Nucleotide - waxa uu yahay waxan? Halabuurka The, qaab-dhismeedka, tirada iyo isku xigxiga ee nucleotides Silsilad DNA ah

All nolosha dunida korkeeda ka kooban yahay unugyo badan oo taageera gagadoonka ee ururkood kharash ku jira xuduntii macluumaadka hidaha. Waxaa weli waa la joogo, dhaqan iyo kala qaado xeryahooda macromolecular adag - acid ah nucleic ka kooban cutubyo monomer ah - nucleotides. ma suurtowdo in ay qiimayn dheeraad doorka acids nucleic. Stability dhismayaasha ay go'aamiyeen hawlaha caadiga ah ee u shaqeeyo, iyo wixii khaldama in qaab dhismeedka ciday u horseedi doonaa in isbeddel ah ee urur gacanta, hawlaha la xidhiidha geedi socodka nafsaaniga ah oo meelmar ah unugyada guud ahaan.

Fikradda ah nucleotide iyo hantida

Mid kasta oo Britain ee DNA ama RNA wuxuu ka kooban yahay xeryahooda monomeric yar - nucleotide. In si kale loo dhigo, nucleotides ah - blocks dhismaha ee acids nucleic, co-falgalka iyo xarumaha kale ee badan noolaha ah, kuwaas oo muhiim u ah gacanta lagu jiro ay nolosha.

The guryaha ugu weyn ka mid ah walxaha muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• kaydinta macluumaadka ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka borotiinka iyo sifooyin dhaxlay,
• Control badan koritaanka iyo taranka;
• ka qayb ka shiid iyo geedi socodka badan oo jir kale ee gacanta.

Halabuurka The of nucleotides ah

Isagoo ka hadlayay of nucleotides, waxaan degganaan karo arrinta sida muhiim ah sidii ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo Halabuurka.

nucleotide kasta wuxuu ka kooban yahay:

• hadhay sonkorta;
• salka nitrogenous;
• group phosphate ama ka hadhay a of phosphoric acid.

Waxaan dhihi karnaa in nucleotide ah - a xarunta organic adag. Iyada oo ku xidhan kooban oo gaar ah iyo nooca saldhig nitrogenous in qaab-dhismeedka nucleic acid pentose ku nucleotide kala qaybsanyihiin:

• acid deoxyribonucleic ama DNA;
• ribonucleic acid, ama RNA.

Qaab dhismeedka nucleic acid

sonkorta acid-pentose nucleic la soo bandhigay. Tani sonkorta shan-carbon in DNA ah waxa la yidhaahdaa waa deoxyribose, in RNA - ribose. Britain kasta wuxuu leeyahay pentoses shan atamka carbon, afar ka mid ah taas oo si wadajir ah ula eb oxygen ku sameeyaan giraan ah shan-membered, iyo qayb ka mid shanaad oo ka mid ah group-HO CH2.

booska uu ka eb carbon kasta ee Britain ayaa ku pentose muujinaysaa tireedyada Carabi iyadoo ra'iisul (1C ', 2C', 3c ', 4C', 5C '). Tan iyo dhammaan geedi socodka reading macluumaad hidde la taagoo acid nucleic leeyihiin directivity adag, waa tiradoodii iyo reer atamka carbon ah iyo heshiis ee giraanta u adeegaan sida tilmaamaha si ay jihada saxda ah.

Kooxda hydroxyl waxay u atamka carbon saddexaad iyo shanaad (iyo 3 '5S') hadhay lifaaqan acid phosphoric. Waxa uu go'aan ka aqoonsiga kiimikada ee DNA iyo RNA in koox ka mid ah acids.

The eb carbon hore (1S ') saldhig nitrogenous lifaaqan Britain sonkorta.

Species saldhig nitrogenous Halabuurka

Nucleotides saldhigyadii nitrogenous DNA matalayo afar noocyada:

• adenayn (A);
• gu'anayn (G);
• saytosayn (C);
• thaymiin (T).

laba ugu horeeya ee ka tirsan fasalka ee purines, labada ee la soo dhaafay - pyrimidine. Kelli pyrimidine miisaanka purine had iyo jeer waa ka culus.

Nucleotides RNA saldhig nitrogenous matalayay:

• adenayn (A);
• gu'anayn (G);
• saytosayn (C);
• uracil (U).

Uracil iyo sidoo kale thaymiin, saldhig pyrimidine.

In suugaanta ee sayniska iyo inta badan ka heli kartaa saldhigyada kale nitrogenous naqshada - xarfaha laatiinka (A, T, C, G, U).

si faahfaahsan Greater dhismeedka kiimikada ee purines iyo pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines, kuwaas oo, saytosayn, thaymiin iyo uracil, in qaab dhismeedka wakiil labada atamka nitrogen iyo afar atamka carbon la xirrira lix giraan ah membered. eb kastana wuxuu leeyahay tiro gaar ah 1 ilaa 6.

Purines (adenayn iyo gu'anayn) wuxuu ka kooban yahay pyrimidine iyo isku badalo ama laba heterocycles. saldhigyadii purine Britain wakiil afar atamka nitrogen iyo shan atamka carbon. eb kasta tiriyey 1 ilaa 9.

xarunta keentay saldhigga nitrogenous oo ka hadhay a pentose sameeyay nucleoside. Nucleotide - xarunta a nucleoside iyo kooxda phosphate ah.

