Model Rutherford Planetary ee model la eb Rutherford ah

Daahfurtay berrinkii dhismeedka qaaradda ahayd talaabo muhiim ah in horumarinta physics. muhiimadda ugu weyn wuxuu ahaa model Rutherford ayaa. Atom sida hab of Qurub iyo qaybaha ay la soo bartay si dhow iyo si faahfaahsan. Tani waxay keentay in la aasaaso guul sayniska sida physics nuclear.

Fikradaha qadiimiga ah ee ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of arrinta

male ah in meydadka ku wareegsan ka kooban yihiin qayb yar oo loo sameeyey wakhtiyadii hore. Aqoon yahanno ka dibna la eb matalayay sida Qurub ugu yar karo walax kasta. Waxay ku dooday in uusan jirin wax in caalamka waa yar ee size badan la eb. views noocan oo kale ah waxaa la qabtaa by saynisyahano weyn Greek iyo faylosuufiinta - Democritus, Lucretius, EBikuras. Mala kuwaas oo aqoon yahanno maanta magaca midoobeen "atomism oo qaraami ah."

Wakiilada Dr Makumbe

wakhtiyadii hore ku soo maray, iyo qarniyadii dhexe oo sidoo kale yahannada ka muujiyay fikrado kala duwan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of arrinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku badan yihiin ee views diinta iyo falsafada awoodda kaniisadda ee muddada taariikhda ee biqilka isku day kasta si loo xakameeyo iyo rabitaanka maanka aadanaha si ay natiijada cilmi ah waxyaalaha iyo daahfurtay. Sida la og yahay, xaalkaas ah Dr Makumbe aad u habboonayn u qaatay wakiillo dunida sayniska waqtiga. Waxaa weli si ay sheegayaan in waayahaas ahaayeen maskaxda dhalaalaya ka fikradda hore ee indivisibility ee la eb u yimid.

Studies da'doodu u 18-19

qarnigii 18aad ay astaan u daahfurtay waaweyn oo duurka ku ah qaab dhismeedka hoose ee arrinta. Inta badan ay sabab u tahay dadaalka saynisyahano sida Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov iyo Dzhon Dalton. Madax banaan kasta oo kale, waxay si ay u caddeeyaan in atamka runtii ka jira awood ahaayeen. Laakiin su'aasha ah ee ay qaab-dhismeedka gudaha furan. dhammaadkii qarnigii 18aad waxaa astaan u ah sida ay dhacdo muhiim ah in dunida sayniska, sida helitaanka D. I. Mendeleevym miiska wareegsan xubno kiimikada. run ahaantii Waxay ahayd xal awood inaan ilxidhka kor fahamka ah in dhammaan atamka leeyihiin nooca la mid ah, inay la xidhiidhaan midba midka kale. Later, qarnigii 19aad, talaabo kale oo muhiim u ah soo oogayaa dhismeedka eb ahaa caddayn in Halabuurka ee mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa electron joogo. shuqulkii saynisyahano muddada this soo saaray dhulka a bacrin ah ee daahfurtay ee qarnigii 20aad.

