodka iyo soo saaro oo ku filan iyaga.

xaqiiqooyinka Interesting ku saabsan taas oo aad ma uu garanaynin

- All of falgalka jirka ee ay leeyihiin tiro weyn - 5,000 1,000,000 Da. Tan waxa u sabab joogitaanka protein in Britain ay. Wixii la barbardhigo, miisaankiisu kelli of glucose - 180 Haa, iyo carbon dioxide - wadar ahaan 44 Haa.

- Si aad u taariikhda, furay in ka badan 2000 ensaymes in laga helo unugyada kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan walxahan waxay weli si buuxda u fahamsan yahay.

- waxqabad Insaymkaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo helo budo lagu dhaqo wax ku ool ah. Halkan, falgalka buuxiya kaalinta la mid ah sida ee jirka, waxay dumin arrinta organic, iyo hantida this ka caawisaa in ay dhibco dagaalka. Waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo saabuunta noocan oo kale ah heerkulka a ma ka badan 50 digrii, haddii kale waxaa laga yaabaa in ay nidaamka denaturation tagaan.

- Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoob, 20% dadka caalamka oo dhan ku silco oo ka la'aanta ah ee ka mid ah falgalka ka.

- About sifooyinka falgalka loo yaqaano muddo dheer, laakiin kaliya ee 1897, dadka ogaaday in aan khamiirka, oo laga soosaaray ka unugyadooda waxaa loo isticmaali karaa halsano ah oo sonkor ah galay khamriga.