Farshaxan qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga, dabeecadihiisa, marxaladaha horumarinta. farshaxan Giriigga ee hore iyo qorayaasha ay

Waa naqshad Giriigga ee hore degan meel gaar ah oo ka mid ah masterpieces kala duwanaanta dhaxalka dhaqanka ee ka tirsan dalka this. Waxaa ammaanay oo fuliyey iyadoo la kaashanayo graphic macnaheedu waa quruxda jidhka bini'aadamka, ay ku haboon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la simi ma aha oo kaliya khadadka iyo xarrago - sifooyinka in calaamadee farshaxan Greek qadiimiga. Sidaas u weyn oo ahaa xirfad ee abuuray ay in ay u suurtagashay in ay dhacday in uugu dhagax qabow ee dareenka, siin ah oo qoto dheer, qaababka dareen gaar ah, sida nolosha neefsashada iyaga la soo galo. farshaxan kasta Giriigga ee hore ka fadilnaa qarsoodiga, kor u soo jiitay in hadda. Works of farshaxan yaqaanada waaweyn ha ka tegin qof taag daran.

Baydka Greece, sida dhaqamada kale, maraya waqtiyada kala duwan ee ay horumarka. Kasta waxa lagu calaamadeeyay by isbeddel ah ee dhammaan noocyada farshaxanka, oo ay ku jiraan farshaxan. Sidaa darteed, si loo raad raaco marxaladaha ugu weyn ee formation of noocan ah tahay si kooban u sharxi kartaa muuqaalada farshaxan Giriigga ee hore ee muddooyinka kala duwan ee horumarka taariikhiga ah ee dalka this.

muddo shinka

muddo shinka - waqtiga ka 8th qarnigii 6aad BC. farshaxan Baydka waqtigan wuxuu ahaa sida muuqaalada caan heer hoose ah. Waxaa la arkay sababtoo ah bixitaankii shuqullada hab oo kala duwan oo kala duwan, waxay sidoo kale ahaayeen guud (gabdhaha tiradaasi yeedhay go'yaasha, wiilasha - Kouros).

Apollo Teneysky

taalada Teneyskogo ee Apollo waa ugu caansan oo dhan tirooyinka extant ee Zaman this. Just ognahay inay hadda jira darsin dhowr ah. Waxaa la sameeyey marmar ah. Apollo metalayay nin dhallinyaro ah oo la gacmihiisa hoos, faraha gacmaha galay ururshay. Indhihiisu kala furi, oo wejigiisii ku muuqata dhoola shinka, caadiga ah ee farshaxan ah, ay leeyihiin muddo this.

tirooyinka dhaddig

Images of haweenka iyo gabdhaha ciyaaray timo galgaloolan, dharka dheer, laakiin qaar ka mid ah xarrago ugu iyo khadadka siman, muuqashadii nimcada, femininity.

farshaxan Greek shinka hantiyeen disproportion qaar ka mid ah schematically. shaqo kasta, dhanka kale, soo jiidasho joojiyey dareen iyo xog. Waayo, Epoch ah siiyay shaxanka dadka waxa lagu gartaa, sida aan soo xusay, nus-dhoola, taas oo iyaga ka siinayo si qoto dheer ah iyo qarsoodiga.

maanta oo ku yaalla Berlin ee Museum State "Goddess ayaa la rummaan ah" waa mid ka mid ah tirooyinka, ugu fiican ee ka mid ah farshaxan kale shinka sii raagayaan. Marka Joogaba, "qalad" iyo gacmaha roughness dibadda image, xaliyay sameeyaa by qoraaga, soo jiidatay dadkii ugu daawadayaasha. Tilmaam dhegeysiga ee samaynta farshaxan a si gaar ah dhegeysiga iyo dhaqdhaqaaq.

"Kouros of Piraeus"

"Kouros ka Piraeus 'ku yaal matxafka Athens ah - ka dib, abuuridda sidaas ka kaamilsan, by sculptor qadiimiga sameeyey. na hor waa dagaalyahan oo dhallinyaro ah oo xoog leh. eegga gacanta oo u janjeeri yar oo madaxa soo jeedin wadahadalka, taas oo uu ku keenaysaa. Ma aha xadgudub si cad ah Joogaba. farshaxan Greek shinka, sida aynu hore u soo sheegnay, waxay leedahay waxyaalo guud. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada this ma aha sida dareemi sida in shuqullada la xidhiidha muddada hore shinka.

muddo classic

muddo Qadiimiga ah - waqtiga ka 5aad ee qarnigii 4aad BC. Shuqullada farshaxan Giriigga ee hore waqtigan soo maray isbedel qaar ka mid ah, taas oo aanu kuu sheegi doonaa. Waxaa ka mid ah sculptors muddada this, mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu caansan ee Baytagooris waa Regiysky.

