Midaynta ee Germany sanadkii 1990, iyo cawaaqibka ay siyaasadda

Midaynta ee Germany 1990 calaamadeeyay xallinta su'aasha Jarmal. Waxaa la furay tan iyo wakhtigii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, marka dalalka guul aan afgartay ah ra'yigaaga ku saabsan mustaqbalka ee goobaha shaqo ee ay dalka hore gardarooday. Sababta tani xaqiiqooyinka ku filneyn waqtiga, xaaladda noqday iska hor imaad ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo West ah. Su'aasha Jarmalka ayaa had iyo jeer waxya inay Cadha daraadeed xiisadda caalamiga ah.

Sida iska cad, in ay midoobeen ee Germany badan siyaasadeed doono Madaxweynayaashii ka USSR iyo Maraykanka, Mikhail Gorbachev iyo George HW Bush. Aan doonista labada Kooxahan, su'aasha ah mabda 'ah nooca siyaasadeed aan xal laga gaadhin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, madaxdii ugu weyn wadamada-damiin loo arkaa kaliya fursadaha isdhexgalka soo jeediyay. Waa in la ogaadaa in sharafta gaarka ah - in la gudoonsiiyey abaalmarinta lagu magacaabo calaamad dhise ee Germany midaysan a, a bandhigaysaa dhaqaalaha cusub ugu awooda badan ee Yurub, waxaa iska leh siyaasiga German Helmut Kohl. Si kooban u sheeg waxa ku saabsan.

Chancellor: "midoobidda Jarmal"

Tani waa qof u gaar ah. Waxa uu ka badbaaday afar jireen waagii: II Dagaalkii Adduunka, soo kabashada dhaqaalaha Jarmal, horumarinta firfircoon, iyo ugu dambeyntii, ee Warega ee qarnigii XX ayaa kaalin muhiim ah sida siyaasi ee isukeenidda ee Germany (1990). Chancellor heerka waxbarashada helay masiibada dareemay adkaaday oo kala qaybsan dalka oo la rumaysan yahay in ay ururka mustaqbalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa ma rajeynaya in geeddi-keenidda la bilaabi doonaa si dynamically. Ugu yaraan, sida laga soo xigtay statements uu hore, wuxuu rumaysan yahay in ay dhacdo taasi ma dhici doonto in uu noolaa.

Kohl sida siyaasadda pro-Jarmal ahaa hal abuur iyo mabda '. Uu iska hor imaad la Margaret Thatcher, kuwaas oo isku dayay in ay dib u dhigto hanaanka sida ugu badan ee suurto gal ah, ma murwayn.

Jarmalka, waxa uu soo xusuustay sida "madax sare midnimada Jarmal." In dawladda federaalka waxa uu noqday xarunta ururka, iyo Kohl ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday madax sare ugu horeysay ee midaysan Germany ah. Maqaalkani waxa looga golleeyahay in lagu muujiyo midoobidda ee Germany oo ah geedi socod, bixinta si ay dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo talaabooyinka aasaasiga ah ay fiiro.

awood GDR: kicitaan siyaasadeed

bulshada dimuqraadi ahayn, hogaaminayo liidasho ah ee dhaqaalaha in hab buuggan oo ka mid ah saamiga GDR 90-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay ayaa la kulma ee dhaleecayn badan ee taariikh. Arrimo dhaqaale inta badan daliishaday gobolka u dhaca miisaaniyada ee GDR ah, iyo sidoo kale koritaanka deynta shisheeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilaa xad ka sii weyn jiritaanka GDR ka dowlad ahaan waxaa loo arkaa in ay wadnaha daafaca ee ay nidaamka siyaasadeed. Hogaamiyaha xisbiga shuuciga Erich Honecker Jarmalka iyo haatan la yaab leh oo lagu magacaabo "Iron Erich."

Oo wax buu wacdiyey midnimada amarka, wuxuu ahaa kaymo in wax cusub. The hadafyada of shuuciyad, waxaa ka sii badnayeen laga filayo ee Jarmalka. Sidaa darteed, natiijada ugu horeeyay ee u kaca ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka GDR ahaa uu u qaadidda xoogga, 17.10.1989 u

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in aragtida dareenka GDR dadweynaha, xitaa tallaabooyin xasilinta macquul ah soo jeediyay uu Egon Krenz, hore u ahaa natiijo la'aan.

