Cyanobacteria - waa ... Cyanobacteria: Qaabkadhismeedka, warbixin guud

Waxaa ka mid ah noolaha hadda jira, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah accessories, kaas oo in kasta oo inta boqortooyadayda ku dabiiciga ah waa khilaaf joogto ah. Sidaas darteed waa xayawaan yeedhay cyanobacteria. Inkastoo magaca dhabta ah ay leeyihiin. micne ah oo aad u badan:

• algae buluug-cagaaran,
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye algae iyo kuwa kale.

Waxaa soo baxday in cyanobacteria - waa arrin yar, laakiin waqti isku mid ah jirka sida adag iyo muranka u baahan in si taxaddar leh tixgelinta iyo dib u eegaan qaab-dhismeedkooda si loo ogaado raacsan saxda Qorxeey.

Taariikhda daahfurka jiritaanka iyo

Sida laga soo xigtay diiwaanka lafo ah, taariikhda algae buluuga ah-cagaaran xidido ku leeyahay ay ilaa hadda ka dib markii, wax yar milyan oo sano ka hor. Natiijadu waxay keentay in daraasadda of paleontologists, kuwaas oo lafaguray dhagaxyada (goobaha) oo jeer kuwa fog.

cyanobacteria laga helay on dusha sare ee tijaabada, qaab dhismeedka ah taas oo ahayd ma ka duwan in foomamka casriga ah. Tani waxay muujinaysaa heerka sare ah oo ka mid ah waafajinta xayawaan in xaaladaha deegaanka kala duwan, si ay dulqaadasho xad-dhaaf ah iyo badbaadada. Waxaa cad in malaayiin sano, waxaa jiray wax badan oo isbeddel ah ee Halabuurka heerkulka iyo gaaska ee caalamka ka. Waxba, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma saamayn meelmar ah ee cyan.

In cyanobacteria casriga ah - a hal-unuglaha shaqeeyo, kaas oo lagu furay lala noocyada kale ee unugyada bakteeriyada. Taasi waa, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, lui Pasterom iyo aqoonyahanno kale ee qarniyo XVIII-XIX.

Daraasad taxadir dheeraad ah ay ka dib maray, horumarinta microscopy electron iyo farsamooyinka maaisaaniyadda habab cilmi. Features loo aqoonsaday in hantidaan cyanobacteria. qaab-dhismeedka gacanta ka mid ah tiro ka mid ah oo cusub, ma laga helay xayawaan kale, dhismayaasha.

kala soocidda

Su'aasha si loo ogaado in ay raacsan Qorxeey ayaa weli u furan. Inkasta oo la og yahay hal shay oo kaliya: cyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Tani waxaa xaqiijiyay by sifooyinka sida:

• Maqnaanshaha xuduntii ah, mitochondria, chloroplasts;
• joogitaanka in murein derbiga unug;
• S-ribosome Britain ayaa ka kooban unugyada.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes, tirintii oo ku saabsan 1.5 milyan oo noocyada. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu tilmaamay oo isugu keenaa in 5 kooxaha morphological waaweyn.

1. Chroococcales. Filan koox weyn midaynta foomamka keli ah ama gumeysiga. uruureen sare ee noolaha waa la wada qabtay by xab ku qarisay derbiga unugyada caadiga ah ee qof walba. Qaabka uu kooxdan waa ul-qaabeeya iyo qaab-dhismeedka spherical.
2. Plevrokapsovye. Aad mid ah foom hore, laakiin waxaa jira feature a qaab la xirrira beotsitov (more on this ifafaale ka dib). halkan cyanobacteria ka mid yihiin saddex fasal oo aasaasi ah: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. feature ugu weyn ee kooxdaan waa in dhammaan unugyada lagu daro dhismaha caadi ah loo yaqaan trichome mucic. Qeybtu waxay qaadataa meel, oo aan ka baxsan thread this, gudaha. Ostsillatorii waxaa ka mid ah in xubnaha unugyada si gaar ah daaqsinka, qaybintii asexually badh.
4. Nostokovye. Interesting ay cryophilic. Karaa inuu dego lamadegaanka furan baraf la xirrira iyaga on weerarada midab. Waxa loogu yeero arrin "ubaxu lamadegaanka baraf." The noocyo ka mid ah noolaha iyo filamentous sida trichomes, laakiin galmo taranka, iyada oo gargaar ka mid ah unugyada khaas ah - heterocysts. Halkan waxaad ka mid noqon kara xubnaha soo socda: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. Aad mid ah kooxda hore. Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee hab ee dhalmo - waxay ku tarmeen qaybin karaa gudahood gacanta isla. The wakiilka ugu caansan ee ururka this - Fisherelly.