tijaabo Thomson

jirka dadka British Dzhon Tomson ee 1897 caddeeyeen in qaab-dhismeedka atamka ka mid ah electrons la kharash xun. Marka marxaladdan, fikradda been ah in la eb ah - qeybinta xaddido walax kasta ayaa ugu dambeyntii baabbi'iyey. Sidee Thomson ahaa si ay u caddeeyaan jiritaanka electron ah karin? Saynisyahanka riday tijaabo uu aad u rarefied gaasas electrodes iyo hadda korontada la ansixiyo. Natiijadu waxay tahay rays cathode ah. Thomson si taxadar leh bartay sifooyinka iyo ogaaday in ay yihiin il a of Qurub lagu eedeeyay in dhaqaajiyo xawaare weyn. Sayniska maamula si ay u xisaabiso mass ka mid ah kuwan Qurub iyo waxay u talin. Waxa uu sidoo kale soo saaray in aanay soo noqon karaa qayb ka dhex-dhexaad ah, sida lacag koronto - waxaa aasaas u ah oo ay dabeecadda. Sidaas ahaayeen electrons u furan yihiin. Thomson sidoo kale waa abuuraha of model-dhismeedka qaaradda ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee. Sida laga soo xigtay in ay, eb - Calaqo wanaagsan arrinta lagu eedeeyay, kuwaas oo loo qaybiyey electrons isku xun lagu soo eedeeyay. Tani waxay fasireysaa qaab-dhismeedka guud ee atamka dhexdhexaad ah, sida lagu eedeeyay ka soo horjeeda midba midka kale tirtiray. Tijaabo Dzhona Tomsona noqday muhiimadda ay leedahay qiimo waxbarasho dheeraad ah ee qaab-dhismeedka la eb ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, su'aalo badan oo ku hadhay jawaabin.

cilmi Rutherford

Thomson helay jiritaanka electron ah, laakiin waxa uu heli kari waayay in la eb ee wanaagsan lagu eedeeyay Qurub. Ernest Rutherford saxo qalad this ee 1911. Inta lagu guda jiro tijaabo barashada waxqabadka ee Alfa-Qurub in gaasaska ka, waxaa la helay in ay jiraan qayb ka ah ee la eb ee, ka wanaagsan eedeeyay. Rutherford ogaaday in maraya dogobka dhex gaaska ama saxan bir ah oo dhuuban leexasho ku af badan ee qadar yar oo ah qayb ka jeedsada Jidka dhaqdhaqaaqa. Waxay kaliya dib u tuuray. saynisyahan The ogaaday in dhaqanka tani waa ay sabab u tahay kulanka ay la Qurub wanaagsan eedeeyay. tijaabo noocan oo kale ah u sahlaysaa physicists si ay u qaabeeyaan qaab dhismeedka eb ee Rutherford.

model Planetary

Haddaba Waxbarashada xoogaa ka duwan fikrado by John Thomson ka dhigay. Noocyada kala duwan ee birta iyo atamka ay. waayo-aragnimo Rutherford ee loo ogol yahay isaga si ay u abuuraan aragti ah oo gebi cusub ee arimahan. Discovery saynisyahan ahaayeen muhiim u tahay horumarka dheeraad ah physics. model Rutherford qeexayaa eb sida halyeeyada ah u amro xarunta iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa electrons. Bu'da dacwad wanaagsan iyo electrons - xun. eb Model Rutherford wareegay electrons qoqobada agagaarka xudunta on trajectories qaarkood - Galaatiya. Furitaanka saynisyahan a caawiyay fasirtaa sababta aad u weecasho ee qurubyada alfa oo ahaa wadadii uu horumarinta aragti nuclear la eb ee. In model qaaradda Rutherford ee eegtahay la mooshinka ka mid ah meerayaasha nidaamka qoraxda ku wareegsan qorraxda. Waa arrin aad u sax ah oo la barbardhigo cad. model la eb daraaddeed Rutherford oo guuro weheliyaan falagiisuu ku wareegsan xuduntii, ayaa loo magacaabay Planetary.

