Qoriga lidka diyaaradaha Self-gano. Dhammaan noocyada lidka diyaaradaha la rakibo

Horeba ka hor inta dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, dagaalka ka dhanka ah diyaaradaha cadowga ahaa mid ka mid ah arrimaha ciidamada iyo xeelad ugu muhiimsan. Oo ay la socdaan dagaalyahanada isticmaalay ujeedadaas iyo goobaha dhulka. , Waxay lahaayeen hubka caadiga ah iyo qoryaha darandooriga u liidata aduu diyaaradaha toogtay xagal aan ku filnayn ee u qaadis ah foosto ee. Mid ka mid ah, ayaa laga yaabaa dabcan, in dab ka mid ah qoryaha caadiga ah, laakiin jaaniska ah maratay dhacaya hoos u sabab u ah heerka hoose ee dab. In 1906, ee injineerada Jarmal ayaa soo jeediyay Buur on emplacement baabuur gaashaaman, waxa siinta dhaqdhaqaaqa weheliso ee awoodda ciidan iyo awood u leh inay dab at diirada vysokoraspolozhennym. BA "Erhard" - marka hore hub lidka diyaaradaha is-gano dunida ee. In ka badan tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, noocan ah ee hubka ayaa si degdeg ah u koray.

Shuruudaha ZSU

Nidaamka classical nidaamka difaaca waxgarashada ee aragtiyaha military ee muddada interwar waa hal qaab-dhismeedka giraan ah ku wareegsan ah gobollada si gaar ah muhiim dawladeed, warshadaha, dhaqaalaha, ama maamul. Kasta element of a VOP (hal lidka diyaaradaha qori) hoos timaada ee amarka deyr leh oo mas'uul ka ah qaybta hawada. Wax sidan oo kale ahaa nidaamka difaaca hawada ee Moscow, Leningrad iyo magaalooyin kale oo waaweyn Soviet in muddada hore ee dagaalka, markii ay cirka laga duqeeyo Nazi qaaday ku dhawaad maalin kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay oggolyahay, wax qabad sida uu ahaa gabi ahaanba diiwanka daafaca firfircoon iyo dembi. Dabool gobol kasta ciidanka batari lidka waa ay adag tahay, inkastoo ay aragti ahaan waa suurto gal, laakiin dhaqaaqin tiro badan oo ah qoryaha - ma hawl fudud. Intaa waxaa dheer, ma guurtada ah qoryaha lidka diyaaradaha la degsiimooyinka ay galmo isu yihiin bartilmaameed u ah diyaaradaha weerarka cadowga, kaas oo, iyada oo qeexaysa ay dabeecada, si joogto ah u dadaalaya in ay iyaga Qarax oo ammaan qolka qalliinka. Si loo helo ciidamada cover wax ku ool aaga hore, difaaca hawada lahaa in ay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa, awood sare iyo shahaado gaar ah oo ammaanka. Is laga gano lidka diyaaradaha hub - ka gaari, taas oo uu leeyahay saddexdan tayada.

SOFHURA

Inta lagu jiro Great Patriotic War, Red Army lahaa ku dhowaad ma lidka isku gano qoryaha. Kaliya ee 1945 waxay ahaayeen tusaalooyin ugu horeysay ee fasalka this hubka (ZSU-37), laakiin in dagaallada kama dambaysta ah ee qoryaha kuwan ma door weyn, run ahaantii ciidamada Luftwaffe looga adkaaday, iyo sidoo kale Nazi Germany ayaa la kulma la'aanta halista ah ee shidaalka. Ka hor this Soviet ciidanka used jiiday 2k, 25 mm iyo 37-mm ILAA-72 (Loginova qori). Si aad u adkaan ujeedooyinka codsatay dhaadheer qoriga 85-mm 52-K. Tani qoriga lidka diyaaradaha (iyo kuwa kale) haddii ay dhacdo baahida iyo garaacay at baabuur ah: xawaaraha sare ee bilowga ah ee laga gano ogolaan feeray ilaalinta kasta. Laakiin xisaabinta nuglaanta loo baahan yahay hab cusub.

Jarmalka ayaa waxay ahaayeen noocyo ka mid ah hubka lidka diyaaradaha is-baasuukayaal, la aasaasay oo ku saleysan taangiga jiifku ( "East Wind» - Ostwind, iyo "dabayl cirwareen» - Wirbelwind). Wehrmacht A ayaa sidoo kale ahaa qoriga Swedish lidka dayuuradaha "Nimrod", dhigay on sahlan-taangiga jiifku. Waxaa markii hore uuraysatay iyada oo loo adeegsanayo hubka u dalooliyo, laakiin dhanka ah "tridtsatchetverok" ee Soviet cadeeyay inuu yahay natiijo la'aan, laakiin si guul ah ka dalbatay daafaca Jarmalka.

