Dzhozef Pristli - naturalist, Faylasuuf, farmashiyaha. furitaanka Biography

Waxaa la odhan jiray King of dareen. Dzhozef Pristli hadhay ee taariikhda qoraaga daahfurtay aasaasiga ah ee kiimikada ee gaasaska iyo aragtida ah oo koronto ah. Wuxuu ahaa theosophist iyo wadaad, oo la odhan jiray "heretic daacad ah."

Priestley - aqooneed ee ugu weyn ee dhexe labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ah, ayaa ka tagay ay ku ganaya on falsafada iyo philology, iyo qaar kaloo badan - waa hindisa biyaha soda iyo tirtire si masixi khadadka qalin ka warqad.

sanadaha hore

The ugu weynaa ee lix carruur ah qoysaska muxaafidka Draper, Dzhozef Pristli ku dhashay guga ee 1733 tuulo yar oo u dhow Leeds Filskhed. xaaladaha adag ee carruurnimada hore, waalidiinta lagu qasbay in ay Joseph qoyska ka mid ah uu eedadii, kuwaas oo go'aansaday in ay u diyaar garoobaan wadaadkii Anglican adeer xirfado diro. isaga sugayay barbaarinta adag iyo waxbarasho fiican ee aadanaha iyo fiqiga.

Early in muujinta oo ka mid ah awooda iyo dadaalka oo loo ogol yahay Priestley guulaysata dhammaystirka dugsiga sare Batley, halkaas oo hadda waa awood a magiciisa, iyo Academy fiqi ee Daventry. Waxa uu ka qayb galay koorso ee cilmiga dabiiciga ah iyo kiimikada ee Jaamacadda Warrington, oo waxay isagii u keeneen in uu abaabulo shaybaarka guri oo ay bilaabaan ah tijaabooyinka sayniska madax banaan.

Saynisyahanka-wadaadkii

In 1755, Dzhozef Pristli noqday kaaliyaha wadaad, laakiin waxaa si rasmi ah quduus ka dhigay in 1762. Waxay ahayd addoon aan caadi ahayn kiniisadda. Well bartay, isagoo garanaya 9 nool iyo luqadaha dhintay, ayuu ku qoray 1761 buugga "Fundamentals of English Grammar." tutorial Tani waxa ay ahayd khuseeya inta lagu jiro qarnigii bar ee soo socda.

Innagoo leh maanka gorfaynta noole, Dzhozef Pristli sameeyay diinta ay aaminsan yihiin, is ogyahay shuqullada ah faylosuufiinta sare iyo fiqiga. Sidaas darteed, ayuu ka fog caqiidada in u waxyoonay ee qoyska marka ay dhashaan socday. Wuxuu ayaa ka Calvinism in Arianism, ka dibna si ka sii rationalistic durdur - Unitarianism.

Inkastoo iibiyo, taas oo waxaa isagii u yimid ka dib markii xanuun carruurnimo, Priestley mashquul ku ahaa wacdinta iyo waxbarista, Horudhaca Benjamin Franklin - ka saynisyahano u fiican oo waqtiga - ayaa kor u qaadeen layliyada sayniska Dzhozefa Pristli.

Tijaabo berrinkii korontada

Home Research for Franklin ahaa physics. Korontada waa dan waxaan weyn U Pristli, iyo talo ah ee mid ka mid ah mustaqbalka US aasaasay awowayaashiis in 1767 uu daabacay shaqada "History iyo gobolka jooga oo koronto ah." In waxa jira dhawr daahfurtay asaasiga ah, kaas oo keenay qoraaga sumcad si fiican u qalantay in ay wareegyo saynisyahano Ingiriiska iyo Yurub ayaa la soo bandhigay.

conductivity korontada ee graphite, Priestley danbe helay helay muhiimadda ku ool weyn. carbon saafi ah waxa uu noqday qayb ka mid ah qalabka korontada. Priestley tilmaamay waayo-aragnimo ah ee electrostatics, taas oo uu ku soo gabagabeeyey in qiimaha la mid ah ka mid ah saamaynta korontada iyo Newtonian ah ciidamada cuf. Muujiyey sida ay malo sharciga "bedelka square" ka dibna ka muuqataa in sharciga aasaasiga ah ee aragtida ah ee korontada - sharciga Coulomb ee.

carbon dioxide

Physics, korontada, conductance, ka qaadaan dhexgalka - ma aha oo kaliya danaha sayniska Priestley. Waxa uu helay maadooyinka waxbarasho ee meelaha ugu lama filaan ah. Shaqada taas oo horseeday in helitaanka carbon dioxide, ayaa la bilaabay intii uu daawashada of warshadaha yaynana kolna u.

In 1772, Priestley jiideen sifooyinka gaaska taas oo loo sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro halsano of johannesört dareenka. Waxay ahayd carbon dioxide. Priestley ayaa soo saartay hab ka mid ah gaaska soo saara ee shaybaarka, waxaan helay in ay ka culus tahay hawada, ay adag tahay in ay gubaan oo waa heer sare L. biyo, waxaa la siinayo aan caadi ahayn ah, dhadhan dhiig.

photosynthesis

Sii tijaabo la carbon dioxide, Priestley gelin waayo-aragnimo, kuwaas oo bilaabay la taariikhda helitaanka aasaasiga ah ee jiritaanka nolosha on ifafaale caalamka this - photosynthesis. Saarid weel galaas oo biqilka dhirta cagaaran ah, ayuu iftiin shumac iyo buuxi weelka la carbon dioxide. Muddo ka dib, wuxuu ku riday jiirarkii ku nool iyo isku dayeen in ay shidaan dab. Xayawaanka sii waday in ay ku nool yihiin, iyo gubashadii sii.

