Yaa abuurtay qaraxa qaaradda? Taariikhda qaraxa qaaradda

Ruuxii Been abuurtay qaraxa qaaradda, xitaa ma qiyaasi cawaaqibka naxdin leh in oo keeni karo waa been abuurtay cajiib ah oo qarnigii XX ah. Ka hor inta superweapon this soo maray by dadka degan magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, waxaa la samayn hab aad u dheer.

bilow

Bishii Abriil 1903, beerta Paris ee jirka dadka caanka ah ee saaxiibada uu soo ururiyey in France Paul Langevin. Munaasabaddan waxa uu ahaa daafaca reer ra'yigaa ee ah cilmibaadhe oo dhallinyaro ah oo tayo leh Marii Kyuri. Waxaa ka mid ah marti sharaf kale ahaa jirka dadka caanka ah British Sir Ernest Rutherford. Oo ku dhex jira madadaalo ah ayaa waxaa la iftiin ka demo. Mariya Kyuri dhawaaqay dhan in yaabin doona maanta. Iyada oo shir ku Per Kyuri sameeyey tuubo yar oo la radium cusbada, taas oo kor u nalka cagaaran ee, ku keeni farxaa joogo aan caadi ahayn. guests Later kulul ka hadlay mustaqbalka of this ifafaale. All isku raacay in opinion in ay sabab u tahay radium dhicin dhibaato ba'an tamar la'aan. Waxaa oo dhan waxay dhiiri cilmi cusub iyo rajada dheeraad ah. Haddii, ka dibna, ay u sheegeen in waxyaabaha shucaaca shaqada shaybaarka noqon lahayd bilowgii qarnigii XX hub laga cabsado, waa aan la aqoon waxa ay ahaan lahayd dareen-celin. Waxay ahayd markaa in bilaabay taariikhda qaraxa qaaradda, oo ay ku dhinteen boqolaal kun oo qof oo rayid ah Japanese.

ka hor Game ee xariiqa qallooca

December 17, 1938 saynisyahan Jarmalka Otto Gannom la helay cadeyn murmi karin ee bololka ee uranium galay Qurub hoose yar. Dhab ahaantii, wuxuu u suurtagashay in ay kala jabeen eb ah. In dunida sayniska, waxa la arkaa in ay tahay guul aad u weyn ee taariikhda aadanaha oo. Otto Hahn ma wadaagi aragtida siyaasadeed ee Reich Saddexaad. Sidaa darteed, in la mid ah, in 1938, saynisyahan ah ayaa lagu qasbay in ay u guuraan Stockholm, halkaas oo, wada jir ah ula Fridrihom Shtrassmanom sii cilmi sayniska. Ka baqaya in Nazi Germany marka hore hub laga cabsado, warqad u qoray uu Madaxweynaha American digniin ah oo ku saabsan. Warka ku saabsan hortago suurtagalka ah aad buu u naxay dawladda Maraykanka. Americans bilaabay si dhakhso oo go'aan u dhaqmaan.

Eebaha abuuray qaraxa qaaradda? mashruuca Mareykanka

Xitaa ka hor ka dillaacay of War World Labaad, koox ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah, kuwaas oo inta badan ahaayeen qaxooti ka taliskii faashistihii-German ee Europe, ayaa lagu soo oogay horumarinta hub nuclear. waxbarashada bilowga ah, waxaa la ogaadaa in, lagu fuliyay sanadkii Nazi Germany. In 1940, dowladda Mareykanka of America bilaabi maal barnaamijkeeda u gaar ah si ay u horumariyaan hubka qaaradda. Waayo, hirgelinta mashruuca ayaa loo qoondeeyay wadarta cajiib ah, waayo, waayahaas laba iyo badh billion dollars. hirgelinta mashruucan qarsoon physicists fiican ee qarnigii XX ee la marti qaaday, oo iyaga ka badan toban Laureates Nobel ka mid ah. Guud ahaan, waxaa ku lug leh oo ku saabsan 130 kun oo shaqaale, waxaa ku dhex jirtay ma military oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale dad rayid ah. Kooxda ayaa horumar madax Colonel Leslie Richard Groves, kormeeraha ahaa Robert Oppenheimer. Waxay ahayd ayuu - ninkii abuurtay qaraxa qaaradda. dhismaha injineernimada qarsoon gaar ah waxaa la dhisay ee Manhattan, oo loo yaqaan noo magaca code "Manhattan Project." In ka badan dhowrkii sano ee soo socda, saynisyahano ayaa ka shaqeeya mashruuca qarsoodi ah la fission nuclear ee uranium iyo plutonium.

eb Unpacific Igor Kurchatova

Maanta, arday kasta si ay uga jawaabaan su'aasha ah, kuwaas oo la Abuurtay qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti awood u yeelan doonaan. Ka dibna, in hore 30-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay, ka mid ma ogaa.

In 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov mid ka mid ah daraasadaha ugu horeysay xuduntii qaaradda bilaabmaa dunida. By keeno dadka sida maskax, Kurchatov ee 1937 abuuraa cyclotron ugu horeysay ee Europe. Isla sanadkaas, isaga iyo dadkiisa sida maskax iyo in la abuuro xuduntii ugu horeysay ee aan dabiici ahayn.