Shuruudaha midnimo

Years of jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Jarmal la tiriyey. Waxaa cad in ay midoobeen of Germany ma qaadan kartaa meel on mabaadi'da qaab-dhismeedka dawlad huriye ee GDR ah. Tani waxaa ka muuqata:

• Isbadal gaabiyo nidaamka siyaasadeed ee ka shuruudaha suuqa, iyadoo model ah Soviet (Gorbachev, perestroika), Poland (multi-xisbiga) marka la barbar dhigo;
• formation dhabta ah ee 12.09.2009 mucaaradka aqoonsi - dhaqdhaqaaqa "Democracy Maanta";
• iska indha-tiray baahida ugu weyn ee mucaaradka - wadahadal qaran,
• isku dayaya xal military dhibaatada qaxootiga, iyadoo la isticmaalayo fiisooyinka dalxiis Germany iyada oo Hungary iyo Austria (muwaadiniinta GDR ka codsaday in ay safaaradda Jarmalka magangelyo siyaasadeed oo helay sida);
• iska indha-tiray rabitaanka dadka iyada oo loo marayo doorashooyinka xunxunna degmada isdabamarinta lagu qabtay May 1989

Aasaas cusub Greater Germany

Waa in la ogaadaa in, in taariikhda shuruudaha oo dhan qariyeen badan ka wanaagsan yahay sababaha. Midaynta ee Germany sanadkii 1990 waxaa lagu qabtay doonista dadka Jarmalka, kuwaas oo uu sii waday si ay u dareemaan midaysan ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ah ee Germany iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Jarmal ah. Waxaan, dabcan, ma tixgeliyaan weedhaha siyaasiyiinta xagjirka ah qaarkood (ka dibna, iyagu waa siyaasad). Ma nihin xiiso statistics, diiradda saarayaa farqiga u dhexeeya dhaqaalaha ee Bariga iyo Galbeedka Germany, iyo "cilmi-baaris" ka badan oo saxafiyiinta ku saabsan mowduuca. Yeelidda on arrintan, waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa in gabagabada ee maqaalka.

Waxa ugu weyn ee - kale, ururka doonayay dhowaad dhammaan Jarmalka. Joojiyey, daryeelka nidaamka this ka mid ah dalalka guul. Ka dib oo dhan, qof kasta oo aqoon, dalka-Hoggaamiyaha cusub ee ay noqon doontaa in Europe. Nasiib wanaag, cabsi ay muujiyeen aan loo baahnayn: cusub Germany ee Warega hoggaan qarnigii XXI ee Jidka isdhexgalka Yurub, aan iska hor imaad doortay.

Maxaad Jarmalka ah waxay isku milmaan?

At-saxaafadeed waqtiga in articles badan oo dabooli isukeenidda ee Germany sanadkii 1990, wareysanaya dad badan. Falanqaynta wareysiyo la Jarmalka naftooda ku saabsan habdhaqanka ay sidoodii cusub, waxaannu ku tirinnaa karaa in inta badan ay leeyihiin si gaar ah u yeedho dalkooda. Oo magaceeda, dhawaaqaysa in wareysiyo, kuwaas oo, ma beego rasmi ah ka soo Germany dhaxlay.

dadka caadiga ah, xataa eray keliya uguma leh, waxaa loo bixiyey ma aha oo kaliya sida Germany Weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in erayada ay lagama dareemay mana kibir gardarada toona. Waxay (waxay dareemeen) tersely sheegay, laakiin ka soo wadnaha, oo erayadan inay maqlaan doonista midnimada iyo inay dulqaadasho dadka dunida, gudbay badan oo baaritaano. Dadkani waxay ahaayeen diyaar u ah in ay ka shaqeeyaan iyo ku nool yihiin dal midaysan.

The dhaqdhaqaaqa of habka ay midoobeen

Dabcan, burburinta ee Wall Berlin ah, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida sii macquul ah ee la baabiiyo of 11.09.1989, maamulka GDR mamnuuco on booqasho West Berlin, ayaa noqday calaamad u ah midoobidda catalyzing ee Germany (1990).

Marka la soo koobo, dhismahan calaamad kala qeybinta Jarmalka. Iyaga ka 13.8.1961, oo iyana waxay ahayd on wareega of 165 kiiloomitir waxaa deyrka off aagga Jamhuuriyadda hantiwadaagga Jarmal Democratic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy zone shaqo Soviet) ka West Berlin.

taliyayaashii Sayidka hantiwadaagga ayaa hor istaagay socodka dadka ku riyoon ku nool bulsho suuqa, dhab ahaantii nasiib, qabtay "on dhinaca kale ee daah Iron ah" in dhismaha derbiga, waxaa ururay badan - oo ku saabsan 2 milyan oo qof ..

taariikhyahanadu badan ayaa rumaysan Rubicon bixiyay casriga ah xitaa ma midoobidda reer Germany ee 1990, iyo burburinta derbiyada.