Features of farshaxan Baytagooris

Waayo, curiyay waxaa lagu gartaa xaqiiqo iyo liveliness, waa waqti cusub. shuqullada Qaar ka mid ah qoraaga this waxaa loo arkaa wax yar aad ku dhiirato in muddo ah (tusaale ahaan, taallo wiil, qaadashada jab yar a). waxay ahaayeen Quick ah iyo talanti aan caadi ahayn ayaa loo ogol yahay sculptor ah inaad wax ka barato dareenka wada noolaanshaha by hab ka mid ah hababka xisaabinta xisaabta. Wuxuu iyaga ku weheliyay ku salaysan dugsiga falsafada iyo xisaabta, taas oo uu isaga qudhiisu aasaasay. Baytagooris, marka loo, baaritaan wada noolaanshaha dabiiciga ah oo kala duwan: music ah, qaab dhismeedka naqshadda ee jirka aadanaha. dugsiga Waxaa Theorem ku salaysan tirada. Waxaa loo arkaa aasaaska dunida.

sculptors kale ee muddada classical

muddo heer sare ah, marka laga reebo magaca Baytagooris, oo ay dunida oo siiyey dhaqanka fannaaniin caan ah sida Phidias, Myron iyo Polycleitus. Shuqullada farshaxan Giriigga ee hore ah qorayaasha isku mabda'a socda guud - bandhigay ee wada noolaanshaha jirka kaamil ah, iyo nafta oo qurux badan ku lifaaqan waxa ku jira. Waa mabda 'tani waa aasaasiga ah, in hanuuniyey ka sayid kala duwan ee wakhtiga horumarinta curiyay ay. farshaxan Giriigga ee hore - fiican ee wada noolaanshaha iyo qurux.

Miron

saameyn weyn ku tahay ee Athens BC qarnigii 5aad. e. Myron lahaa shaqada (xusuuso Discobolus caanka ah oo naxaas ah sameeyey). saaxir Tani, ka duwan Policlet, taas oo aan weli u sheegin, si ay u jeclaa sawir tirooyinka dhaqaaq. Tusaale ahaan, in taalada ee kor ku xusan discobolus la xiriira BC qarnigii 5aad. e., ayuu taswiiran ninka qurux badan oo dhallinyaro ah wakhtiga markuu Jamciyadda inay ku tuuraan disc ah. Waxaa cidhiidhi ah iyo jidhkiisa, mooshin qabsaday, xootay sida il, diyaar u ah inuu geeyo. muruqyada loo tababaray vzbugrilis hoos maqaarka hubka laastikada laabatay. Xirrira saldhig amaana, suulasha ugu dheceen oo qoto dheer galay cammuudda. farshaxan noocan oo kale ah qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga (Discobolus). Taaladii waxaa lagu tuuray naxaas ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor inta aan maqlay kaliya nuqul marmar ka asalka sameeyey by Romans ee. Sawirka hoos ku taalada Minotaur sculptor soo bandhigay for this.

Polycleitus

Baydka Policlet farshaxan uu leeyahay feature soo socda - tiradaasi aadanaha taagan gacanta sara kiciyey on hal lug dheelitirka soo jireenka ah. An tusaale embodiments sayidkiisa waa taalada Doriphor-Spearman. Polycleitus shuqulladiisa doonayeen inay Murqo kaamil ah ay weheliyaan cibaadaysi iyo qurux. rabitaan Tani waxay u waxyoonay si ay u daabacaan uu khuseeya oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "Canon", nasiib daro, ma aysan u noolaadaan si aannu mar.

Full nolosha walaac Policlet taallo. Wuxuu jeclaa in sawir ciyaartoyda ku jiraan xaalad nasasho. Tusaale ahaan, "Spearman" - nin xoog dhisay waa kan ka buuxa isku kalsooni. Waxa uu u taagan xasiliyaa hore ee dhagaystayaasha. Laakiin nabad tani ma aha ma guurto ah, caadiga ah ee Sidaana qadiimiga ah dalka Masar. Sidee si fudud oo si farsamo dhirteeda uu nin jidhka, Spearman lugta wax yar ka qaloocsan, u dhaqaaqo darnaanta a kala duwan ee kiiska. Waxa ay u muuqataa in ay ku qaadan doontaa waqti yar, oo madaxiisiina wuu soo jeesan doonaa oo hore u buuxin doono. Ka hor inta na waa qurux, nin xoog badan, oo lacag la'aan ah ka cabsi, hayaa, kuwa kibirka - muuqashadii oo ka mid ah hadafyada ahaa Gariig.

