List of dhirta nukliyeerka Ruush. Sidee badan oo Quwadda Nuclearka ee Russia

physics nukliyeerka, sida sayniska kacay ka dib markii la ogaaday in 1986 of saynisyahano shucaaca Becquerel iyo Marie Curie, wuxuu noqday ku salaysan oo keliya ma aha ee hubka nuclear laakiin sidoo kale warshadaha nukliyeerka.

Bilow nukliyeerka Research in Russia

Horeba Commission radium la aasaasay 1910 in St. Petersburg, taas oo ka mid ah physicists si fiican u yaqaan NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Daraasadda ku saabsan shucaaca ka baaraandega la sii daayo tamarta gudaha fuliyay in marxaladda koowaad ee horumarinta awoodda nuclear ee Russia, in muddada u dhaxaysa 1921 in 1941. Markaas, waxa uu cadeeyay protons qabashada suurto gal neutron macquul aragti taaban of falcelinta nuclear by fission of uranium.

Under hoggaanka shaqaalaha I. V. Kurchatova hay'adaha waaxaha kala duwan ayaa la qabtay shaqo gaar ah oo ku saabsan hirgelinta reaction Silsiladda fission uranium ah.

Inta lagu jiro abuurista hubka nuclear ee USSR

By 1940, ayaa helay waayo-aragnimo weyn tirakoobka iyo wax ku ool ah, ayaa loo ogol yahay saynisyahano soo jeedinaya hoggaanka dalka ayaa farsamo ahaan ay isticmaalaan tamarta weyn qaaradda. In 1941, cyclotron ugu horeeyay, taas oo awood baaritaan nidaamsan oo excitation ah nuclei degdegsiimada udhigo la dhisay Moscow. Bilowga qalabka dagaalka loo wareejiyay Ufa iyo Kazan, iyo shaqaalaha waa in la geeyo.

By 1943 waxaa jiray shaybaarka gaar ah xuduntii qaaradda hoos imaanaya hoggaanka I. V. Kurchatova, ujeedada taas oo ahayd abuurka bam nuclear ama shidaalka uranium.

Isticmaalka bamka qaaradda by United States bishii August 1945 ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki abuuray tusaale lahaanshaha monoboli of superweapon ee dalka iyo sidaas lagu qasbay Midowga Soofiyeeti si loo dedejiyo shaqada si ay u abuuraan ay bam nuclear u gaar ah.

Natiijada tallaabooyin hay'adeed ahaa olole caalami ah oo uranium-graphite nuclear ugu horeeyay ee nuclear ee Russia ee tuulada Sarov (Gobolka Gorky) ee 1946. In nuclear baaritaan F-1 iyo falcelin ugu horeysay ee ay gacanta ku nuclear la sameeyay.

nuclear-warshadeed ee kobcinta plutonium waxaa la dhisay sanadkii 1948 in Chabrovsk. In 1949, baaritaan la sameeyay lacag nuclear plutonium goobta imtixaanka ee Semipalatinsk ah.

wajiga wuxuu bilaabay taariikhda diyaarinta tamarta nukliyeerka qoyska. Oo durba 1949, shaqada design si ay u dhisaan warshad nukliyeer xoogga ayaa bilaabay.

In 1954 ee Obninsk ayaa bilaabay marka hore (demo) nuclear rakibo adduunka ee awoodda yar (5 MW).

nuclear-dual-Ujeedada warshadaha, halkaas oo lagu daro soo saarka korontada aruursaday dheeraad ah iyo plutonium fasalka hub, waxaa lagu riday Tomsk (Seversk) at dhirta kiimikada Siberian.

tamarta nukliyeerka Ruush: nooc oo tigoodu

nukliyeerka Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa markii hore diirada ku saabsan isticmaalka tigoodu-awood sare:

• Koollo RBMK nuclear-kaamerada (RBMK); Shidaalka - wax yar ku hodanaynta dioxide uranium (2%), retarder cadaanyo - coolant graphite - biyo karkaraya ku daahir by deuterium iyo tritium (biyo iftiinka).
• WWER nuclear (VVER) neutron The kaamerada ku lifaaqan weel cadaadiska, shidaalka - uranium dioxide xoojiyey 3-5% Haguhu - biyaha, sidoo kale waa coolant ah.
• Xoreynta-600 - nuclear-soon neutron, shidaalka - hodan coolant uranium - sodium. nuclear-ganacsiga adduunka ayaa kaliya ee noocan ah. Rakibay saldhiga Beloyarsk ah.
• EGP - nuclear-kaamerada (tamarta loop Nuurre Aw) oo keliya ka shaqeeya on Bilibino. Gartaa in kulayl in coolant ah (oo biyo ah) meel nuclear-laftiisa. Aqoonsan yahay unpromising.

Guud ahaan, Russia kordhin kartaa NPP hawlgal maanta 33 cutub oo qaadi kara guud ee ka badan 2,300 MW:

• VVER - 17 cutub,
• tigoodu RMBK - 11 cutub,
• tigoodu xoreynta - 1 unit;
• tigoodu EGP - 4 blocks.