Waxaa waxyoonay dadka nabad ka Cabsada. By muwaadiniinta GDR doonaya in ay helaan "dunida kharribmayo of West Berlin" galay iyo badheedh isku dayaya in ay ka gudbaan this 5-meter xayndaabka sare Maritime Bureau on top, iyo qalcadahaba waxaa ay weheliyaan wareega, rag hubaysan ay rasaas la furay. Qor ku saabsan waa murugo, laakiin taariikhda jiritaanka xarunta this ee 1065 hareeyay dhimashada dadka rayidka ah ee aan waxba galabsan.

ma waxaa la yaab kasta oo dadkii wuxuu u gudbay madaxdii kuwaas oo afar sano ee ahaayeen Arsenal, sidaas muujiyay sida ay u doonayaan xoriyadda?

Ratio of dalalka damiin in ay is dhexgalka oo ka mid ah dalalka Jarmalka

Britain iyo France ayaa si rasmi ah u fahmaan wax go'an oo ka mid ah is-dhexgalka Jarmal, si ay u meel dhexaad ah gelin, ma run ahaantii degdegsiimada midoobidda ee Germany (1990). jagooyinka dalalka 'ayaa hoos u dhigay in dib loo dhigo geedi socodka.

Tusaale ahaan, Ra'iisul wasaaraha Britain Margaret Thatcher ayaa markii hore loo bixiyey inuu qaado meel ee dib u habaynta muddo dheer ku salaysan suuqa GDR. "The Iron Lady" ayaa si joogta ah carabka ku adkeeyay in "Association Jarmal ma weli on ajandaha." Madaxweynaha Faransiiska Fransua Mitteran ahaa ka yar categorical, inkastoo ay la inta badan diyaarin lahaa si ay ula falgalaan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Jarmal Germany, sidii lagu sameeyay la Austria (la gobol kale Jarmal).

Waayo, wax cabsi ah ka madaxda lahaa aasaaska qaar ka mid ah. Ka dib markii in xoog waa bilowgii iyo bartamihii qarnigii XX ahaa bilaabaha ee labadii dagaal ee dunida soo kabsaday, ayaa bilaabay in Europe.

Waa maxay ka cabsan waxay? Sida mar Karl Marx qoray, Germany - "ilaashadaan ah oo raba in uu repartition dunida ka mid ah goobo saamayneed in ay Nicmada." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Chancellor Helmut Kohl ugu danbeyn u suurtogashay in ay ka dhaadhiciso deriska inay nabadda jecel iyo prohelsinskoy wax dhisid ah meel caadi Yurub ee gobolka Jarmal cusub.

Mareykanka ayaa tan iyo bilowgii arkay in ka dib markii ay midoobeen ee Germany sanadkii 1990 noqon doonaa xarunta cusub ee ururka Midowga Yurub. Dalkan shuruud la'aan waa saaxiib lagu kalsoonaan karo istiraatiijiga ah ee isdhexgalka Jarmal. Midowga Soofiyeeti, markeeda, uma abuurin wax dhibaato ah, waayo, riyada dadka Jarmal.

Geedi socodka ah ee isku

booska Regulatory on midoobidda German ayaa horay u horumariyey iyo ansixiyey ee saxiixa Treaty ee, lagu maamulo dejinta ugu dambeeya ee su'aasha Jarmal.

Heshiiska ayaa la saxiixay by formula ah "4 + 2": West Germany, East Germany, USA, USSR, UK, France. saxiixa Baahnayn dhacay on 31.08.1990, ee Berlin Palace "Unter Den Linden". Jawiga dhacdadan muujisay in ay dhacdo ugu muhiimsan ee dhammaadkii qarnigii XX, nolosha Europe ahaa keenista ee Germany (1990).

Photos of Madaxda Gobolka, iyo sidoo kale dadka jooga ay dhacdo, waxay muujinayaan in "taariikhda samaynta" derbiyadiisa qalcadda. Dabcan, sababta keentay waxay ahayd is-dhexgalka ee midnimo qaran. Waxay ahayd tallaabo horseed ah oo loogu talagalay xidhiidhka ka mid ah gobolka oo ah laba dhaqaalaha kala duwan iyo nidaamyada bulshada ee dowladda gudahood.

On heshiis ay midoobeen

Pre ka dalalka Jarmalka uu saxiixaa heshiiska Wasiirka oo ka mid ah Volfang Gudaha Shoyble West Germany iyo Xoghayaha Gobolka ee baarlamaanka ee Gunther GDR ah Krause saaray. Heshiiska laftiisa waa in lagu fuliyo qodobada Qodobka XXIII ee Dastuurka Jarmal ku biiro GDR si FRG ah.