LSD-4

film Wonderful Soviet "waagu The Halkan tahay Deggan ...", ka tarjumaysa gabdhaha geesinimada lidka diyaaradaha askari, qabto xaalad lama filaan ah (wixii dhacay intii lagu jiray dagaalka, wax badan a), waayo, dhammaan mudnaanta ay farshaxanka oo muuqda waxaa ku jira mid ka mid yaqiin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, la cafin karo oo aan aad u muhiim ah. Anti-diyaaradaha darandoorriga Buur ZPU-4, halyeeyad geesinimo garaacdaan bilowgii sawirka diyaarad Jarmal ee 1945, oo kaliya bilaabay in ay horumariyaan tirada geedka 2 hoos jihada of naqshadeeye I. S. Leschinskogo. System yar oo dheeraad ah u miisaamay ka badan laba tan oo, sidaa darteed waa ay fududahay in la jiido. Waxay lahaa jiifku ay afar-wheel, si buuxda u is-gano aan la magacaabay karo sababtoo ah maqnaanshaha engine ah, laakiin dhaqdhaqaaqa sare ka caawiyay in ay si guul leh u codsan in Korea (1950-1953) iyo Vietnam. isku dhaca labada ciidan muujiyeen oolnimada sare ee tusaalaha ah in ay gacanta of helicopters, taas oo ballaaran u isticmaalaan ciidamada Maraykanka u caga iyo hawlgallada weerar. Dhaqaaq LSD-4 laga yaabaa in la isticmaalayo gaari ciidan, "gaari", faaiidaysto fardaha iyo baqlaha, iyo xitaa riixaya. Sida laga soo xigtay warar aan la xaqiijin, qaabkani isticmaalka technology iyo xoogagga ka soo horjeeda ee isku dhacyada casriga ah (Suuriya, Ciraaq, Afghanistan).

Guudahaan ZSU-57-2

tobanka sano ee hore ka dib markii Victory lagu qabtay xaaladaha Colnimo dobada labada dhinac u dhexeeya dalalka reer galbeedka, mideysan isbahaysiga militari, NATO, iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soviet taangiga xoog lahayn loo siman yahay ee tilmaamayaasha tayo iyo tiro labadaba. Haddii ay dhacdo in khilaaf, column ee gawaarida gaashaaman ayaa laga yaabaa (aragti) ay gaaraan ugu yaraan in Portugal, laakiin waxa uu ahaa halis ah ee diyaaradaha cadowga. Dhaqangelinta badbaado weerar cirka ah ku qaaday Ciidamada Soviet dhaqaaqin qoriga lidka diyaaradaha la ansixiyay loogu tiriyey hawsha 1955. Laba qoryaha heerkiisa, qabanqaabiyaa munaarad wareeg ZSU-57-2 ahaa badan - 57 mm. wareeg drive Electrohydraulic, laakiin badbaadada waxaa labalaabka nidaam farsamo buugan. hortiisa si toos ah, on the diirada xogta aqbasho. Marka heerka of 240 wareeg per goob daqiiqadii ahaa kala duwan oo wax ku ool ah nabar 12 km (8.8 km vertical). Jiifku ay si buuxda u waafaqsan tahay ujeedada ugu weyn ee mashiinka, deyn buu igu ahaa ka taangiga T-54, si ay u la socdo column ay kari waayeen.

"Shilka"

Ka dib markii a search dheer go'aamada ku haboon oo aan fiicnayn, waxay qaadan labaatan sano, samaynta Soviet ku abuuray masterpiece dhab ah. In 1964 waxay bilaabeen wax soo saarka mass of casriga ZSU-23-4, la kulmo shuruudaha dagaalka oo casri ah diyaaradaha weerarka cadowga. By waqti in ay caddaatay in halista ugu weyni waa diyaaradaha low-duulaya iyo diyaaradaha qumaatiga u kaca, oo aan ka dhicin gudahood kala duwan ee Joogga ee caadiga ah VOP tabta ugu wanaagsan in ciidamada dhulka. Lidka "Shilka" ayaa heerka a heer sare ah (56 DDB), lahaa radar iyo saddex hababka hanuun (manual, semi-automatic oo si toos ah). Marka heerkiisa uu yahay 23 mm, waa ay fududahay in ku dhuftay xawaaraha diyaaradda (ilaa 450 m / s) fogaan ah 2-2.5 km. Inta lagu guda jiro qilaaf hubeysan, ee lixadanaadkii iyo todobaatanaadkii (Middle Eastern, South Asian, African) this ZSU ayaa muujisay laftiisa at its ugu fiican, inta badan sabab u tahay toogashada ee tayada, laakiin sidoo kale sababta oo ah sare socodka iyo ilaalinta oo ka mid ah shaqaalihii ka waxyeello saamaynta burburka iyo yar-heerkiisa rasaas. Is-gano rakibo lidka dayuuradaha "Shilka" waxay ahayd talaabo ah ee horumarinta hababka mobile gudaha heerka regimental hawl.

