Waxbarashada xoogga Mongoliyaan: sababaha, dabcan iyo natiijada

Waxbarashada oo ka mid ah Taariikhyahanada awood Mongoliyaan tixraac 1206. maalkeeda ahaayeen weyn, Shiinaha, oo dhan ee Central Asia, Caucasus, Russia, Bariga Dhexe, Hungary. burbur Final la oran karo waa sida 1480, markii qabiilooyinka badiyay ruux dagaal, way kala firdheen, oo kaliya bilaabay inuu ku hawlan lo afgembi in deel hooyo.

Temujin shakhsiyadda

Waxbarashada xoogga Mongoliyaan oo dhan waajib ku Temujin (Temujin), sida loo yeedhay ee uu dhalinyarada. Aabbihiis, oo ah nooc ka mid ah Esigey Bordzhigin, isu afduubtay xaaskiisa qurux badan in qabiilka Markit ah markii ay hore u guursaday. Wiilkeedii ku dhashay Temujin dhexe ee qarnigii XII ee degmada, kuwaas oo ku wareegtay weheliyaan bangiyada webiga Aumont. Marka ugu Esigeya sumoobay tataarka, in Temujin iyo qoyskiisa ayaa waxaa soo hijrooday guryahoodii. Tataarka Temujin noqday cadaawayaashiinna shakhsiyeed. Temujin qaaday maxbuus taychiuty in koritaanka wiilka aabbihiis aarsan karo oo ay dalkoodii dib. Temujin u suurtagashay in ay ka baxsadaan oo helay walaashiis aabbihiis, oo isna wuxuu siiyey hoy, guursaday aabbihiis loogu tala galay aroosadda Borte oo bilaabay in ay xoojiyaan ciidamada ay, soo ifbaxay degmada deriska la ah. Ma uusan dilo maxaabiista oo qaatay hawshiisu.

Rise of Temujin

Xoolo ugu weyn ee reer guuraa waxay ahaayeen xoolo iyo daaqa. In dadaal lagu doonayo in xoolo badan, ay ka adkaan daaqii more cusub - jir ah u daalay. territory soo jireenka ah ee reer guuraa wuxuu noqday mid aad u yar oo ku lo'diinna iyo adhigiinna. Taasi way bexeen colaadaha qabaa'ilka. ahaa "feudalism reer guuraaga ah" si uu u bedelo nidaamka qabaa'ilka. Tani waa wax badan in hogaamiyaha firfircoon oo tayo leh military Temujin. Intaa waxaa dheer, Chinese ah si ay u sii nabadda guriga, beero cadaawe qabiilooyinka reer guuraaga ah. Temujin lahaa dagaal badan ka hor sakhiray qabiilooyinka tataarka taychiutov, Markit, Oirats. By 1206 under xooggiisa ahaa Mongolia oo dhan. On kurtulae (Congress of the Khan Mongoliyaan) Temujin heshay horyaalka "Kagan" oo qaatay magaca Genghis taas oo macnaheedu yahay "Bad" ama, in version kale, "kuwa la doortay u samada." Sababaha formation of xoogga Mongoliyaan:

• Daatay nidaamka qabaa'ilka.
• la'aanta ah ee daaq qaababka qabiil oo waaweyn.
• siyaasadda uga hornimaadno dejinta qabiil ka dhanka ah Jurchen kasta oo kale (waqooyi-bari ee dalka Shiinaha), kuwaas oo vassals ahaayeen Mongols ah.

Sharciyada cusub ee Khan Weyn

Reer guuraa iyo Genghis Khan iskushaandheeyay ka qabiilooyinka kala duwan oo beelaha ayaa waxaa si adag abaabulay ciidan. Anshaxa iyo gargaar labada dhinac waxa ay ku ahaayeen bir ah. Haddii dagaalka ku orday hal, de markaas waa inuu toogasho darsin ah, kaas oo isna wuxuu u adeegay. Daraasiin yihiin boqolaal ka mid ah boqolaal - kumaan kun - (. 10 kun oo qof) tumens. Waayo, kala iibsiga sharci darro ah oo ka mid ah si ay u darsin kale la dilay. Kaliya awood u gaarka ah iyo furitaankii Khan hadda ka caawisaa loo horumariyo xirfadaha iyaga u gaar ah. Uu dagaal ugu horeysay weyn uu lahaa, mar horjeeda Merkit qabtay naagtiisa.

