Xidhiidhka la mariyo: Qeexidda, sifooyinka iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

A biogeocoenose aragti cilmiyeed waxaa la abuuray by saynisyahan Ruush Vladimir Sukachev. Waxay bixisaa soocista dhamaystiran oo nidaamka dabiiciga ah, iyo baadhayaa noocyada kala duwan ee isdhexgalka u dhexeeya qaybo ka mid ah hannaanka: dhirta, xayawaanka, micro-organisms. waxbarasho gaar ahaan halista ah ee foomamka of xiriirka biotic ayaa la sameeyay saynisyahano kale Ruush - V. Beklemishev oo aqoonsaday afar nooc oo ka mid ah. Waa in la ogaadaa in xiriir la mariyo - waa in ecology mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu badan ee isdhexgalka kaxeynayo noolaha dabiiciga ah. Waxay baari doono qodobkan.

Fikradda ah dallad ah

Ka hor inta aan sahamiyaan su'aasha ah ee sida bonds la mariyo waxaa loo sameeyay in biocenosis ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ogyahay nuxurka runta ah ee fikirka ah dallad ah. Waxaa loola jeedaa, xiriirka xiran dhowr noolaha dheer-jira in ay ku xiran tahay nooca shakhsiyaadka soo saar - Consort. Inta badan la kulantay noolaha in xilkaan waa dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Waxay u adeegaan sida asaasiga ah, bixinta shakhsiyaadka ah noocyada kale, gaar ahaan cunto iyo ilaalinta. tijaabooyinka Live eego inkonsortu endokonsortami laga yaabaa, tusaale ahaan, wareega ama cajalad Gooryaanka - xayawaanka dirxi iyo aadanuhu. Ekokonsorty - noolaha dushiisa (qofka, waa xudunta u ah, tusaale ahaan, kalluunka Gaetano, degganaa jirka ka mid ah shark a).

Haddii ay mararka qaarkood u soo galeen xiriir la inkonsortom, waxaa loo yaqaannaa ekzokonsortami (tusaale ahaan bees malab ururinta miraha ka soo noocyada dhirta gaar ah).

Trophic oo la mariyo ay sabab u tahay kala duwan shuraako ah

Haddii yaruna waxaa matalaya jidh qudha, waxa la yidhaahdaa waa beesha u gaar ah, iyo haddii dadka oo dhan, ama xataa wakiilada ee noocyada oo dhan, ka dibna dallad sida loo yaqaan dadka. Trophic iyo isgaarsiinta la mariyo gaar ahaan si deg deg ku dhaco qof oo dallad sinuzialnoy. Xaaladdan oo kale, hal ecobiomorphs - group noolaha autotrophic dhirta of jidh mid ah iyo sifooyinka nafsaaniga ah iyo xaaladaha abiotic la mid deggan. Tusaale ahaan, koox ka mid ah dhirta gymnosperms dhexdhexaad ah qoyaan-jecel Division - fiiqfiiqan (beroosh ah, gran, larch), ku koray meel caadi ah - foomamka degaanka sinuzialnuyu dallad.

Shuqullada Beklemisheva

Waayo, sharaxaad ku saabsan oo dhan xiriirka noolaha adag oo kala duwan oo sababo gudahood biogeocoenose heshiis aan ollogga ah noocyada qaraabo in midkiinba midka kale la siiyo, saynisyahan Ruush Beklemishev codsatay dheer xidhiidhka la mariyo. Tusaalooyinka muujinaysa ay formation, ayaa muujinaya, in qaar ka mid ah noolaha saamayn kale ay sabab u tahay isbeddel ah ee deegaanka. Sida cilmiga ku yidhi, natiijadu waa a qaboojiyaha xiriir la mariyo arrimaha abiotic deegaanka, taas oo ah, formation of shaqeeyo nool qaar ka mid ah xaaladaha physico-kiimikada gaar ah jiritaanka shaqsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada kale ah. Sidaas darteed, sayniska casriga fikradda ah xiriir la mariyo Beklemishev soo bandhigay. Sidaas biocoenosis biyaha saafiga ah - gudubno, mid tirin karaa in ka badan 125 tusaalayaal xiriir la mariyo ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka.

Tusaale ahaan, baalkaa-biyood nooca Luetke ay dhigaan ukun ah parenchyma caleen dhirta biyaha sida arrowhead, jaalle ah biyo-u ekaayeen ubax, iyo noocyada shaqsi arrow - qaybta hoose ee daab caleen oo ka mid ah dhirta la mid ah. noolaha biyaha ku nool harooyinka biyaha saafiga ah, inta badan isticmaalaan dhirta sida substrate a for ilaalinta ee ukunta iyo quudinta dirxiga iyo dadka waaweyn ee shakhsiyaadka ee noocyada isla - noolaha biyaha ku nool on caleemo, laamo iyo xididada dhirta biyaha - saarayaasha.

Doorka dhirta in formation of links mariyo

wakiilada flora ma aha oo kaliya la abuuro shuruudo aasaasiga ah ee nolosha noolaha kale, laakiin iyagu si firfircoon yihiin saamayn arrimaha abiotic. Sidaas daraaddeed, in ay kaymaha badan ee kaymaha kulaylaha iyo Siberian deggan tirada weyn ee noolaha ee goobahaasi in a dhirta abuuray-photosynthetic microclimate gaar ah mahad.

