Unugyada guridda: liiska. unugyada dhererka guridda

In dunida maanta ee shuruudaha farsamo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabiro dhererka, mugga, miisaanka. The qiyamka oo ka mid ah tiro jirka waxaa si cad loogu qeexay cutubyada rakibay. Ka hor dhalashada of heerarka nidaamsan si loo ogaado tirada alaabta ama masaafada u unit qadiimiga cabbir loo isticmaalo.

story

Dadka ku jira geedi socodka nolosha, military, iyo hawlaha ganacsi oo muddo dheer lahaa si loo ogaado xaddiga alaabada ee is-dhaafsiga, si ay u xisaabiso degaanka ee dalka qiyaaso kala fogee magaalooyinka, u isticmaalaan cabbir ah in industry dhismaha. saxnaanta qiimaha helay iyadoo la kaashanayo tallaabooyinka qadiimiga ah, waxay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in la damaanad qaado. The qiyamka unit ugu da'da weyn - kuwani waa heerarka shakhsi ahaan, in opinion ee nin casri ah oo gabi ahaanba waa doqonimo in ay qaabdarro.

Tusaale ahaan, Japan "faras-kabaha" - markii ugu taas oo faras ayaa caws buu u xirto kabo faras, Siberian "Beech" - xaddiga by kaas oo isha aadanaha ma sii kala saari karaa geesihii dibi; "Marxaladaha" Greek - masaafada u safray xawaaraha leisurely muddo ah tan iyo bilowgii waaberiga in muuqaalka buuxa oo qorraxda ka sii bidhaamayaan, Faarisi "qoslo" - koombo oo dhererkeedu yahay, kaas oo lagu dhammaystiri karaa saacad.

The taariikhda qadiimiga ah waxaa loo soo sheegay oo ku saabsan waxa unit qadiimiga ah ee cabbirka by awowayaashayo isticmaalo. Si loo go'aamiyo isticmaalka in uu had iyo jeer ahaa oo isaga la jira, iyo laga yaabaa unit qiyaas. Sida a qaybo qalab qiyaaseed isticmaalo ee jidhka bini'aadamka iyo qaababka ay jirka: tallaabo, a cantoobo muggeed, xusulka, taako, baac, cagaha, inch.

qadiimiga rus

Waayo qadiimiga Russia waxa lagu gartaa tibaaxaha qeexid u tahay go'aanka fog -. "Dhagax la tuuro", "duulimaadka arrow," "Maalin safarka" qiimaha Kuwan waxaa laga soo qaabeeya kaliya codsan in il gaar ah, soo maleegay falal kuwan. Waxa sidoo kale jira unit kale hooyo Ruush hore ee dhererka. Field - meel fog of 20 miles, - tilmaamay Epifanii falsan. Quarter - qeybtii hektar - isticmaalo hoos Ivan Xun ee.

METROLOGY Historical - saynis ah in daraasad unit qadiimiga ah ee cabbirka of tiro jirka. Nidaamka hore ee tallaabooyin unit cabbirka waxaa daruuri ma aha tiriyey qiimaha tobanle. Qaar ka mid ah qiimaha la barbar dhigi karaa mid kasta oo kale:

• todoba feet - siman ilaa 3 yards ah,
• inch - 4 inches,
• xusulka - 2 inch,
• dayrka - 2 xusulka
• verst - 500 yards.

Si looga fogaado jahawareer, waxaa jiray liiska gaar ah, kaas oo cabiraya ratio ayaa ka diiwaan gashan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si aan la qaadan karo sida arrin gaar ah, maxaa yeelay, xataa taako kala duwanaan karaan in size. unit Old cabirka tirooyinka jirka mashquulin liis aad u dhamaystiran, way adag tahay in la fahmo nin casriga ah. qiyaas Baydka tirinta - darsin ah foosto (12 unug), shan jeer afartan Sable (200 gogo '), miisaanka (144 darsin) - maalmahan matali karaa qaab habka tobanleyda caadiga ah.