List of Jamhuuriyadda Ruush iyo Soviet muddo aqbasho NPP ka 1954 si ay u 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, gobolka Kaluga. Ujeeddo - Bannaanbaxa iyo warshadaha. nooca nuclear - AM-1. Joojiyay 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 gobolka (Seversk) Tomsk. Ujeeddo - si ay u horumariyaan plutonium hub-fasalka, kulayl dheeraad ah iyo biyo kulul ku Seversk iyo Tomsk. nooca nuclear - EI-2, 3-ADE, ADE-4, 5-ADE. Ugu dambayntii joojiyay sanadkii 2008 ka yar heshiis la Mareykanka.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). noocyada nuclear - ADE, ADE 1, ADE-2. Ujeeddo - si ay u horumariyaan plutonium hub-fasalka si loo kululeeyo geedka processing ore in Krasnoyarsk. stop kama dambaysta ah ka dhacay 2010 ka yar heshiis la Mareykanka.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, gobolka Sverdlovsk. noocyada nuclear - Amb 100, Amb-200, xoreynta-600 iyo xoreynta-800. Amb-100 joojiyay 1983, Amb-200 - in tallaabada 1990.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. nooca nuclear - VVER shan blocks. The stop koowaad iyo labaad. Status - hadda.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, Melekess magaalada (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Gobolka Ulyanovsk. Noocyada aasaasay tigoodu cilmi - WORLD SM RBT-6, Bor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Bor-60 iyo VC-50 koronto dheeraad ah. Si joogto ah u kordhiyay waqtiga stop. Status - saldhigga kaliya ee la tigoodu cilmi. xiritaanka Qiyaasta - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. Xoreynta, joogsaday sanadkii 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, gobolka Polar Zori Murmansk. Afar VVER. Status - hadda.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Gobolka Leningrad. Afar nuclear-RMBK-1000 (la mid ah sida in Chernobyl). Status - hadda.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka goboleedka jidka qarkiisa. Noocyada tigoodu - Amb (hadda joojiyey), xoreynta iyo afar EGP. Ku-simaha.
11. 1976. Kursk, gobolka Kurchatov Kursk. Afar tigoodu dhigay RMBK-1000. Ku-simaha.
12. 1976. Armenian, ee Metsamor, Armenia. marka hore la joojiyay sannadkii 1989, laba cutub VVER, fal labaad.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Afar tigoodu dhigay RMBK-1000. block afraad halaagnay 1986, qaybta labaad waxaa la joojiyay sannadkii 1991, marka hore ka - 1996, kii saddexaad - in 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne gobolka., Ukraine. Saddex cutubyada la tigoodu VVER. Ku-simaha.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk gobolka Smolensk, laba cutub la RMBK VVER-1000. Ku-simaha.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, gobolka Mykolayiv., Ukraine. Saddex VVER. Ku-simaha.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (oo horay degmada Ignalina), Lithuania. Laba nuclear-RMBK. at codsi ka yimid Midowga Yurub joojiyay 2009 (la galay EEC soo galo).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, gobolka Udomlya Tver. Laba VVER. Ku-simaha.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Lix blocks on VVER ah. Ku-simaha.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, gobolka Saratov. Afar VVER. Ku-simaha.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky gobolka., Ukraine. Mid ka mid ah VVER. Ku-simaha.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, gobolka Rostov. By 2014, ka shaqeeyaan labada blocks of tigoodu VVER. Laba cutub ka yar dhismaha.

tamarta Nuclear ka dib markii shil Chernobyl ee

1986 kalanna warshadaha. Cawaaqib xumada musiibo nin-dhigay, si lama filaan ah dadka in Suu dabiiciga ahaa xiritaanka of dhirta badan nukliyeerka. Tirada Quwadda Nuclearka adduunka oo hoos u dhacay. Ayaa la joojiyay by Midowga Soofiyeeti ka yar ma xarumaha qoyska oo kaliya mashruuca dhismaha, laakiin sidoo kale dibadda.

List of dhirta nukliyeerka Ruush, dhismaha kaas oo la joojiyay:

• Gorkovskaya AST (warshadda kuleylka);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

List of dhirta Ruush awoodda nuclear, la joojiyay inta lagu guda jiro design iyo earthworks diyaarinta:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Bariga Fog,
• Ivanovskaia AST (warshadda kuleylka);
• Karelia Karelia NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Quwadda Nuclearka tagay Russia: Sababaha

Helitaanka dhismaha site on Gaf tectonic ah - sababaha daliishaday ilaha rasmiga ah ee ilaalinta ee dhismaha warshad nukliyeerka Ruush. Map of meelaha daran seismic ee dalka go'doomiyo zone Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag Baikal khilaaf, Altai-Sayan, Bariga Fog iyo Priamurskaya.

Laga bilaabo halkan of view saldhigga dhismaha Crimean (horeysay block diyaar - 80%) waxaa dhab ahaan bilowday baahneyn. Sababta dhabta ah ee ilaalinta ee awoodda haray sida qaali u noqday xaaladda allifey - xiisadda dhaqaale ee USSR. In muddo ah in ay conserved (macno ahaan Tuuri for electronic), goobaha badan warshadaha, inkastoo heerka sare ah oo diyaar.

Rostov NPP: dib u bilaabidda dhismaha Darro opinion dadweynaha

Dhismaha geedka waxaa bilaabay 1981. In 1990, cadaadis ka dadweynaha firfircoon Council Regional qaatay go'aan ku saabsan dhismaha daryeel. 47% - diyaar of block ugu horeysay ee waqti horeba 95% iyo 2-dii ahaa.

Siddeed sano ka dib, sanadkii 1998, waxaa dib loo eegay qabyo asalka ah, tirada unugyada waa la dhimay ilaa laba. In May 2000, dhismaha waxaa dib u bilaabay, iyo in May 2001 unit ugu horeysay la demin on xirneeyn. Laga bilaabo sanadka soo socda, waxa uu dib u bilaabay dhismaha labaad. Daah-final waxaa dib loo dhigay dhowr jeer, iyo bishii Maarso 2010 lagu qabtay ay xiriir xirneeyn ee Ruushka.

Rostov NPP unit 3

In 2009, go'aanka waxaa loo sameeyey ku saabsan horumarinta dhirta nukliyeerka ee Rostov la rakibo of iyada afar blocks dheeraad ah oo ku saleysan tigoodu VVER.

Marka la eego xaaladda hadda jirta ee korontada la joogo on Jasiiradda Crimean waa in ay noqdaan Rostov NPP. 3 unit in December 2014 ayaa waxaa ku xiran nidaamka awoodda Ruushka ilaa xoog ah ugu yaraan. By bartamihii 2015-waxaa la qorsheeyay si ay u bilaabaan ganacsi (1011 MW), kaas oo waa in la yareeyo khatarta ah in yar oo koronto ka Ukraine ee Crimea.

tamarta nukliyeerka ee Ruush casri ah

By bilowgii 2015 oo dhan dhirta nukliyeerka Russia (hadda jira iyo kuwa ka yar dhismaha) waa deeq ah "Rosenergoatom" walaac. Dhibaatadan ka jirta qaybaha la dhibaatooyin iyo khasaare ayaa ka adkaaday. By bilowgii 2015 ee Russia waxaa jira 10 Quwadda Nuclearka hoos dhismaha - 5 dhulka iyo mid sabayn.

List of dhirta nukliyeerka Ruush hawlgala bilowgii 2015:

• Beloyarsk (bilaabaan hawlgalka - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

dhirta Ruush awoodda nuclear ka yar dhismaha

• Baltic NPP, gobolka Neman, Kaliningrad. Laba blocks ku saleysan tigoodu VVER-1200 ka. Dhismaha ayaa la bilaabay 2012-kii. Bilow - 2017, awoodda loogu talagalay - 2018

Waxaa la qorsheeyey in NPP bari dhoofin doono korontada dalalka Yurub, Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. iibka korontada ee Russia ayaa la samayn doonaa iyada oo loo marayo nidaamka awood Lithuanian.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, gobolka Sverdlovsk, ee jooga goobta hadda. Mid ka mid ah unit - oo ku salaysan nuclear-xoreynta-800. Asal ahaan qorsheeyay la bilaabay 2014 ayaa lagu wareejiyay ay sabab u tahay sahayda gaaban ee Ukraine oo xidhiidh la leh dhacdooyinka siyaasadeed ee 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 ee Sosnovy Bor, Gobolka Leningrad. Chetyrehblokovaya saldhiga ku salaysan tigoodu VVER-1200. Waxaa badali doonaa Selac (Leningrad). unit koowaad waxaa la qorsheeyay inay soo bandhigto in 2015, ka dib - 2017, 2018, 2019. siday u kala horreeyaan.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 ee Novovoronezh gobolka Voronezh, aan ka fogayn tallaabada. bedeli doona dhismaha qorshaysan afar blocks, marka hore ka - ku saleysan tigoodu VVER-1200 ka, soo socda - VVER-1300. Bilowgii awoodda design ah - 2015 (unit ugu horeysay).
• Rostov (cm. Kor).

Nuclear Power Industry Worldwide: guudmar

In qayb ka mid ah Yurub ee dalka waxaa dhisay ku dhowaad dhammaan dhirta nukliyeerka Ruush. Map heshiis Planetary Quwadda Nuclearka muujinaysaa fiirsashada of shay ee soo socda afar gobol: Europe, Bariga Fog (Japan, China, Korea), Bariga Dhexe, Central America. Sida laga soo xigtay IAEA ah, oo ku saabsan 440 tigoodu nuclear ku shaqeeya ee 2014.

dhirta nukliyeerka yihiin waddamada soo socda:

• US Quwadda Nuclearka soo saaraan 836 630 000 000 kWh / sanadkii ..;
• ee France - 439 730 000 000 kWh / sannad ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / sannad ;.
• Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / sannad ;.
• in Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / sannad ;.
• ee Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / sanadkii ..