La kulmaan Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - gaar ah, saynisyahan aad u tayo badan, iyo mid aan caadi aheyn. Waa in la ogaadaa in daahfurtay ugu muhiimsan waxaa laga sameeyey xaggiisa ka dib markii uu ku guulaystay Nobel Prize. In 1911, ninkanu wuxuu ahaa a-aragnimada guul of Rutherford (sidaas darteed waxaa loo magacaabay ka dib), taas oo loo ogol yahay in la eego gudaha eb iyo aad u hesho fikrad qaar ka mid ah sida ay u shaqayso.

tijaabo fara badan ayaa la sameeyey iyadoo atamka hore. Waxay fikrad ugu weyn waxay ahayd in at xaglo kala duwan ee dhacday qayb ka soo ururin doonaa macluumaad ku filan oo ay ahayd fursad in la yidhaahdo wax gaar ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka eb ah. In qarnigii 20aad, saynisyahano ayaa ka dhaadhiciyay in uu ka kooban laftiisa gudahood electrons waxaa si xun u eedeeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu balaadhan looga isticmaalo waqtiga si aad u hesho fikrad ah in la eb waa sida Roobka khafiif ah si togan ku amray oo waxaa ka buuxsamay electrons la kharash xun. model Tani waxaa loo yaqaanaa "mesh la sabiib ah."

Rutherford ahayd waayo-aragnimo u gaar ah. qoriga Sayniska dhisay oo siiyey dogob diirada iyo faray of Qurub. Waxay u eg sanduuq leaden, taas oo ahayd dillaac cidhiidhi ah. waxaa gudaha loo dhigay wax shucaac ah. Qurub Alpha, kuwaas oo la timaada by walax shucaaca dhammaan meelaha laga reebo mid ka mid ah, ayaa la nuugo by screen ka mid ah hogaanka, oo kaliya iyada oo loo marayo Afyare safray si gaar ah si toos ah dogob walxaha. On uu jidkiisa ka dibna waxa uu sharxayaa dhowr screens ee hogaanka la naadi in dhimaysa qayb ka ah laga daayo jihada saxda ah. Sida dhashay khibradaha sida Rutherford kor u duulay diirada diiradda ku jirase aad walxaha, bartilmaameedku yahay in laftiisa wakiil bireed a bir aad u dhuuban. Waa hit ee Alfa-ray.

Ka dib markii qurubyada alfa isku la atamka ee bireed, ay sii jidkooda, iyo ugu danbeyn isu helay screen phosphor in lagu rakibay ka danbeeya bartilmaameedka ah. Marka qayb ka ah ku dhuftay shaashadda, flash lagu duubay ay dusheedana saaraan, on taas oo experimenter ah xukumi kartaa sida iyo waxa tirada Alfa-Qurub waxaa kubad ka jihada toosan ee mooshinka ay sabab u tahay isku dhaceen la atamka of-bireed dahab.

Rutherford ahaa sidaas asalka ah, maxaa yeelay xaqiiqada ah in mid ka mid ma hor aysan isku dayin in ay hubiso, in qayb ka qaarkood waxaa dhacday at xaglo waaweyn. model hore ee Roobka uma ay oggolaan xataa jiritaanka xubno si culus oo cufan in la eb, si ay u diidi kartaa qayb ka Alfa si dhakhso xagal ku filan oo waaweyn.

waayo-aragnimo Rutherford ayaa keentay in gaarnay heer ah in inta badan mass waxaa ku urursan arrin aad u cufan, oo ku yaalla wadnaha ee la eb ee. Qaybta nasasho ahaa in xaqiiqda wax badan oo cufan ka yar intii hore u muuqatay. eb Rutherford xarunta hyperdense ku jira, kaas oo lagu yeedhay xuduntii, kaas oo, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, lacag fiican waxaa ku urursan.

Sawirka la eb, taas oo seefqaad ah saynisyahan a, aan hadda horeba si fiican u yaqaan. model Rutherford ayaa been in xaqiiqda ah in xaruntu ay ku taalaa xuduntii ay la socoto lacag fiican, kaas oo ku urursan mass oo dhan la eb ee. Guud ahaan, eb ee dhex-dhexaad ah. Sidaa darteed, tirada electrons gudaha, iyo sidoo kale lacag nuclear, si siman u element tirada nidaamka wareegsan ah. Waxaa cad in electrons ah innaba ma xasilli karto gudahood eb ah, sida ay si fudud u dhici lahaa xuduntii. Waxay soc ku saabsan la mid ah sida meerayaasha ku wareegsan iftiinka qorraxda iilan.

Tani qof dhaqdhaqaaqa qeexo tallaabada ciidamada Coulomb ka xuduntii. Atamka deggan gobolka unexcited, waxay ku noolaan kartaa lacagta waqti dheer, iyada oo aan soo saaro wax hirarka electromagnetic. Laakiin model ah Planetary eb ah, inkasta oo ay experimentally cadeeyay, ma sheegi kartaa sababta ay tahay mid deggan.