Sayidka, cyan iyo kala saaraa sida ay shuruudaha morphological, sida inta ka jiro su'aalo badan oo u soo baxday wareer. Botanists iyo Mikrobiyoolojiistayaash in ay hooseeyaha caadi ah in Taxonomy ee cyanobacteria weli ma iman karo.

degaanada

Sababo la xiriira joogitaanka qalab gaar ah (heterocysts, beotsitov, tillakoidov aan caadi ahayn, vacuoles gaaska, kartida si uu u xaliyo nitrogen kelli oo kale) noolaha xogta meel kasta degeen. Waxay awoodaan si ay u noolaadaan oo xataa xaaladaha ugu ba'an yihiin, taas oo ay jirto ma shaqeeyo nool ma jiri karaan. Tusaale ahaan, kulul baxaa thermophilic xaaladaha, anaerobic leh jawi tayadda hydrogen, deegaan acidic isagoo pH ka yar 4.

Cyanobacteria - shaqeeyo ah ka badbaaday aamusnaan on cammuudda badda oo darfaha dhagax, blocks baraf iyo lamadegaanka kulul. Baro iyo garto joogitaanka cyanogen noqon kartaa midabka sifo on Daqsi, taas oo samaysa deegaanada ay. Color kala duwanaan karaa buluug-madow inay casaan iyo guduud.

Sinezelenymi ay u yeedhay, taas oo inta badan waa dushiisa oo biyo cusub ama milix caadi ah ay u sameeyaan a mucic film buluug-cagaaran. Tani waxay ifafaale loo yaqaan "blooms algal." Waa la arki karaa on dhowaad wax u gudubno, kaas oo uu bilaabo si ay u koraan iyo leexdo xagga qoyan.

Maqaallo dhismeedka cell

Cyanobacteria leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka caadiga ah noolaha prokaryotic, laakiin waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah dhegyadii.

Total qorshaha qaab-dhismeedka gacanta waa sida soo socota:

• cell murein derbiga iyo polysaccharides,
• xuub plasma bilipidnogo qaab-dhismeedka,
• cytoplasm wax hidaha si xor ah u qaybiyey qaab taagoo DNA;
• tillakoidy photosynthesis function hawlgalka iyo pigments ka kooban (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

qaybo gaar ah oo ka mid ah unugyada ee hoos lagu sharxay.

Noocyada qaababka gaar ah

Tani waxay ugu horayn geterotsisty. dhismayaasha Kuwani - ma badanaa, laakiin iyagu unugyada qayb ka mid ah trichomes (dun gumeysiga weheliso xab badan). Waxay ku kala duwan marka arko microscope by ay ka kooban, tan iyo markii ay shaqada ugu weyn ee - saarka ee eulayska, jidaynayey si uu u xaliyo nitrogen kelli ka hawada. Sidaa darteed, pigments ee geterotsisty waxaa jira wax yar, laakiin wax badan oo nitrogen.

Marka labaad, waxaa gormogonii - qaybaha laga soo saaray trichomes. Waxay u adeegaan sida salaysan taranta.