Priestley noqday qofka ugu horeeya si ay u dhawraan photosynthesis. Sharax muuqaalka kore ee weel xiran gaaska awood u dayactirka neefsashada iyo sari dhirta oo keli ah ayaa laga yaabaa awoodda si uu u nuugo carbon dioxide iyo sii daayo dheeraad ah, walax nooleeya. Natiijada tijaabada ahaayeen aasaas u ah dhalashada aragtiyaha caalamka mustaqbalka jirka, oo ay ku jiraan sharciga ilaalinta ee tamarta. Laakiin natiijada ugu horeeyay ee cilmiga waxay ahaayeen waafaqsan ka dibna sayniska.

Dzhozef Pristli sharaxay photosynthesis marka la eego aragtida phlogiston ah. Its qoraaga - Georg Ernst Stahl - wareegay joogitaanka walxaha ololi kara mukhaadaraadka ku qeexan - dheecaanka weightless - phlogistic, iyo geedi sari waa wakiilka burbur galay qaybaha dastuurka iyo nuugista hawada phlogistic. Priestley ahaa taageere ka mid ah aragtida this xitaa ka dib markii uu ka dhigay daahfurka ugu muhiimsan - qoondeeyey oxygen.

daahfurka A waaweyn

tijaabo badan oo Dzhozefa Pristli keentay in natiijada in ay si fiican u sharxay by saynisyahano kale. Wuxuu loogu talagalay qalab meesha gaasas soo saaray laga soocaa hawada aan biyo iyo dheecaan kale ee denser - mercury. Sidaas darteed, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay ka jaraan volatiles, oo markii hore kala diri ee biyaha.

gaaska The ugu horeysay cusub oo laga heli Priestley ahaa xabagta nitrus. Waxa uu helay saamayn aan caadi ahayn oo ku saabsan dadka ay, sababta waxaa jiray magaca aan caadi ahayn - qosol gaaska. Later waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida suuxinta qalliinka.

In 1774, oo ah walaxda dambe loo aqoonsaday xabagta mercury, saynisyahano ku guulaysteen in la takooro gaas ah oo laambadda bilaabeen in ay gubaan si lama filaan ah dhalaalaya. Wuxuu ugu yeerayey dephlogisticated hawada. Priestley hayo aaminsan in nooca sari, xataa marka Antuan Lavuaze caddeeyeen in furitaanka Dzhozefa Pristli - walax oo haysta ugu muhiimsan ee guryaha guud ahaan nolosha geedi socodka. gaaska New loo magacaabay oxygen.

Chemistry iyo Life

Carbon dioxide, xabagta nitrus, oxygen - baadhitaan oo ka mid ah gaasaska bixiyo Priestley in sheekooyinka chemistry. Go'aaminta kooban of gaasas ku lug leh geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis - Saynisyahan kaalin bayoolaji. Tijaabo la eedeeyay korontada, hababka kala daatay ammonia isticmaalaya korontada, saynisyahan optics shaqo helay kalsoonida mid yihiin kuwa physicists.

helitaanka, by Priestley April 15, 1770 ka dhigay, ma laha sida qiimaha aasaasiga ah. Waxaa fududeeyay nolosha dadka qarniyada badan ee dugsiyada iyo shaqaalaha xafiiska. Sheekada furitaanka bilaabay xaqiiqada ah in Priestley helay sida gabal caag si fiican India ayaa ka tirtiro khadadka qalin warqad. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku caag ah - waxa aan ugu yeedhay tirtire ah.

Falsafada iyo diinta ay aaminsan yihiin khilaafeen xornimada Priestley in uu isaga kasbadeen sumcad ee fekeraya caasiyoobay. buugga Priestley "History of Masiixiyada musuqmaasuqa" (1782) iyo ka muujiyey taageerada ay u hayaan kacdoonkii ee France iyo America ka dhigay cadho ka mid ah ugu sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda of Konserfatifka British ah.

Markii uu u dabaal in 1791 la guuradii sida maskax ah iiriyo of Bastille ah, sii shiday by wacyigaliyo goobasho u baabbi'iyey reerkii Priestley iyo shaybaarka ee Birmingham. Saddex sano ka dib lagu qasbay inuu haajiraan si ay u Maraykanka, halkaas oo in 1804 iyo maalmaha uu dhamaaday.

hiwaayadda weyn

Diinta, bulshada iyo siyaasadda waxqabad Priestley - kaalin weyn horumarka aqooneed ee Europe, America iyo adduunka oo dhan. Materialist iyo koox weyin taagleyn, wuxuu si firfircoon uga wada xiriiraa maskaxda ugu madax banaan Zaman.

Ninkan badan loo arkaa dilettante ah, saynisyahano u wac, ma heli waxbarashada sayniska joogto ah oo dhamaystiran, waxaa Priestley eedeeyay xaqiiqda ah in uu si buuxda u ogaan karin muhiimadda ay leedahay helay isaga dhigay.

Laakiin in da 'kale ahaa Dzhozef Pristli. Uu Biography - bogga dhalaalaysa ee taariikhda dunida. Tani waa nolosha ardayba, aad u fiican, wax wacdiya qanciyay fikrado badan horusocod ah, xubin sharaf oo dhan tacliinta hoggaamineed sayniska ee yurub iyo dunida oo dhan - yahannada ayaa kaalin muhiim ah horumarinta aragtiyaha sayniska dabiiciga ah ee aasaasiga ah.