In 1939 I. V. Kurchatov ka bilowdey barashada jihada cusub - physics nuclear. Ka dib markii dhowr ah guulaha daraasaddan shaybaarka ee cilmiga ifafaale this helo at its qubo xarun cilmi qarsoon, oo la odhan jiray "Laboratory № 2". Maanta xarunta this qarsoodi loo yaqaan "Arzamas-16."

Meesha target of xarunta intaasu waxay ahayd cilmi baaris dhab ah iyo horumarinta ee hubka nukliyeerka. Hadda waxaa si cad kan Abuuray qaraxa qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti. Kooxda ka dibna wuxuu ahaa toban qof oo keliya.

Qarax Atoomikada noqon

By dhamaadka 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu u maamulaan si shirin kooxda dhab ah aqoonyahaniinta ka badan boqol qof. Maskaxda ugu fiican ee takhasuso cilmiyeed kala duwan u soo galeen shaybaarka ka guud ahaan dalka si ay u dhisaan hubka nukliyeerka. Ka dib markii go'in ee qaraxa qaaradda on Hiroshima by Maraykanka, saynisyahano Soviet ogaaday in this waxaa la samayn karaa iyadoo Midowga Soofiyeeti. "Laboratory № 2" ka maamulka kordhay fiiqan ee maalgelinta ee dalka iyo soo qulqulaya badan oo shaqaale xirfad leh helay. Mas'uul ka ah sida mashruuca muhiim xilsaaray Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. shuqullo badan oo saynisyahano Soviet dhaleen midhaha.

Semipalatinsk

Bamka ayaa qaaradda ee USSR ahaa ee ugu horeeyay baaro goobta imtixaanka ee Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan) ah. August 29, 1949 awoodda a qalab nuclear 22 kilotons hurgufay dalka Kazakh ah. jirka Nobel Prize-guuleystay Otto Hants ayaa yiri: "Tani waa war wanaagsan. Haddii Russia yeelan doonaan hub nuclear, markaas waxaa jiri doona dagaal. " Waa bam qaaradda this ee USSR ah, sida tirada alaabta lo 501, ama RDS-1, liquidated monoboli Maraykanka on hubka nukliyeerka.

Bamka ayaa qaaradda. 1945 th

Salaaddii hore ee subaxnimadii on July 16, "Project Manhattan The" lahaa imtixaanka guul ugu horeysay ee qalab qaaradda - Qarax plutonium a - at site gobolka Alamogordo Maraykanka ee New Mexico.

Money maalgeliyeen mashruuca, ayaa la qaatay. The ugu horeysay ee taariikhda aadanaha oo qarax qaaradda waxaa laga dhigay 5 saacadood iyo 30 daqiiqo subaxdii.

"Waxaan samaynay shaqada Ibliiska," - yiri ka dib Robert Oppenheimer - kii been abuurtay qaraxa qaaradda ee dalka Mareykanka, ka dib loo yaqaan "aabaha of qaraxa qaaradda."

Japan ma dhiibaan

By waqtiga imtixaanka kama dambaysta ah iyo guul qaraxa qaaradda, Ciidamada Soviet iyo xulafadooda ay ugu danbeyn ka adkaaday Nazi Germany. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa ku hadhay gobolka hal, taas oo uu ballan qaaday in ay u dagaalamaan Lagaga ee Pacific. Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii April ilaa bartamihii July-1945, ciidanka Japan ayaa waxaa si joogta ah fuliyay weerar cirka ah oo ay ciidamada huwanta ah, sidaas sababtayna khasaare culus oo ka tirsan ciidamada Maraykanka. Dhamaadka July 1945 Dowladda Japan dawladii kacaanka diiday dalabka ee is dhiibin Allied si waafaqsan Baaqa aabbo ah. In waxay, gaar ahaan, waxa uu sheegay in haddii ay dhacdo caasinimada, ciidanka Japan waxaa sugaya baabba 'degdeg ah oo dhamaystiran.

Madaxweynaha Oo Ogolaaday

Dowladda Maraykanka ayaa eraygiisii iyo bilowgii qaraxii lala beegsaday jagooyinka ciidamada Japan. weerarada Air ma keeno natiijada la rabay, iyo Madaxweynaha Maraykanka Garri Trumen go'aansado duulaankii ciidamada Maraykanka ee Japan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, amarka ciidamada niyad ay Madaxweynaha ka go'aan noocan oo kale ah, xiganaya xaqiiqda ah in duulaankii Maraykanka wuxu lahaa tiro badan oo ah dhibanayaasha.

At soo jeedinaya of Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson iyo Dwight Eisenhower David waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay qaataan hab wax ku ool ah si loo soo afjaro dagaalka. taageere A weyn ee qaraxa qaaradda, Madaxweynaha oo ka mid ah Xoghayaha Maraykanka Dzheyms Frensis Naasa, rumeysan yahay in qaraxii of territory Japanese waadax ah loo soo afjaro dagaalka iyo saaray dalka Mareykanka meel adag, taas oo uu leeyahay saamayn togan ee koorsada dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka dunida guudahaan. Sidaas darteed, Madaxweynaha Maraykanka Garri Trumena ka dhaadhiciyay in tani ay tahay ikhtiyaarka kaliya ee saxda ah.