Work ee Niels Bohr

Laba sano ka dib, jirka dadka deenishka Niels Bohr isku dayay in la isu geeyo fikradaha ah qaabka la eb la guryaha galmada iftiinka. model nuclear la eb ee Rutherford ayaa waxaa lagu riday saynisyahano ku saleysan uu aragti cusub. In Bohr atamka malo mareeg asaasiga ah ee Galaatiya wareeg ah. dhabbihii dhaqdhaqaaq noocan oo kale ah u keenaysaa in xawaaraha ah ee electrons. Intaa waxaa dheer, is dhexgalka Coulomb oo ka mid ah qurubyada la eb xarunta waxaa ku weheliyay Abuuridda iyo kharashaadka tamarta si ay u ilaaliyaan beerta ku da'ayeen electromagnetic ka timi mooshinka ee electrons. Under xaaladaha sida, qayb ka xun lagu soo eedeeyay waa in abid dhicin xuduntii. Laakiin taasi ma dhici, oo tilmaamaysa in xasiloonida wayn ee atamka sida nidaamyada. Niels Bohr ogaaday in sharciyada thermodynamics classical, ayaa ku tilmaamay by isleegyo Maxwell ee uma shaqeeyaan xaalado subatomic. Sidaa darteed, saynisyahano ka soo baxay in ay keenaan sharciyada cusub ee qaban lahaa Qurub hoose ee dunida.

postulates Bohr ee

Inta badan ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in uu jiray model ah Rutherford, ee la eb iyo qaybaha ay si wanaagsan bartay, Niels Bohr ahaa awoodaan in ay u Dhawaanina abuurka postulates ay. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah dalalka in la eb uu qabo xaalad taagan, taas oo aysan bedeli ay tamar iyo electrons sidaas guurto Galaatiya aan badalayn ay dhabbihii. Sida laga soo xigtay postulate labaad, kala guurka ah electron ka mid kastana falagiisuu kale ku dhacdaa go'doomin ama tamarta nuugista. Waa isku mid in farqiga u dhexeeya tamarta la soo dhaafay iyo guulaysato dalalka eb ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, haddii electron ah bootin in ay u dhaw in ay muhimka ah ee falagiisuu dhex ah, waxaa timaada tamarta (photons), iyo qeybsanaan. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dhaqdhaqaaqa electrons si dhib leh u ekaan dhabbihii orbital amro Bohr furitaanka adag circumferential suurto gal ah si aad u hesho sharaxaad heer sare ah jiritaanka spectrum khadka eb hydrogen ah. Ilaa waqti isku mid ah, physicists Hertz iyo Frank, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in Germany, ayaa xaqiijiyay cilmiga Niels Bohr ku saabsan jiritaanka taagan, dalalka deggan eb iyo suurtagalnimada ee isbeddellada ku dhacay qiimaha tamarta qaaradda.

Iskaashiga u dhexeeya labada saynisyahano

By habka, Rutherford muddo dheer ma go'aamin karaan lacag xuduntii. Seynisyahanno Marsden iyo Geiger isku dayeen in ay fuliyaan sheegashada cross-jeegga of Ernest Rutherford, oo sabab u ah tijaabo si taxaddar leh oo faahfaahsan iyo xisaabinta ayaa soo gaarnay heer ah in ay tahay xudunta u ah dabeecadda ugu weyn ee la eb, oo waxay diiradda oo dhan lacag. Later waxaa la cadeeyay in amarka nuclear waa tiro ahaan siman yihiin in ay qiimaha tirada horsanaanta ee element ee miiska wareegsan D. I. Mendeleeva. Waxa xiiso leh, Bohr Niels ugu dhakhsaha badan ula kulmay Rutherford oo si buuxda la isku raacay la aragtidiisa. Ka dibna, saynisyahano ayaa muddo dheer soo wada shaqeeyeen in shaybaar la mid ah. model Rutherford ee la eb sida nidaam oo ka kooban dugsiyada hoose eedeeyay qayb ka - oo dhan Niels Bohr in ay caddaalad iyo wax kasta oo ay model electronic iska dhigay. hawlaha cilmi wadajir ah oo saynisyahano ayaa aad loogu guulaystay oo uu u mira dhalin. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah muquurtay daraasadda of sifooyinka qurubyada hoose iyo daahfurtay in sameeyey weyn ee sayniska. Later, Rutherford helay iyo cadaato suuragalnimada in la ballaariyo asaasiga ah, laakiin taasi waa mawduuc for article kale.