Aasaasidda bonds phosphodiester

Waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo su'aasha ah ee sida loo geeyo nucleotides ee silsilad polypeptide ah si ay u sameeyaan Britain a acid nucleic. Tani waxay dhacdaa ay sabab u tahay wax-u xidhnahay phosphodiester.

Dhexgalka laba nucleotides siinayaa dinucleotide. Formation of xeryahooda cusub dhacdaa by uumiga sida dhexeeya hadhay phosphate ka mid ah monomer oo bond phosphodiester kale hydroxy pentose dhacdaa.

Avv Polynucleotide - noqnoqda celcelin cadaanyo this (dhawr milyan oo jeer). silsilad polynucleotide A waxaa la dhisay by sameynta bonds phosphodiester dhexeeya saddexaad iyo shanaad sonkor carbons (3 'iyo 5S').

polynucleotide duwashada - geedi socod adag in waxey dhacdaa marka polymerase ah enzyme DNA, kaas oo bixiya kaliya koritaanka silsiladda mid ka mid dhamaadka (3) koox hydroxy a free.

Dhismaha Britain DNA ah

Britain DNA A iyo sidoo kale protein wuxuu noqon karaa qaab hoose, mid sare iyo mid jaamacadeed.

isku xigxiga ee nucleotides Silsilad DNA ku qeexayaa hoose -dhismeedka. Qaab dhismeedka Sare waxaa loo sameeyay ay sabab u tahay bonds hydrogen, ayaa sal u ah oo dhacdo dhigay mabda'a complementarity. In si kale loo dhigo, in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee DNA galool labanlaab u dhaqmo joogta ah qaarkood, adenayn, thaymiin u dhigantaa a wareeg kale, gu'anayn - saytosayn iyo qeybsanaan. Lammaane oo adenayn iyo thaymiin ama gu'anayn iyo saytosayn loo sameeyay laba ee ugu horreeyey iyo in ay dhacdo saddex bonds hydrogen dambe. xarunta a noocan oo kale ah waxay bixisaa a silsilado nucleotide bond adag iyo masaafada siman u dhaxeeya.

Ogaanshaha isku xigxiga ee nucleotides Silsilad DNA ah by mabda'a complementarity lagu kordhin karaa labaad ama dheeri.

Dhismaha jaamacadda ee adag DNA waxaa la aasaasay by bonds saddex geesood ah, kaas oo Britain taasoo ku sii is haysta iyo awood meeleeyay gacanta mugga yar yar. Tusaale ahaan, E. coli dhererka DNA waa ka weyn yahay 1 mm, halka dhererka unug - ka yar 5 microns.

Tirada nucleotides in DNA ah, oo ay tahay xiriirkooda taranta ku xiran yahay xeerka Chergaffa (tirada saldhigyada purine mar walba waa u siman yihiin in tirada pyrimidine). Masaafada u dhaxaysa nucleotides - joogto ah loo siman yahay si 0.34 nm, iyo miisaanka ay kelli.

Dhismaha Britain RNA ah

RNA ka wakiil yahay hal silsilad polynucleotide ah, aasaaseen bonds covalent dhexeeya pentose (ribose kiiskan) iyo moiety phosphate ah. In dhererka waa DNA badan gaaban. Halabuurka The noocyada ka mid ah saldhigyada nitrogenous in nucleotide iyo waxaa jira kala duwanaan. thaymiin The saldhig pyrimidine RNA halkii uracil isticmaalo. Iyada oo ku xidhan hawlaha uu qabtay ee jirka, RNA laga yaabaa in saddex nooc.

• Ribosomal (rRNA) - guud ahaan waxaa ku jiri doona laga bilaabo 3,000 ilaa 5,000 oo nucleotides. Sida a qayb dhismaha loo baahan yahay ku lug leh dhismaha xarunta firfircoon ee ribosomes, meelaha of mid ka mid ah hababka ugu muhiimsan ee gacanta - biosynthesis protein.
• Gaadiidka (tRNA) - wuxuu ka kooban yahay celcelis ahaan 75 - 95 nucleotides, qabata kala iibsiga si ay meesha of amino acid ereygu la doonayo polypeptide in ribosome. nooc kasta oo tRNA (ugu yaraan 40) waxay leedahay soo jireenka ah oo kaliya in ay isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah nucleotides ama monomers.
• Macluumaadka (RNAi) - in Halabuurka nucleotide waa mid aad u kala duwan. Transfer of macluumaad hidde ka DNA si ribosomes, u dhaqmo sida template ah Avv ee Britain protein ah.

Doorka nucleotides ee jirka

Nucleotides in gacanta qabtaan tiro ka mid ah hawlaha muhiimka ah:

• waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida blocks dhismaha, waayo, acids nucleic (purine nucleotide oo taxane pyrimidine);
• ku lug leedahay geeddi socodka badan dheefshiidka ee gacanta;
• qayb ka mid ah ATP ah - isha tamarta ugu muhiimsan ee unugyada,
• fal sida fallaadhaha of yaraynta dhigma ee gacanta (nad +, NADP +, qaab, FMN);
• fal sida bioregulators;
• la oran karo waa sida warqaadayaal labaad extracellular Avv caadiga ah (tus, xerada ama cGMP).

Nucleotide - unug monomer manidu xeryahooda adag oo dheeraad ah - acids nucleic, iyada oo aan taas kala iibsiga ee macluumaad hidde, ay kaydinta iyo loo maqli karo. nucleotides Free waa qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee ku lugta leh habka tamarta signal iyo unugyada taageerada iyo hawlaha caadiga ah ee u shaqeeyo oo dhan.