Bamka ayaa qaaradda. Hiroshima

Sida bartilmaameedka ugu horeysay loo doortay magaalada yar Japanese ah Hiroshima ku nool yihiin in ka badan 350 kun oo qof, ku yaalaan shan boqol oo mile u jirta caasimadda ee Japan Tokyo. Ka dib markii uu yimid salka badda ee Maraykanka ee jasiiradda of Tinian modified B-29 qarxiyay "Enola Gay", bamka qaaradda lagu rakibay on board diyaaradda. Hiroshima lahaa in ay la kulmaan tallaabada of 9 kun oo mina oo uranium-235.

Tani ilaa haatan aan la garanayn hubka ayaa loogu tala galay dadka rayidka ah ee magaalada Japanese yar. Taliyaha Qarax ahaa Colonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US qarax qaaradda ahaa magac Isniinta ah "Kid The". Subaxnimadii August 6, 1945, oo ku saabsan 8 saacadood iyo 15 daqiiqo, Maraykanka "Boy Little" waxaa laga saaray on Hiroshima Japan. About 15 kun oo tan oo TNT oo dhan nolosha baabbi'in gudahood gacan ka mid ah shan mayl laba jibaaran. Mid ka mid ah boqol iyo afartan kun oo deggan ayaa lagu dilay xoogaa ilbiriqsiyo ah. Survivors of Japan dhintay dhimasho soo hareen cudurkan ka shucaaca.

Oo waxay ku baabba'aan nuclear "Kid The." Maraykanka Si kastaba ha ahaatee, burburka ee Hiroshima ma keeni dhiibin si degdeg ah Japan, sidan oo kale, dhamaantood la filayaa. Markaas waxaa la go'aamiyay duqeymo kale oo territory Japan.

Nagasaki. Sky dabka

Qarax qaaradda American "Fat Man" ayaa lagu rakibay on board diyaaradda B-29 9 August 1945 oo dhan in meel ka mid ah, salka badda ee Maraykanka ee Tinian. Wakhtigan, Taliyaha diyaaradda ahaa Major Charlz Suini. Markii hore, bartilmaameedka istiraatiiji ah waxay ahayd magaaladii Kokura.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladaha cimilada uma ay oggolaan in ay ogaadaan qorshaha our, hortagi daruuro waaweyn. Charlz Suini u tageen inay wareega labaad. At 11 SFIga oo 02 daqiiqo nuclear American "Fat Man" liqay Nagasaki. Waxa uu ahaa weerar hawada burbur awood badan, oo ay xoog waa dhowr jeer ka badan bamka ee Hiroshima. Nagasaki soo maray hubka Nuclearka ah oo ku saabsan 10 kun oo pounds iyo 22 kilotons of TNT.

Juquraafi ahaan meesha ay magaalada Japanese hoos saamaynta filayo. Waxa ugu waa in magaalada waxaa ku yaalla dooxada cidhiidhi ah buuraha u dhexeeya. Sidaa darteed, burburinta 2.6 mayl laba jibaaran ma uusan sheegin oo dhan ka iman kara ee suurtogalka ah ee hubka American. imtixaanka ee qaraxa qaaradda ee Nagasaki waxaa loo arkaa ku guuldareystay "Manhattan Project."

Japan dhiibay

Duhurkii on August 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito ku dhawaaqay is dhiibin dalkiisa ee cinwaanka radio dadka Japan a. Warkaan ayaa si deg deg ah ku faafaa dunida. Maraykanka waxay bilaabeen dabaal of guushii ay ka gaareen Japan. dadkii aad ugu farxay.

September 2, 1945 saarnaa markab dagaal US "Missouri" ka, ee ku qotoma Tokyo Bay, u saxiixay heshiis rasmi ah si loo soo afjaro dagaalka. Sayidka dhamaaday dagaal ugu arxan iyo geysteen taariikhda aadanaha.

bulshada caalamiga ah oo dhererkiisu yahay lix sano u tageen inay taariikhda this weyn - laga bilaabo 1 September 1939, markii shuut uu soo rideen by Nazi Germany ee Poland.

atamka for Peace

All ee Midowga Soofiyeeti 124 qaraxyo nuclear fuliyay. dabeecad waa in ay fuliyeen faa'iido u ah dhaqaalaha dalka. Kaliya seddex ka mid ah ay ahaayeen shil sababay baxsiga ee canaasiirta radioactive. Barnaamijka for isticmaalka tamarta nukliyeerka nabad fulin oo kaliya in labada dal - Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti. tamarta Nuclear nabad ogyahay iyo tusaalooyin masiibo caalami ah, marka on April 26 1986 , on unit afaraad ee Chernobyl qaraxa nuclear-nuclear ka dhacay.