Beotsity - waa nooc ka mid ah unugyada gabadhiisa, mass waa caqliga leh hal waalid. Mararka qaarkood ay tiro oo gaaray kummannaan waayo, mid muddo Qaybta. By sida feature a Dermokapsy kartaa kale Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - unugyada gaarka ah ee gobolka quiescent oo ka mid ah trichomes ah. Waxay ku kala duwan polysaccharides derbiga unug hodan more weyn. Ay door la mid tahay geterotsisty.

vacuoles Gas - waxay leeyihiin cyanobacteria oo dhan. qaab-dhismeedka gacanta hore oo muujinaysa in ay wada joogaan. Kaalintooda - qaadashada qayb qaadashada habraaca ku biyo ubax. magaca kale ee dhismayaasha sida - Carboxysome.

dardargelinta Cell. Dhab ahaan way leeyihiin, iyo in dhirta iyo xoolaha iyo unugyada bakteeriyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, algae buluuga ah-cagaaran, inclusions kuwanu waa xoogaa kala duwan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• glycogen;
• dhagaxyada polyphosphate;
• tsianofitsin - walax gaar ah, oo ka kooban aspartate, arginine. Waxay u adeegtaa kaydinta of nitrogen, tan iyo inclusions kuwanu waa in heterocysts.

Tani waa waxa uu leeyahay cyanobacterium. qaybo Main iyo unugyada gaarka ah iyo organelles - taasi waxa weeye waxa u ogolaanaya tsianeyam fuliyaan photosynthesis, laakiin waqti isku mid ah in lagu daweeyo bakteeriyada.

dhalmo

Hawlgalkani waxa aan si gaar ah u adag tahay, sida la mid ah, kuwaas oo ah bakteeriyada ee caadiga ah. Cyanobacteria vegetatively kala qaybin karo, qaybo ka mid ah trichomes, unugyada caadiga ah laba, ama si ay u fuliyaan habka galmada.

Inta badan in hawlgaladaa ku lug unugyada khaas ah geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

siyaabo dhaqdhaqaaqa

qafis ayaa waxaa lagu daboolayaa ku saabsan cyanobacteria ka baxsan derbiga cell, iyo mararka qaar xitaa lakabka gaar ah polysaccharide awood u sameynta kaabsal mucic ku wareegsan. Waa in habkaani mahad iyo gaadiidka guuro cyan.

Flagella ama cilia gaar ah. Dhaqdhaqaaqa la fulin karo oo keliya dushiisa ku adag la dhimay gaaban xab. Ostsillatorii qaarkood waxay leeyihiin hab aad aan caadi ahayn u dhaqaaqo - ay tahay mareeg ay dhidibka waqti isku mid ah ka dhigi wareeg ah oo ka mid ah trichomes oo dhan. Haddaba waxaa jira dhaqdhaqaaq on dusha a.

Awoodda si uu u xaliyo nitrogen

Habkaani wuxuu leeyahay kasta oo cyanobacterium. Tani waa mahad suurto gal ah in nitrogenase ku Insaymkaas dhalato awood nitrogen kelli oo u turjumi ah xeryahooda foomka digestible. Tani waxay dhacdaa qaab-dhismeedka geterotsisty. Sidaa darteed, kuwa nooc oo ha ku leeyihiin, si uu u xaliyo nitrogen ka soo hawada ma karo.

Guud ahaan, geeddi-socodka taas oo ka dhigaysa a cyanobacteria dadkuba aad u muhiim u ah nolosha geedka. Gelida ciidda, cyan flora caawiyaan nuugo nitrogen xidhxidhan iyo nolol caadi ah.

noocyada anaerobic

nooc ka mid ah algae buluug-cagaaran (tus, Ostsillatorii) waxay awoodaan in ay ku noolaadaan a xaaladaha gebi anaerobic, iyo jawiga of tayadda hydrogen. Xaaladdan oo kale processing ee xarunta jidhka gudaha iyo waxaa la aasaasay iyada oo sababtu tahay baaruud kelli baxaysa deegaanka.