Phidias

unbaa la oran karo waa Phidias abuure weyn, farshaxan, abuure la xiriira BC qarnigii 5aad. e. In uu ahaa awoodaan si ay u bartaan xad kaamil ah loo shubay naxaas ah. Phidias 13 xabbadood sculptural ayaa doorsoon si ay u noqdaan wax sharraxsan istaahila macbudka Apollo at Delphi. Waxaa loola jeedaa tirada shuqullada sayidkiisa taasuna waa wax taallo ah oo Athena Virgin ee Parthenon, oo dhererkiisu yahay 12 mitir. Waxaa la sameeyey oo foolmaroodi ah, iyo dahab. Tani farsamo ee Sidaana waxaa loo bixiyey chrysene-ka.

In ka farshaxan ah sayidkayga this waxaa gaar ahaan ka muuqataa xaqiiqda ah in ilaahyadii Giriiggu - kuwani waa images of nin ku haboon. From shuqullada Phidias, ugu fiican sii raagayaan marmar sare cajalad 160-mitir frieze gargaarka oo dhan, taas oo muujinaysa israac ah ilaahadda Athena ah, cinwaanka galay macbudka Parthenon ah.

Taallada Athena

Si ba'an u waxyeeleeyeen farshaxan macbudka. Lost in Qarniyadii "Athena Parthenos". Tiradan waxaa macbudka gudihiisa istaagay. Phidias waxaas uumay. farshaxan Giriigga ee hore ee Athens ayaa sifooyinka soo socda: iyada oo madaxa la garka meel wareegsan oo foodda hooseeyo macaan oo gacmaha iyo qoorta laga dhigay oo foolmaroodi ah, iyo koofiyad bir ah, oo gaashaan yarba, dhar iyo timo - ka ilaashatay oo dahab ah.

From tiradaasi sabab sheekooyin badan. Sidaas caan ah oo weyn masterpiece in si deg deg ah ugu Phidias, Koox ka mid ah dadka ka masayrin, kuwaas oo isku dayaya in ay ku dhiba sculptor ah, kuwaasi oo ay raadinayaan sabab ay ku ashtakeeyaan wax. saaxir Tani, tusaale ahaan, ku eedeeyay in uu ka qarinaayay dahabka loogu talagalay farshaxan ee Athena. Phidias in uu leeyahay qaaday oo dhan alaabta dahabka ka taalada iyo iyaga u miisaamay. Si hufan beegantay miisaankiisu oo dahab ah u siiyey isaga inay. Markaas sculptor ee lagu eedeeyay cibaadola'aanta. Shield ee Athena sabab u ahayd this. Waxaa gaysteen oo goobta dagaalka ka mid ah Gariigga iyo Amazons. Phidias qudhiisa lagu taswiiray ka mid ah oo ahaa Gariig fara iyo Pericles. dadweynaha Greek, inkastoo dhammaan guulaha ay sayidkiisa this, weli waxaa ka soo horjeeda. dil arxan dhamaaday nolosha sculptor ah.

Ma dhamaystiran gaaro farshaxan Phidias sameeyey Parthenon ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, ayuu ka abuuray tiradaasi of Athena Promachos oo naxaas ah, oo waxaa la dhisay hareeraha 460 BC. e. Acropolis ah.

Taallada Zeus

By Phidias yimid warkiisii run ka dib markii la abuurayo sayidkiisa this of taalada Yubiter waayo, macbudkii, oo ku yaalla Olympia. height ee tiradaasi ahayd 13 mitir. qabnay badan ayaa nasiib daro aan la ilaashaa, ayaa ka badbaaday sharaxaada iyo koobiyada kaliya. In siyaabo badan this dallacsiiyey by burburinta xagjirnimada ee shuqullada tahay by Nasaarada. Ma ka badbaaday, iyo taalada ee Zeus. Waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sida soo socota: tiradaasi 13-meter fadhiya carshi oo dahab ah. Qurxinay madaxa taaj oo ilaah of laamood oo saytuunka ah, taas oo ahayd calaamad uu jacayl nabadda. Laab, gacmaha, garbaha iyo wajiga waxaa laga sameeyey oo foolmaroodi ah. huwaday Zeus harima garabkiisa bidix. Beard oo taaj - of dhalaalaysa oo dahab ah. Kaasi waa farshaxan ee qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga, si kooban u tilmaamay. Waxa ay u muuqataa in Ilaah, hadii uu baxana iyo garbihiisa afar gees, aan ku haboonayn in hall this badan - saqafka doonto hooseeyo.