12.09.1990 ee Moscow ee Wasiirada Arrimaha Dibedda ee dalalka damiin saxiixay Treaty ugu dambayntii degeen geedi socodka this.

Sidaas darteed, sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska, at 0 saacadood 00 daqiiqo ee 14.10.1990, ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ah ee Germany galeen dalalka oo Jarmal taariikhi ah: soohdinta reer East Berlin, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg.

Midaynta ee Germany marka la barbardhigo dhacdooyinka kale ee 1990

wax A cajiib ah - taariikhda. Her Falanqaynta inta badan lagu edbiyey natiijooyin xiiso leh.

muddo dheer oo Jarmalka kala go'ida iyo gobolka pereosoznaniya qaabka loo baahan yahay ka hor inta qorsheyaasha noqday mid dhab ah. Waxa aan aad u hesho jawaabta, haddii aad weydiiso (taasoo la micno ah ma dhinaca taariikh, iyo ilbaxnimo): "? Midoobidda ee Germany (1990) markii meesha"

Sannaddii, markii Midowga Soofiyeeti noqday taliyaha Madaxweynaha ee hore (iyo ugu dambeeyey), marka sii buurayn ee Armenian ah dagaal Azerbayzhanskoy buurayn, markii ay gacanta ku xisbiyada badan, marka xisbiga shuuciga la kala diray in Poland waxaa la dhisay Yugoslavia (PZPR). Haddii Western Europe ayaa isku dhafaya geedi socodka ee Bariga - kala.

waqtiga la dedejiyey. Ku bilow geedi socodka is-bogsashada ilbaxnimada aadanaha, "ayaa xanuunsan" waddaniyadda iyo shuuciyad. Oo waa mid cajiib ah in ay bilaabeen in Europe. Yaa lahaa fikirka, tusaale ahaan, in qarnigii XXI ee siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Jarmalka noqon lahayd arrin xasilinta nabadda ee Europe?

Weli taariikhyahanadu wac Rubicon Yurub waa midoobidda ee Germany (1990). Cawaaqibka dhacdadan - falsafada ah: Yurub horay siyaasad amorphous dambeyntii bilaabeen inay la wadaajisaan wadaaga gaar ah.

gunaanad

Waxaan ka fikiray midoobidda reer Germany sanadkii 1990, wuxuu bartay sida wareysi uu siiyay Jarmalka naftooda, iyo sidoo kale turjumaadaha saxaafadda Jarmalka. Nasiib darro, ilaha gudaha macluumaadka this - janjeedhaan. Ogan isku dayaya in ay ka dhimin doorka ururka this.

Tusaale ahaan, waxaa kurtimaha xiritaanka xiga ee shirkadda GDR-ovskogo keentay "Robotron" elektarooniga ah (sameeyey, gaar ahaan, PC ugu horeysay). Isla mar ahaantaana qarin xaqiiqda ah in unugyada ay ayaa lagu soo iibsaday by shirkadda "Siemens", taas oo ku xooji technology cusub, on amarka kor tartan ee dunida.

Eexda Cododku iyo kaniisadda ee East Germany ee shirkadaha caalamiga ah keentay, iyo abuurista dhismayaasha suuqa cusub (tusaale ahaan, ku Frankfurt Stock Exchange). Kiimikaysan abuuray aragti ah in nolosha ee GDR ku dhamaatay iyadoo goysiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ah ee Germany in ay dadku murugaysanyihiin iyo geed for hantiwadaagga.

Sida xaqiiqda ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee - habeyn weyn ee warshadaha oo dhan GDR ee keentay in loo keeno ee Germany (1990). Warbixin kooban ay ka kooban halkii kiimikada, dhar, metallurgy, u shaqeeya dalalka hantiwadaagga bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan farsamo sax (si fiican u la og yahay in Germany - ka injineerada adduunka ugu fiican), warshadaha dhismaha, optics, baabuurta warshadaha cuntada,. Geedi socodka abaabulay by German si adag oo cad. Shaqooyinka Goynta u bixisaa gargaarkii, waxay tababaraa waayo xirfado cusub. Dadka ayaa kor u soo socda si ay da'da hawlgabka, weli helay hawlgabka.

Gaba bandhigidda warqad this, waxaan muujin doonaa our xukun in ay midoobeen ee Germany 1990 iyo saamaynta ay siyaasadda weli si fiican bartay iyo falanqeeyay.