"Laxle"

Iyada oo dhammaan faa'iidooyinka ka mid ah regimental adag "Shilka" a suurto gal tiyaatarka waxaa ka buuxay baaxad colaad lama siiyo ku filan heerka of cover marka la isticmaalayo oo kaliya qeyb yar oo madaafiic nidaamyada iyo yar-heerkiisa kala duwan. In la abuuro "Xamar" awood badan horyaalka looga baahan yahay gebi ahaanba kala duwan ah - qoriga gantaalada lidka diyaaradaha. "Goon", "Tornado", "Hurricane" oo kale MRL isagoo oolnimada toogashada sare, marka la isku daro in batari waxaa jirrabaya bartilmaameed for diyaaradaha cadowga. Nidaamka mobile u guurayaan ka badan dhul xoqdo, oo leh awoodda ay leedahay in si deg deg ah loola dagaallamo geeyo, ku filan la ilaaliyo, dhan-cimilada - taasi waa waxa loo baahan yahay ciidamada. qoriga lidka diyaaradaha "laxle", bilaabeen in ay yimaadaan ciidamada tan iyo 1971, ayaa la kulmay shuruudahan. gacan ah ee u Safra gudahood oo qalab iyo shaqaale dareemi kartaa xoogaa ka ammaan weerar hawada cadowga, waa 10 km.

Horumarinta ee saamiga this waxaa fuliyey wakhti dheer, in ka badan toban sano ( "ellipsoid" Mashruucan). Gantaal horeysay baray geedka mashiinka-dhismaha Tushino, laakiin sababo kala duwan hawsha ay ahayd in ay u bandhigay (Designer Ch. XPIEIV Grushin) qarsoon OKB-2. Zu hub ugu weyn bilaabay afar gantaal 9M33. Rakibaadda qabsan karaan bartilmaameedka on March, waxaa ku qalabeysan yahay saldhigga a qaylada-hanuun sare hufan. Waxay ka kooban tahay ee ciidanka Ruushka maanta.

"BUK"

In ka todobaatanaadkii hore, abuuritaanka difaaca hawada heerka hawl lagu kalsoonaan karo in Midowga Soofiyeeti ku lifaaqan tahay muhiimadda ugu weyn. In 1972 by laba warshadaha difaaca (NIIP oo isagujira "Fazotron") wuxuu ahaa hawl si loo abuuro nidaam awood u garaacayaa gantaalo ballistic "Lens" isagoo xawaare ah 830 m / s iyo wax kale oo kasta oo awood u Xeelaysanayn ciriiriga. Lidka "BUK", oo loogu talagalay sida ay shuruudaha farsamo, waa qayb ka mid ah oo adag in ka mid ah, marka lagu daro in ay, ogaanshaha station iyo beegsaday (GOS) iyo gaari loading ah. Qeybtu waxay haysta nidaam maamul hal ka mid ah ilaa shan PU. Tani qoriga lidka diyaaradaha ka shaqeeya fogaan ah 30 km. On ku salaysan gantaalo adag-shidaalka 9M38, taas oo uu noqday midaysan, abuuray nidaamka difaaca hawada badda ku salaysan. Currently, dhismaha waa in adeeg la dalal badan oo ka mid ah Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee hore (oo ay ku jiraan Russia) iyo waddamada horay iyaga iibsaday.

"Tunguska"

horumarinta technology gantaal uusan waxba ka dhimin doorka madaafiic, gaar ahaan aagga of masuuliyadda qalabka difaaca sida difaaca hawada. gano Normal, in joogitaanka nidaam hanuun wanaagsan, iyo sidoo kale waxay keeni kartaa dhaawac aan ka yarayn jet ah. Tusaale ahaan waa xaqiiqda taariikheed in lagu jiro dagaalkii Vietnam, shirkadda American "McDonnell" khubaro ah ayaa lagu qasbay in ay dhaqso u horumariyaan weel qori for diyaaradaha F-4 "Phantom", taas oo ay markii hore ku qalabaysan URami kaliya ah, iyada oo aan dhibtaada ku saabsan madaafiic guddiga. samaynta Soviet difaaca hawada dhulka ku salaysan more caqli yimaado su'aasha ah ee hubka la isku daray. Abuuray by 1982, qoriga lidka diyaaradaha "Tunguska" ayaa awood hybrid ah. Hubka ugu weyn waa 9M311 gantaalaha ee qadarka siddeed cutub. Tani waa ka ugu awooda badan taariikhda ZSU, nidaamka hardware ay bixisaa xajin aamin ah oo laga adkaado ujeedooyinka tiro balaadhan oo ah mawjadaha iyo velocities. -Xawaaraha sare ee low-duulaya si gaar ah khatar diyaaradaha waxaa dhexda nidaamka madaafiic taas oo qaab-dhismeedka ay weheliso qoriga lidka diyaaradaha (30 mm) ay nidaamka Hanuun u gaar ah. qoryaha guuldaradii Range - ilaa 8 km. aan ka yarayn cajiib badan ay tab iyo farsamo xogta Imaansho gaari dagaal, jiifku, mideysan oo la "laxle" GM-352, madaxa loo saaraa taaj bristling la gano iyo dogob kartana munaaraddii.