muddo Hellenistic

Marxaladaha horumarinta farshaxan Giriigga ee hore dhameystiraya Gariigta ahayd. Xilligan waxa - waqtiga taariikhda Giriigii hore in 4-ta si BC qarnigii 1aad. Farshaxan waqtiga weli ujeedada ugu weyn ee decoration ee dhismayaasha naqshadda kala duwan. Laakiin waxaa kale oo laga heli milicsiga dhacdaa in isbedel dowladda.

farshaxan waa waqti mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee tahay, marka lagu daro, waxaa jiray dhowr ah tilmaamaha iyo dugsiyada. Waxay jirey ee Rhodes, Bergamos, Alexandria. shuqullada wanaagsan ee ay soo gudbiyeen dugsiyadan, tarjumayaan dhibaatooyinka ka walwalsan halka maskaxda dadka reer Zaman. sawiradaan, in la barbardhigo go'aanka classical deji, qaado pathos dareen ah, walwalka shucuureed, dhaqdhaqaaqa.

Saamaynta ay ku xoog badan oo bari on tahay oo dhan waxaa guud ahaan lagu gartaa Qarniyadii hore ee Giriigga daahay. Waxaa jira qaababka cusub ee farshaxan qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga, faahfaahin badan, daahyada fiican, xaglo adag. The waynaanta iyo dagganaashiyo guskiisa Classics dabeecad iyo caadifinimadu of East ah.

Thermes taallaa matxafka Roman "Afrodita Kirenskaya" full of ficiladooda nijaasta ah, coquetry gaar ah.

"Laocoön iyo reer"

Inta badan loo yaqaan farshaxan la xiriira Epoch in si gaar ah - "Laokoon iyo wiilashii", ka dhigay Agesander ee Rhodes Rhodes. masterpiece Tani waxa ay hadda ku hayay Museum Vatican-ka. Polya Halabuurka riwaayado, iyo goob ay soo jeedisay in caadifinimadu. Geesigii iyo wiilashiisa, xoog Iskacaabinta diray masaska Athena sida haddii war ay qaddar aad looga cabsado. Iyada oo ay taasi farshaxan sax aan caadi ahayn sameeyay. tirooyinka macquul ah oo caag ah. aragti A xoog leh ayaa la sameeyey by characters wejiga.

Saddex sculptor weyn

In shuqullada farshaxan tirsan BC qarnigii 4aad. e., aragtida dadka bini'aadamnimada waa la ilaaliyay, laakiin baaba'aa waqti isku mid ah midnimada shaqaalaha rayidka ah. Waayaya dareen buuxnaanta nolosha iyo sharafta ka mid ah aragtida ah dunida of farshaxan Giriigga ee hore iyo qorayaasha ay. sayid Great deggan BC qarnigii 4aad. e., siin daaha ku saabsan oo cusub oo casri ah oo dunida ka ruuxi ah. Tan waxaa ugu cad baaris this saddex qorayaasha - Lysippos, Praxiteles iyo Scopas.

Scopas

Scopas ahaa qofkii ugu caansan ka mid ah sculptors kale shaqeeyey waqti. In uu farshaxanka neefsan shaki qoto dheer, halgan, walaaca, Suu iyo kacsi xaaraan. Tani hooyo ee jasiiradda of Paros shaqeeyn jirtay magaalooyin badan oo ku saabsan soohdinta reer Greece. Xad sare oo ah qoraaga this bixitaankii taalada loo yaqaan "Nika Samofrakiyskaya". magaca waxaa lagu helay in xusuustiisa guusha ee 306 BC. e. Rhodes Fleet. Tiradaan waxa la dhajinta on meesha haysa, garabaka sanka markab design ee.

"Maenad qoob" Scopas soo bandhigay aragti ka firfircoon oo adag.

Praxiteles

Haddii hal-abuurka ahaayeen farshaxan Praxiteles. Waxaan gabyeen qoraaga quruxda saaidka ah ee jirka oo farxad u ah nolosha. Praxiteles riyaaqay warkiisii weyn, wuxuu ahaa taajir. The sculptor ugu caansan keenay taalada this of Aphrodite, waxaa sameeyey si jasiiradda of Knidos. Waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee Greek image tahay ilaahadda a qaawan. Beauty Phryne, Thais caanka ah, waxay sayidaddeedii ku ah Praxiteles, u adeegay sidii model ah taalada ah Aphrodite. Gabadhan ayaa lagu eedeeyay in cayda, ka dibna waxa ay xaq ku maxfalka quruxda xaakinnadu. Praxiteles waa gabayaa qurux dumar, kuwaas oo u sharrifnay Binii Gariigta ah. Nasiib darro, kaliya nuqul ah ina ogeysiiyey Aphrodite of nimid Kinidos horteeda si.