Abuuritaanka heerka cabbirka ee Russia

unugyada Old in Russia ayaa la isticmaalay dhammaan dhinacyada dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Laga bilaabo qarnigii XVI ee Russia isku dayay in la dhiso nidaamka qiimaha caadiga ah. In qarnigii XVIII oo xidhiidh la leh horumarinta ganacsiga dibedda ee lagama maarmaan ahayd in si sax ah loo xakameeyo tallaabooyin. Waxaa soo baxay in kala duwanaanta unugyada jira tallaabooyin, abuurista habka heerarka ma fududa. By 1736 Senate maamulka la aasaasay guddi miisaanno iyo tallaabooyin hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Tirada Golovkin, halkaas oo tallaabooyin lagu dayan karo ayaa loo qaaday qotomiyey mashruuca mabda'a tobanle ee qiimaha lagu qiyaaso.

Waqtigaas, lacagta qadaadiicda shisheeye iyo birta qaaliga ah u miisaamay ku dul dejinta galay caadooyinka iyo markii galaya mintiyada ah - mass oo dhan u hesho kala duwan. model Miisaanka of St. Petersburg Customs, gaadiid si aqalka Guurtida, ayaa qaldo muunad tixraac. line Peter aan loo qaaday sidii qiyaas Xanuujin oo dhererkeedu yahay. caadooyinka Chetverik Moscow aqoonsaday hal talaabo dabacsan.

Nidaamka uniform of cabbirka ee Europe iyo Russia

Xitaa inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Peter qayb ka mid Great Ruush qaaday nidaamka ton Ingiriisi. dibuhabaynta Xogta la ansixiyay ee horumarka ah ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo badda, gaar ahaan isticmaalka cagaha, deyrarka iyo inches qaadatay Dhismaha maraakiibta. Under Nicholas waxaan amar la ansixiyay bishii October 1835, taas oo la aasaasay nidaamka Ruush miisaanno iyo tallaabooyin. Dhamaadkii May 1875 by wakiilada ee Russia Saarka ku heshiiyeen in ay Convention Meter ah. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Nagi dareenka badan si uu shuqulka sharciga oo ku saabsan nidaamka ton, taas oo kaliya in 1917 loo aqoonsaday qabanaya.

January 1, 1927 ayaa la bedelay habka miisaan Nuremberg loo isticmaalo by farmashiistayaasha, in nidaamka ton.

tallaabooyinka Baydka ee hiddaha iyo shuqullada

In hadalka caadiga ah ee nin Ruush ah unugyada jirka oo casri ah, iyo naqshadeysan, Hadalkoodiina dhawrayay odhaahaha soo jireenka ah ee hiddo afka:

• warqado weyn - waxaad u qortaa waaweyn,
• hanad - tilmaame of maanka,
• Kolomna verst - nin aad u dheer,
• uugu toddoba cagaha at garbaha - nin xoog leh ka dhisay,
• ka dheri laba inches - koritaanka yar.

Qeexidda qadiimiga ah inta badan waxaa laga heli karaa buugaagta oo qeexaya dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ah ee gabayada iyo sheekooyinka.

dhererka

unit da'da weynaa dhererkiisu wuxuu isticmaalaa in Russia tan iyo markii la ansaxiyo xukuman ee 1835 iyo ilaa 1917:

• farta - ilaa 2 sentimitir,
• nokot - a yar ka badan 1 centimitir,
• inch - oo ku saabsan 4.5 sentimitir,
• quarter - 17.8 cm,
• Xusulka - sida ay qiyaasta kala duwan ka 38 si ay u 47 sentimitir,
• dayrka - 71,12 sentimitir,
• foot - oo ku saabsan 30.5 sentimitir,
• todoba feet - 2.14 mitir (separation waxaa laga dhigay on sazhen ee uugu -2,5 mitir iyo flywheel - 1,76 mitir)
• 1 mayl - 1.07 kiiloomitir.

Qaar ka mid ah unugyada tallaabooyin ayaa la Been abuurtay by awowayaashayo si loo ogaado goobta. Kuwani tiro jirka waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo ogaado baaxadda dhulka, dhismaha, merrymaking. Sidoo kale, tirooyinka ugu adeegaan sida qiyaas ah xisaabinta canshuurta dalka. The aagga tallaabo ugu caansan, magacyada kuwaas oo laga heli karo ee axdiga qadiimiga ah - waa mayl laba jibaaran, mixaraatka saara ah, afar meelood meel, Toban meelood meel.

unit ugu yar ee qadiimiga ah oo dhererkeedu yahay loo isticmaalo in line METROLOGY casriga ah. Ku saleysan qiyamka qaaday hadhuudh sarreen ah. tiradaasi waxay ku saabsan tahay 2.5 mm.

mugga

unit guridda maydadka granular iyo dareere yeedhay cunto iyo khamri tallaabooyin. Back qarnigii XV ah, loo isticmaalo golvazhnya cajiib ah (weelka milixda), Lucknow iyo nadiifinta (waayo, hadhuudh). Iyadoo ku xiran meesha juquraafi marten kala duwan kibis Vyatskaya ah, Smolensk Perm saptsa foosto, jir bast Ruush iyo Poshev.