Dagaalka la Empire of Qin

Markii ay tageen si ay u diyaariyaan dagaal ay la Shiinaha, waxbarashada sii socota ee gobolka Mongoliyaan. Sababaha, dabcan, natiijooyinka qayb ka hadlay. Mongolia si rasmi ah u ahaa qabiilkii wiilkaagiiba ah Jurchen, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in Territory Primorsky, South Korea, ka-North Bariga iyo Bartamaha Shiinaha a. In 1209 Mongols loo isticmaalo hub lagu hareereeyo oo ay magaalada qabsadeen Urahay, hareereeyo caasimada boqortooyada Xi Xia dhigay. taliyaha nabad bay ka baryeen oo wuxuu guursaday off gabadhiisa for Genghis Khan. Sidaas si ay u helaan waayo-aragnimo military, iyo balaariyay Mongolia. By this deriskiisa khatar ah si iskood ah ugu biiray Uighurs, kuwaas oo ku noolaa dhulka ee Xinjiang. In 1210, tusaale ahaan this waxaa xigay laba Khan. dalka kordhay iyo ciidankiisii Mongol ah. Khan diyaar u ah inay ka adkaan gobolka Qin degeen. In 1213, ciidamada Mongols ku weerareen boqortooyadiisa ka. ciidanka A weyn waxaa loo kala qaybiyey 3 qaybood oo ka guulaystay bari, koonfur iyo koonfur-bari. Beijing iibsaday off. Laakiin sannad ka dib in 1214 Genghis Khan soo laabtay, qaaday Beijing oo waa inuu ku gubaa. City bishii oo dhan gubay. Guud ahaan, waxaa la baabbi'iyey 90 magaalooyinka Shiinaha. In Shiinaha, Empire Mongol ah waxaa la aasaasay by awow u ahaa Genghis Khan (Yuan guri ammaan). Waxaa jiray qiyaastii boqol sano. Sidaas daraaddeed formation of boqortooyadiisa Mongol ah. Sababaha, Dabcan, natiijada - geeddi-socodka dib u eegista.

Conquest of Central Asia iyo Transcaucasia

In 1218 Ciidamada Mongol guulaystay Todoba Webiyaal iyo Bariga Turkestan - dalkii reer Naiman ah, iyo ka hor inta iyaga furay jidka loo Khorezm, Bukhara, Samarkand iyo Urgench. meel magaalada ahayd la qabsado oo la dilo. Mongols qirashadeeda mabda'a ah "dhulka lagu gubay". Marka weynaa ina Genghis Khan bilaabay si ay uga mudaaharaadaan, maxaa yeelay, waxay ahayd wax uu ulus, oo uu doonayo in uu isaga sii naftooda u hodan ah, ka dibna bil ah ka dib lagu dilay by fallaadh sumeeyay. In 1220 waxaa lagu guulaystay waqooyiga Iran, Caucasus iyo Crimea.

Tug in Russia

In 1.223 amiirradii Ruush yimid Ergooyin Mongol. Waxay la dilay. Mongols ma cafi habdhaqanka noocan ah safaaradda, iyo ka dib guuldaradii ka mid ah ciidamada la isku daro oo ka mid ah amiirradii dalka Ruushka ee dagaalka ku saabsan webiga Kalka lahaa diyaafad. Waxay saareen maxaabiista weli nool iyo kuwa ku fadhiyey, isagoo diyaarin dabaal ka oohin dadka xanuujin dhimanayaan. waa duwanyihiin waa maxay Mongols waxay ahaayeen kaliya 20 kun, halka tirada ciidamada Ruush iyo Polovtsian sida lagu sheegay qiyaaso kala duwan oo laga bilaabo 40 ilaa 100 kun. Dhanka kale, ciidamada Genghis Khan in Indus u yimid. Sidaas tagaa formation of boqortooyadiisa Mongol ah. Si kooban, waxaad ku dari kartaa in 1241, markii Russia ayaa lagu guulaystay oo gubay, Mongols gaadhay Danube ee Hungary iyo Poland. Nasiib wanaag, waayo, waxay ku noqdeen bari iyo 240 sano dalku in Russia.

Dagaallada sokeeye iyo burburkii boqortooyadii

Waxbarashada Genghis Khan awood Mongoliyaan ka dhacay dagaalladii ugu arxan darada ahaa ee Fatxi. Mercy aan ahaa qof. In Russia ahayd cabsi iyo cabsi ka dib markii ay ka imanayaan ciidamada Batu. Khan Mongol si tartiib tartiib ah helay magaalada ayaa noqotay yar firfircoon. Sii kordheysa u dhexeeya Dirirta. Dhanka kale, Russia xoogaystay, iyo in ka badan harqood taagan webiga Ugra ah.

saamaynta

-Raaxaysta- The Ruush xoogaystay, xoogaystay Church Orthodox ah. Waxaa ka tagay Kazan Khanate ah, kaas oo looga adkaaday Ivan Grozny, sii daayo oo ku saabsan 60 kun. Addoommo Ruush. In Kazan tataarka si nabad ah ku noolaa, isagoo noqday Muslimiinta aaminin. Wuxuu ku sii goosin ka mid ah Empire Mongol ee Crimean ah. Uu degan Sarreeyayaal Prince Potemkin guulaystay. Sii waday in ay ka jiraan magaalada Kasimov, gobolka Ryazan, taas oo mudo dheer ayaa la degeen tataarka. Qarnigii XV ah, marka Orda Zolotaya kor u qarxay, ka dibna waxa uu u muuqday Khanate Siberian ah ee qeybaha hoose ee River umuliya ah. Ciidamada Kaliya Ermak iyo horumarka ku xiga ee Siberia ee qarnigii XVI ayaa loo ogol yahay Russia si ay u dhisaan on soohdimaheeda, iyo qalcaddayda cusub.