Leochares

Leochares - sayidkiisa reer Ateenay ah, ugu weyn ee saffarro Praxiteles. sculptor Tani, ka shaqeeya polis Hellenic kala duwan, abuuray Muuqaallo iyo images of ilaahyadii mythological. Oo wuxuu reer dhowr Wehbe of Sidaana in farsamo chrysene-Elephantine, iyagoo muujinayay in xubnaha qoyska ee Philip, ee reer Makedoniya ahaa boqorkii. Ka dib markii in, wuxuu noqday sculptor maxkamadda Aleksandra Makedonskogo, wiilkiisa. Wakhtigan Leochares Apollo taalada loo abuuray, waa aad loo jecel yahay ee Qarniyadii hore. Waxaa la wada ilaaliyo, in nuqulo marmar ah by Romans ka dhigay, oo waxaa la odhan jiray warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay dunida Apollona Belvederskogo. Leochares shuqulladiisa oo dhanna wuu muujinaysaa farsamo virtuosic.

Ka dib boqornimadii Zaman Aleksandra Makedonskogo Hellenistic ahaa muddo ah ubax degdeg ah portraiture. Dhiseysa Sidaana ee god oo ka mid ah magaalooyinka reer kala duwan ku hadla, gabayaaga, faylosuufiinta, Guud, dowlada. Masters doonayay in muuqashadii dembigooda dhow iyo si stress ee foomka of khadadka, beddelin image a caadiga ah ee sawirka.

sculptors iyo shuqulkooda oo kale

farshaxan heer sare ah u noqday noocyo ka mid ah shuqulladii kala duwan oo farshaxan ka shaqeyn jiray da'da Hellenistic. Bayaan loo arkaa in shuqullada waqti megalomania in, in uu yahay, waxay doonayaan waa in ay keenaan image la doonayo in size ee taalada weyn. Gaar ahaan inta badan waxa ay dhacdaa marka la abuurayo farshaxan Greek ilaahyada. Taallo ilaah Heliopolis waa tusaale Ra'iisul. Waxaa la sameeyey naxaas sharraxnaan jirtay, oo waxay istaageen iridda dekedda ah ee Rhodes. farshaxan The - 32 mitir. Waxa aan ka shaqeeyey waxa on 12 sano, ka daalin, Bakeyluhu, arday ka mid ah Lysippos. Tani shaqada farshaxanka qaatay on meesha saxda ah ee sharaf yaabka leh ee liiska dunida.

Qaar badan oo ka Sidaana kadib qabashada ee ugu guulaysannaa Roman Giriigii hore ayaa laga dhoofiyey dalka dibaddiisa. farshaxan Ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale masterpieces ah rinjiyeynta, shirkii maktabadaha Imperial iyo waxyaabaha dhaqan kale oo soo gaaray qaddar la mid ah. Dad badan oo ka shaqeeya goobta waxbarashada iyo sayniska, waxaa lagu qabtay. In dhaqanka Rome qadiimiga sidaas maran, waxay leeyihiin saameyn muhiim ah dhinaca horumarinta, qaybaha kala duwan ee Giriigga.

gunaanad

Dabcan, muddooyinka kala duwan ee horumarka in ay soo martay Baydka Greece, dhigay hagaajin ay formation of farshaxan ah, laakiinse wax mideeya fanaaniinta lahaayeen jireen waagii kala duwan - jecel yihiin in ay fahmaan farshaxanka spatiality, jacaylka ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada by hab ka mid ah hababka kala duwan ee farshaxan ee jirka aadanaha. farshaxan Giriigga ee hore, sawir kaas oo sare lagaa siin, nasiib daro, ayaa ka badbaaday qayb ahaan uun. Inta badan adeegay sidii wax tirada marmar ah, inkastoo ay dabacsanaan. Kaliya ee habkan waxa uu ahaa suurto gal ah si uu u gudbiyo quruxda iyo xarrago ee jirka aadanaha. Naxaas ah, in kastoo ay tahay wax dheeraad ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo sharaf leh, wax badan ka yar la isticmaalay.

farshaxan qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga iyo asalka rinjiyeynta iyo xiiso leh. tusaalooyin kala duwan ee farshaxanka fikrad ka bixiyaan nolosha ruuxiga ah ee dalka.