Waxaa lagu gartaa heerkulka a raaxo badan iyo huurka fiicnayn. Waxa uu leeyahay saamayn togan ku Nolosha nuujiya, shimbiraha iyo cayayaanka - deggan oo hawdka kulaylaha iyo taiga. xiriir la mariyo, tusaale u ah oo aynu kor loo arkaa, soo jeedinaynaa in ay ka ciyaaraan door weyn ka lafaguro dabiiciga ah, oo ay la socdaan isdhexgalka trophic.

Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya noolaha in biocenosis Arctic

xaqiiqooyinka Interesting ku saabsan xiriir la mariyo keeni kartaa halka barashada adag dabiiciga ah ee Arctic ah. In guga si Dhuldhoobo iyo gasiiradaha Ocean Arctic ka Duulay tiro badan oo shimbiraha Badda, guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Waxay sameeyaan deegaanada shimbir. Inta lagu jiro mudada ukun-dejineysa (dabayaaqadii May - June hore) shimbiraha mashquulin dhagaxyada dhexdooda, darfaha dhashay ku fadhiya aad ugu dhow in uu midba midka kale waa. Dariska waterfowl waa bahal caadi ah - guumaysta cad.

Iyagu ma ay quudin kaliya ay guillemots dhalinyarada iyo murres, laakiin sidoo kale dhulka oo dhan waterfowl kulaylaha ilaaliyo weerarrada dawaco iyo bahal kale. xiriir la mariyo, tusaale u ah oo aynu kor loo arkaa, gacan ka badbaadista ee shakhsiyaadka ee noocyada kala duwan ee ku nool xaaladaha cimilada xad dhaaf ah oo aagga Arctic.

Features of formation of xiriirka la mariyo ee taiga biocenosis

B. Beklemisheva daraasaad waxaa la xaqiijiyay in ay ku saleysan xiriir la mariyo dhexeeya noolaha waa in la beddelo soo koobin ee jiritaanka shaqsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah sida sabab u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa of noolaha of noocyada kale. Tusaale ahaan, meelaha geed ka Siberian (kedar ah Siberian) jiidatay dadka deggan badan oo taiga ah: dabagaalaha, chipmunk, Sable iyo, dabcan, noocyada kala duwan ee Shimbiraha. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - nutcracker ah. Shaqsiyaadka of noocyada this yihiin oo dhalaalaysa leh shimbiraha dhuuban ee dheer iyo afaysteen. Waxay daaqi on geed nuts iyo ku kaydi hoos lakabka ah ee taiga ajada. Halmaamay ku saabsan alaabtan, shimbiraha gacan ka faafidda ka mid ah noocyada ugu qiimaha badan - kedar ah Siberian.

Noocyada xiriirka ee noolaha ee kaymaha kaymo

Waxaan bartay oo xidhiidh la mariyo, tusaale u ah dhismaha oo aannu dib u eegis ee la lafaguro oo ka mid ah Arctic iyo Taiga, waxay noqon doontaa dhamaystirnayn, haddii aynaan ka heli ha baxay xaqiiqada ah in xiriirka waxay leeyihiin qiime negative ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, oo kaynta geed alloon deggan yar Hymenoptera - xoonka xammeetiyeed. dheddigga ovipositor Its duleelin maqaarka ee caleemaha ka lalmaday meel iyo mudaa parenchyma ee ukunta. Dirxiga in kortana ka qoondaysaa candhuufta, kaas oo ay jirto badashada aan caadi ahayn ee xaashida, loo yaqaan "cadho". In waxa unug inuu si fiican u difaacan cadow badan, laakiin geedka laftiisa yaraysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa photosynthetic, sida caleemaha saameeyo dirxiga ee cayayaan ah.

isgaarsiinta jirka la mariyo ee dhaca inta u dhaxaysa noolaha - hydrobionts

Tusaale ahaan A duwanyihiin ee isdhexgalka, kuwaas saynisyahano Ruush Beklemishev - mariyo, uma shaqayn karo sidii hawl muhiim ah oo ah noocyada qaar ka mid ah kalluunka, "ayuu lagu nadiifiyo" magaca on dusha sare ee jirka ka mid ah oo waaweyn biyaha nolosha - galayaan iyo nibiriyada badda. Tusaale ahaan, noocan oo kale ah sida wrasse, ama noocyada qaar ka mid ah haley badda yihiin kalkaaliyayaasha deggan ugu badaha diiran. maqaarka Shark waxaa inta badan waxyeello iyo nibiriyada badda dulinka invertebrate, tus, sandhoppers, isopods. iyaga la cuno, lagu nadiifiyo ay "macaamiisha" badbaadiyo cudurrada faafa sababa dulin maqaarka pathogenic. Sayidka mid ka mid ah noocyada waxaa laga yaabaa in la shaqsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada kale ee ma aha oo kaliya dhexgalka cunto sameeyaan, laakiin sidoo kale saameyn ay shiid, iyo sidoo kale hawlaha muhiimka ah.

Koobaya waxaan dhihi karaa kalsooni in xiriir la mariyo, tusaalooyin, iyo formation of taas oo aan dib loo eego in this article bixiyaan a noocyo adag oo kala duwan ee isdhexgalka - si toos ah iyo si aan toos ahayn u dhexeeya shakhsiyaadka ee noocyada kala duwan ee la lafaguro dabiiciga ah labadaba - biocenoses.