In nolol maalmeedka iyo ganacsiga si loo cabbiro baabbi'iyey Qoyska Ware: kululeeyaha, malqacadaha, dhalooyinka, dheryihii, tubbada biyaha, Bratina, Konovko. Awoodda qiyamka sida kala duwan in ka badan kala duwan oo badan, kuleyliyaha noqon kartaa 20 ilaa baaldiyo poluvedra.

miisaanka

tallaabooyin Baydka rus ka mid ah nidaamkii hore ee unugyada mass, iyada oo aan taas oo ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn si ay u ilaaliyaan xiriirka ganacsi. Ka mid ah iyaga,

1. Grand - 0.062 garaam, unit mass farmashiyaha.
2. Spool - 4.266 garaam, sida unit miisaan ka badbaaday ilaa qarnigii labaatanaad, wuxuu u dhigmaa qadaadiic ah eponymous.
3. An siddeedaad - 50 garaam, ay magaca, tallaabadan oo miisaankiisu qaaday 1/8 qiimaha pound ah.
4. Luudh - 12,797 garaam, wuxuu u dhigmaa saddex ka mid ah spool ah.
5. Pound - 410 garaam, asal ahaan loo yaqaan lacagta maxalliga ah. Tani waa qaybta aasaasiga ah ee kiisaska tafaariiqda iyo farsamada mass lacag 96 of spool ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo ogaado miisaanka biraha qaali ah.
6. Pud - 40 lbs, 16.38 kg. Waxaa la og yahay in isticmaalka cabbirkan ah oo miisaankeedu yahay ayaa lagu sheegay in tan iyo qarnigii 12aad. Waxaa la bedello kaliya ee 1924
7. Batman - 4.1 kg.
8. Berkovets - 163,8 kg, qiyaas badan oo loo miisaami lahaa ganacsiga jumlada. Bjork ka yimaado magaca jasiiradda. Waxa ay ahayd oo u dhiganta 10 pudam. Waxaa la og yahay tixraacyo cabbirkan camalka charter qarnigii XII ah.

tallaabooyin luqada Dibadda cabiraada

In nolosha casriga ah, ku salaysan nidaamka cabbirka waa kiilo, meter iyo labaad. qiimaha Kuwanu waa la yaqaan oo lagu kalsoonaan karo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybta hore ee cabbirka ee physics codsatay by dalalka qaar ka mid ah ilaa hadda.

Nidaamka British:

1. pint British - ku saabsan 0,57 litir.
2. Fl oz - 30 ml.
3. Foosto - for walxaha kala duwan ka duwan u badnayn mugga wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 159 litir. Waxaa u shaqayn kartaa sida qiyaas ah oo qiyaasta saliidda ee sidoo kale loo yaqaan for biir, "Faransiis", "English" foosto.
4. Carat - 0.2 grams. Waxa loo isticmaalaa si loo ogaado baaxada leh oo dhagaxyo.
5. Ounce - 28,35 garaam. Waxaa loo adeegsaday in lagu cabbiro miisaanka birta qaaliga ah.
6. pound British - 0,45 kg.

tallaabooyin Chinese:

1. 1 Do - 576 mitir.
2. 1 Liang - 37,3 garaam.
3. 1 biyagaleenka - 0.32 cm.

From wakhtiyadii hore, Dadka u baahan yahay nidaam cabirka tirooyinka jireed kala duwan. Waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan ah inay ku qiyaasto ee miisaanka iyo mugga, si loo ogaado masaafada u, in la ogaado waqtiga. muhiimadda ay leedahay cabbir sax ah oo kordhay leh horumarinta bulshada. shuruudaha cusub ee cabbirka qiimaha, laakiin inta badan suugaanta ama hadal maalmeedka bexeen tallaabooyin qadiimiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in nolosha casriga ah. Aqoonta qiimaha qadiimiga ah oo muujinaya xogta ton, jidaynayey si loo ilaaliyo taariikhda.