dibada

Ka dib markii World War II bilaabay horumarinta nidaamyada-waxqabadka sare difaaca hawada ee dalka Mareykanka. SZU "Duster", abuuray oo ku saleysan jiifku "Bulldog" - taangiga leh engine carbureted, soo saaray tiro badan (ee "dhacday barxada" la soo saaray in ka badan 3700 oo gogo '). gaariga ayaa waxaa lagu ma ku qalabeysan radar, ay munaaraddii ma lahayn ilaalinta sare, si kastaba ha ahaatee ballaaran waxa loo adeegsaday dagaalkii Vietnam si difaaco duulista weerarada DRV.

Nidaamka A bar fiican ayaa helay qaybta a Faransiis mobile difaaca hawada AMX-13 DCA. Waxaa la dhameystiray saarnaa radar ku shaqeeya oo kaliya ka dib markii dagaal la geeyo. Date of dhamaystirka mashruuca shaqeeya - in 1969, laakiin ka dhigay AMX ilaa 80, ee baahida ciidanka Faransiiska, iyo dhoofinta (inta badan in dalalka Carabta, eryadeen a orientation siyaasadeed pro-Western). Tani qoriga lidka diyaaradaha cadeeyay inuu yahay guud ahaan wanaagsan, laakiin ku dhowaad dhammaan isugu shabahay liidan ee Soviet "Shilka".

Kale oo American Tusaale ahaan of this fasalka hubka - SZU "Vulcan M-163", dhisay ku saleysan baahsan gaashaaman M-113. The cutub oo gaari ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay yimaadaan ee 1960 hore, sidaas Vietnam ahaa kii ugu horeeyay iyada (ma aha, laakiin la soo dhaafay) imtixaanka. Awood M-163 waa mid aad u sarreeya, lix qoryaha darandooriga "Gatling" la dhigay fallaadhihii qoqobada la siiyey heerka ku dhowaad 1,200 oo wareeg halkii daqiiqo. Ilaalinta ayaa sidoo kale cajiib ah - waxay gaadhaysaa 38 hubkiisa u mm. All this bixiyo saamiga dhoofinta iman kara, ay timaado Tunisia, South Korea, Ecuador, North Yemen, Israa'iil iyo qaar ka mid ah dalalka kale.

Minnawi ayaa wuxuu ka yimid xagga difaaca hawada adag oo kala duwan

Ka sokow nidaamka difaaca madaafiic iyo hawada hybrid, hadda waa ugu badan ee difaaca gantaallaha, tusaale by lagu xusay "Buck". Sida magaca fasalka hubka, nidaamyada kuwani inta badan waa aan sida mashiinada taagan oo keliya si ay u taageeraan ciidamada dhulka, iyo sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah qaybinta, ay ku jiraan unugyada dagaalka ujeedooyin kala duwan (ku amraya, barta taliska, naadi mobile iyo saldhigga Hanuun). In ka classic dareen, wax xasuusta (lidka) waa in ay bixiyaan in laga ilaaliyo cadowga diyaarad gaar ah hawl deegaanka by laftiisa, iyada oo aan ku baahna fiirsashada of dheeraad ah qalabka, sidaas oo kale ayaa "Patriot" kaxeynayo, "Arrow", a taxane ah S-200 - S-500 ee this article Waxay lama tixgeliyo. nidaamka hawada-difaaca Kuwanu, foomka ku saleysan ammaanka hawada dalal badan, oo ay ku jiraan Russia ah, waxay mudan yihiin dib u eegid gaar ah. Waxay u muuqdaan in ay isu geeyo awood u leh inuu dhexda bartilmaameedyada in a safafka xawaaraha iyo sare u ballaaran, wax ku ool ah, laakiin - sababtoo ah qiimaha sare - ma laga heli karaa for dalal badan, lagu qasbay in ay ku tiirsan yihiin in ay difaaca on set caadiga ah mobile, oo qaali ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo.