Koloriin: kiimikada dabeecad ahaan iyo jir ahaanba guryaha

In dabiiciga ah chlorine waxaa laga helaa gobolka gaseous oo kaliya ee foomka xeryahooda la gaasas kale. In xaaladaha ku dhow yahay inuu si caadi ah, waa gaaska xoqe midab sunta cagaaran. Waxay sidaan miisaan ka badan hawada. Waxa uu leeyahay ur macaan. Britain chlorine ka kooban yahay laba atamka. In gobolka quiescent ma gubi, laakiin at heerkulka sare faraha la hydrogen, ka dib markii taas halista ah ee qaraxa. Sidaas darteed, gaaska la sii daayay fosjiin. Aad sun. Sidaas darteed, xitaa at caddad yar hawada (0.001 mg halkii 1 dm ³⁾ waxay keeni karaan dhimasho. Sifada ugu weyn ee dalalka chlorine bacayn in ay ka culus tahay hawada iyo halkan had iyo jeer waxay noqon doontaa meel u dhow dhulka qaab carceero ah hurdi-cagaaran.

xaqiiqooyinka taariikheed

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee tababar wax this helay in 1774 K. Shelee g. By isku aashito iyo pyrolusite. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keliya ee 1810 P. Davy ahaa awoodaan in sifaha chlorine iyo in la dhiso in ay tahay curiye kiimiko oo kala duwan.

Waxaa xusid mudan in 1772, Dzhozef Pristli ahaa awoodaan si ay u helaan chloride hydrogen - xarunta chlorine la hydrogen, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la kala saaro labadan xubno ka farmashiyaha kari waayay.

soocista Chemical ah chlorine

Chloro - element kiimikada group core VII ee kooxda miiska wareegsan. Waxaa lagu kaydiyaa muddo saddexaad, oo uu leeyahay tiro qaaradda 17 (17 protons in xuduntii). bacayn The Waxyeelo. warqado muujinaysaa cl.

Waa wakiil caadiga ah ee halogens. gaaska Tani, oo aan midab, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay af, ur pungent. Sida caadiga ah sun. All halogens si fiican loo qasi jiray biyo. Marka xiriir la hawada qoyan bilaabaan inay sigaar ku.

The qaabeynta electron 3s2Zr5 cl eb dibadda ah. Sidaa darteed, in ay xeryahooda ka mid ah soo bandhigaa element heerka kiimikada lagu qayilo waa -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 iyo +7. gacan The covalent eb 0,96Å ah, gacan Madbacada qaranka Cl- 1.83 Å, eb buuna electron ah 3.65m eV, 12,87 eV ee heerka ionization.

Sida kor ku xusan, chlorine waa bacayn si caddaalad ah oo firfircoon oo kuu ogolaanaya in uunka oo xeryahooda ku dhawaad Biraha dhan (mararka qaarkood adigoo isticmaalaya kulaylka ama by qoyaan bromo barakiciyay) iyo nonmetals. In foomka budada ah u sameynayso oo keliya birta at heerkulka sare.

The heerkulka sari ugu badnaan - 2250 ° C. Tan iyo oxygen awood u sameynta oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites iyo chlorates. All xeryahooda ka kooban oxygen, waa waxyaabaha qarxa ee la dhexgalo walxaha oxidizable. Waa in la ogaadaa in oxides chlorine aan macquul ahayn qarxi karaan halka chlorates qarxi kaliya markii loo feydo fikrada kasta.

Caan ku chlorine booska nidaamka wareegsan,

• walax fudud;
• element group toddoba iyo tobnaad oo miiska wareegsan;
• xilli saddexaad oo isku xigta saddexaad;
• group toddobaad kooxda ugu weyn;
• Tirada qaaradda 17;
• tusinaysaa calaamad cl;
• Waxyeelo bacayn;
• waa koox halogeen ah;
• xaaladaha dhow si caadi ah, waa gaas sun ah midab ah hurdi-cagaaran leh ur pungent;
• Britain ayaa la eb chlorine uu leeyahay 2 (formula cl _2).

The guryaha jirka ah chlorine ee:

• dhibic karaya: -34,04 ° C,
• dhibic barafku: -101,5 ° C,
• cufnaanta ah ee gobolka gaseous - 3, 214 g / l;
• cufnaanta ee chlorine dareere (muddada karaya) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• cufnaanta ee chlorine adag - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• mugga gaar ah - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Koloriin, isbedel heerkulka sifo

In gobolka gaseous uu awood u leeyahay in si fudud la galeen. At cadaadis a of 8 atmospheres iyo heerkul ah 20 ° C waxa ay u muuqataa sida dareere ah meelo godgodan oo-jaalle ah. Waxay leedahay a guryaha xoqe mid aad u sarreeya. Sida dhaqanka shows, element kiimikada joogteyn karto gobolka dareere ilaa heerkulka muhiim ah (143 ° C), la siiyo kordhinta cadaadiska.

Haddii la qaboojiyey in ay heerkul ah -32 ° C, badala ay gobolka jirka si dareere ah iyadoo aan loo eegin cadaadiska Hawada. On sii cayimay heerkulka crystallization dhacdaa (jibbaarada -101 ° C).

Koloriin ee dabiiciga ah

qolof dhulka chlorine wuxuu ka kooban yahay oo kaliya 0,017%. Inta badan waa in gaasaska Kobenhagen. Sida aan kor ku tilmaamay, waxyaabaha la leeyahay hawl kiimikada weyn, si dabiici ah dhacdaa waxyaabaha kale ee xeryahooda. War sidee hannaanka ee macdanta ka kooban chlorine. element sifo kuu ogolaanayaa formation of qiyaastii boqol macdanta kala duwan. Sida caadiga ah, chlorides biraha this.

Sidoo kale, xaddi weyn waa in badaha - ku dhawaad 2%. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in chlorides si firfircoon u milmaan iyo faafin iyadoo la kaashanayo of webiyada iyo badaha. Geedi socodka dambe. Koloriin dib xeebtay ku maydhay, oo waxay isagii ka dibna dabaysha qaada iyada oo xaafadda. Taasi waa sababta tirada ugu badan lagu arkay xeebaha. In meelaha oomane dunida ina hor gaaska waxaa la aasaasay by uumi oo biyo ah, ku dheehan biyaha cusbada muuqan. Sanad kasta dunida soo ku saabsan 100 milyan oo tan oo ah walaxda. In, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha la yaab leh, sababtoo ah waxaa jira meelo badan oo ay ku jiraan chlorine. Dabeecad isaga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan waxay ku xiran tahay si hufan on halka ay juqraafi ahaan.

Hababka for soo saara chlorine

Maanta waxaa jira habab badan oo soo saara chlorine, ugu badan ee kuwaas oo ku soo socda:

1. diaphragm. Waxaa ugu fudud oo ka kharash yar. marmar ee electrolysis diaphragm ka gala meel anode ah. Dheeraad ah, on cathode mesh bir ah qulqula aperture ah. Waxaa ku jira qadar yar oo ah macdantaa polymeric. Muqaalka muhiimka ah ee qalabka tani waa countercurrent. Waxaa si toos ah uga soo qol anode in cathode ah, jidaynayey gaar ah dheecaanka hesho iyo chloro.

2. Dahaarka Jirka. tamarta-hufan ugu, laakiin ururka slozhnoosuschestvim. Similar in diaphragm ka. Farqiga u dhexeeya waa in anode iyo meel cathode waxaa gabi ahaanba kala xuub. Sidaas awgeed, natiijooyinka wax soo saarka laba durdurrada oo kala duwan ah.

Waa in la ogaadaa in soocista ee kiimikada. element (chlorine) heli by hababka waxay noqon doontaa kala duwan. More "nadiif ah" waxaa loo arkaa inay hab xuub.

3. Habka mercury la cathode dareere ah. Marka la barbar dhigo farsamooyinka kale, Doorashadan kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u hesho chlorine ugu saafi ah.

Jaantuska Schematic of rakibo ka kooban oo ka mid ah gacanta iyo bamka isku xiran oo decomposer ku qasan. Sida cathode la gareeyeen xal mercury bamka milix iyo anode ah - carbon ama electrodes graphite. Mabda'a rakibo waa sida soo socota: elektrolytka la sii daayay ka chlorine in laga saaro gacanta la anolyte. Laga soo bilaabo tan xaylka qabta dambe laga saaro iyo harta chlorine donasyschayut halite oo mar kale electrolysis ku soo laabtay.

Shuruudaha Ammaanka iyo wax soo saarka wax tar lahayn keentay in bedelka ee dareeraha ah a cathode adag.

Isticmaalka chlorine in codsiyada warshadaha

guryaha chlorine firfircoon u ogolaan in ay la isticmaalo in industry. Iyada oo element this kiimikada heli xeryahooda organochlorine kala duwan (chloride vinylalkohol, chloro-caag, iwm), Maandooriyaha, oo jeermiska dila. Laakiin Misbaax ugu weyn ee degan in industry ee waa wax soo saarka ee acid Hydrochloric iyo lime.

Si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa habab isku daahirin lahaayeen biyo nadiif ah. Si aad u taariikhda, isku dayayaan in ay u guurto ka habkan iska, waxaa badalay ozonation, maxaa yeelay, waxaannu ka fiirsaneysa maalkii ay saameyn xun ku jidhka bini'aadamka, biyaha ayaa sidoo kale koloriin ku baabbi'in dhuumaha. Waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in gobolka free cl saamaynta dhaawici on tuubooyinka ka polyolefins sameeyey. , Si kastaba ha ahaatee dalalka ugu siiyaan doorashada si hab koloriin.

Sidoo kale, chlorine waxaa loo isticmaalaa in metallurgy. waxaa la, helaan tiro ka mid ah macdanaha dhif ah (niobium, tantalum, titanium). In warshadaha kiimikada si firfircoon u isticmaalaan xeryahooda organochlorine kala duwan ee la dagaalanka haramaha iyo ujeedooyin kale ee beeraha, iyo element ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida bleach ah.

Sababtoo ah halka ay chloro dhismeedka kiimikada wada baabbi'iyaa ugu formaldehyde organic iyo imanba. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa iyada oo bleaching buuxda. Natiijada Tani waa keliya macquul ah hadii ay joogaan oo biyo ah, waayo, geedi socodka bleaching waxaa sabab u ah oxygen qaaradda, kaas oo la sameeyay ka dib suuska ee chlorine: cl ₂ + H ₂ O → HCL + HClO → 2HCl + O. Habkani waxa uu helay codsiga dhowr qarni ka hor iyo waa loo jecel yahay iyo maantadan la joogo.

A isticmaalka aad loo jecel yahay oo ah walaxda this for cayayaanka organochlorine. Kuwani waxyaabaha beeraha dili noolaha waxyeello, tegaayo dhirta dhawrsan. Qayb ka mid muhiim ah chlorine guud soo saaray dunida oo dhan u dhaco si loo isticmaalo beeraha.

Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee xeryahooda caag oo caag ah. Iyadoo ay gargaar, ka dhigay ningax silig, qalabka xafiisyada, hardware, qoyska qalabka qolof, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Waxaa jira fikir ah in masaxado helay sidan, dhib ku ah dadka, laakiin waxa aan la xaqiijiyay by sayniska.

Waa in la ogaadaa in chlorine ah (arrin dabeecad ee la siidaayay si faahfaahsan hore) sida gaaska khardal iyo fosjiin, loo isticmaalo codsiyada military wakiilada dagaal kiimiko iyo taagayo ay.

Koloriin mid wakiil ka ah dhalaalaya oo non-birta

Nonmetals - walxaha fudud, kaas oo ka mid ah gaasaska iyo cabitaanno. Xaaladaha intooda badan, waxay qabtaan korontada ka xun biraha oo ay ku kala duwan la taaban karo ee sifooyinka jirka iyo farsamo. Iyadoo heer sare ionization awood u sameynta xarunta kiimikada covalent. Sharaxaad soo socda tusaale ahaan ka mid ah chlorine ku bacayn la siin doonaa.

Sida aynu hore u kor ku xusan, element this kiimikada waa gaas. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, waxa gabi ahaanba waa hantida ka maqan la mid yihiin kuwa biraha. Haddii aaney taageero dibadeed laga yaabaa in uusan jawaab la oxygen, nitrogen, carbon iyo kuwa kale. Its soo bandhigid oksidheeyeyaal ah ee xidhiidh la a walxaha qalafsan fudud oo gaar ah. Waxaa loola jeedaa in halogens, kaas oo si cad u muuqataa in sifooyinka kiimikada ay. xeryahooda The kale ee halogens (bromine, astatine, iodine), iyaga barakiyeen. chlorine The gaseous (sifo isaga - cadeyn toos ah) si fiican u kala diri. Waa jeermiska aad u fiican. Kaliya dila noolaha, taas oo ka dhigaysa in ay lagama maarmaan beeraha iyo daawo.

U isticmaal sida sunta

eb chlorine sifo kuu ogolaanayaa ay la isticmaalo sida wakiilka ah sun. Gas markii ugu horaysay la isticmaalo by Germany, 04/22/1915 ka, inta lagu guda jiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, oo sabab u ah geerida ku saabsan 15 kun oo nin.. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sida sun ma khuseeyo.

Ha na siiyo sharaxaad kooban oo curiye kiimiko sida wakiilka ah ku mergado. Wuxuu saameeyaa jidhka bini'aadamka iyada oo ku dhegto. Bixinta horeysay cuncun marinka hawada sare iyo indho cuncun. Waxay ku bilaabmaa qufac joog- neefsashada. Next, cabaar sambabbada, gaaska idlayso unugyada sambabada, taas oo keenta in bararka. Muhiim! Koloriin waa shay si dhakhso ah.

Iyada oo ku xidhan fiirsashada hawada, calaamadaha noqon kartaa kala duwan. At uruureen yar aadanuhu casaan ah xub-axaleedka, neefta oo khafiif ah neeftiisa. Content in jawiga of 1.5-2 g / m ³ sababa darnaanta iyo thrills xabadka, xanuun af hawo sare. Sidoo kale, gobolka waxaa la socon kara by lacrimation xoog leh. 10-15 daqiiqo qol leh fiirsashada ah chlorine sida dib markii dhacaa sambabada sari xoog leh oo dhimasho. Marka uruureen denser dhimasho suurto gal daqiiqo ka curyaannimo ee aagga sare ee neefsashada gudahood.

Marka la walax this ka shaqeeya waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo dhar badbaadin, maaskaro, gacmo gashi.

Koloriin nolosha noolaha iyo dhirta

Koloriin waa qayb ka mid ah noolaha ku dhow ku nool oo dhan. Feature waa in laga yaabaa in aan la joogo qaab saafi ah iyo qaab xeryahooda noqon.

In xayawaanka iyo noolaha aadanaha ee atammada chlorine la hayo sinnaanta osmotic. Waxaa sabab u xaqiiqda ah in ay leeyihiin kala duwan ugu haboon wax lays of xuub gacanta. Oo ay la socdaan udhigo potassium cl dejisa dheelitirka biyaha iyo cusbada. In xiidmaha, udhigo chlorine ku abuuraan jawi wanaagsan, waayo tallaabada of falgalka proteolytic oo casiir ah gastric. channels Chloride waxaa lagu bixiyaa in unugyada badan oo jidhka ah. Iyada oo dareere ay intercellular dhacdaa iyo pH hayo unugyada. About 85% ka mid ah mugga guud ee element this ee jirka ku jira waa in meel bannaan oo intercellular. Saxarrada kaadi mareenka. Waxaa la soo saaro jidhka dumar ah ee geedi socodka of naas-nuujinta.

Marka marxaladdan of horumarinta waa si gaar ah ay adag tahay in la sheego waxa cudurka dhirfinaya chlorine iyo xeryahooda ay. Tan waxa u sabab la'aanta ah ee cilmi-baarista ee ku yaala goobahan.

Sidoo kale, udhigo chlorine ka joogaan in unugyada dhirta. Waxa uu si firfircoon uga qayb-shiid tamarta. Haddii aan element this of habka of photosynthesis suurtogal ma aha. Iyada oo xididdada ka in ay si firfircoon uga nuugo walxaha loo baahan yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fiirsashada badan oo chlorine in dhirta oo awood u dadkaas oo saameyn dhib (hoos habka photosynthesis, joojin horumarinta iyo koritaanka).

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira wakiillo ka flora in ay awoodaan in ay "ka dhigi saaxiibada", ama ugu yaraan uu si fiican ula shayga. Dabeecad bacayn (chlorine) waxaa ku qoran barta sida awoodda walax si oxidize carradu. In horumar ah ee dhirta ee kor ku xusan, loo yaqaan halophytes, biyagaleenka ahuba cusbo degay madhan, oo waxay ahaayeen madhan sababtoo ah badin ah ee element this. Waxay u nuugo udhigo chlorine, ka dibna laga takhaluso iyaga ka mid ah oo macneheedu yahay caleen dayrta.

Gaadiidka iyo kaydinta of chlorine

Waxaa jira siyaabo dhowr ah oo ay u guuraan oo chlorine dukaanka. element Feature u baahan dhululubada-kar sare ee gaarka ah. Weelasha noocan oo kale ah waxay leeyihiin calaamad aqoonsi - a line cagaaran toosan. taangiyada Bil kasta waa in si fiican loo nadiifiyo. kaydinta daba dheeraaday ee dhexdeeda chlorine soo dadajin waxaa la aasaasay taas oo ah heer sare qarxa - trichloride nitrogen. Ka gaabinta inay dhawraan amaanka oo dhan Sharuucda suuroggalaan lama filaan ah suurto gal ah iyo qaraxa.

Study of chlorine

farmashiye Future chlorine waa in la yaqaan sifo. Under qorshaha, 9-fasalka xitaa gelin karaa tijaabooyin shaybaadh la walax this ku saleysan aqoon aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca. Dabcan, macalinka waxaa waajib ku ah in ay sameeyaan tababar ammaanka.

Nidaamka shaqeeya sida soo socota: waa in aad qaadan sibraar iyo ku shub chlorine galay waxaa swarf. In duulimaadka, chips ka iftiimiyo doonaa dhimbiiluhu iftiin dhalaalaya iyo waqti isku mid ah waa ay fududahay in qiiq cad SbCl _3. Marka Hawiyaha weel of daasadda chlorine fashiliyaan sidoo kale waa is-ayagoo shiday, laakiin on hoose ee sibraar si tartiib ah hoos u xashka ah dabka. Inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celin this dareere ah qaaca - SnCl _4. Marka u geliya diiwaan gelintii birta weel sameeyay cas "dhibciyo" oo ka muuqan doona qiiq cas FeCl _3.

Oo ay weheliso shaqada la taaban karo lagu celceliyo aragtida. Gaar ahaan, su'aal sida sifo chlorine ee booska nidaamka wareegsan sida (ku tilmaamay at bilowgaba).

Sidaas darteed of tijaabo, waxa ay u muuqataa in jawaab element in ay xeryahooda organic. Haddii aad ku riday weel ku leh suufka chlorine qooyay dhuuqi hore, waxaa isla markiiba u gubta, iyo sibraar ku soo maratay adhigiinna uu danbas. Si tayo leh qiiqaysana sodium dab ah hurdi, iyo derbiyada galaasyada ah kiristaalo cusbo muuqan. Ardayda waxay daneeyn doonaan inay bartaan in, halka weli farmashiyaha dhallinyaro ah, NN Semenov (ka dib Nobel horumoodka), isagoo waayo-aragnimo oo caynkaas ah, laga soo ururiyey derbiyada sibraarkii, iyo cusbo, rusheeyey, iyada cunto iyo cunay. Chemistry sax ahaa iyo ma uusan sii dayn cilmiga ah. Sidaas darteed oo waayo aragnimo ah kiimikada ah run ahaantii jeestay cusbo miiska caadiga ah!