History of the kombiyuutarada qarniyo kala duwan

The kombiyuutarada marka hore u muuqday ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee caalamiga ah, marka furitaanka xisaabyahannada iyo aqoonyahanno kale oo loo ogol yahay in ay ogaadaan hab cusub oo reading macluumaadka. Oo in kastoo maanta mashiinada waxay u muuqdaan kuwo artifacts qalaad, waxayna la mid noqdeen awoowayaasha nin casriga ah ee wadada PC caadiga ah.

Manchester "Mark I" iyo EDSAC

computer kowaad ee dareenka casriga ah ee erayga uu noqday aalad "Mark I", ka abuuray 1949. Its yadiisa been in xaqiiqda ah in uu ahaa gabi ahaanba elektarooniga ah, iyo in uu xasuus qabaneysa barnaamijka. Tani guusha khubaro British ahaa madaxa bilow weyn ee taariikhda dheer ee horumarinta kombiyuutarada. Manchester "Mark I" waxaa ka mid ahaa tube Williams oo fuusto magnetic, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida bakhaar ah xogta.

Maanta, sannado badan ka dib, wuxuuu ahaa abuurista computer ugu horeeyay ee keeni doodda. Su'aasha muranka weli, nooca mashiinka la odhan karaa computer ugu horeysay. Manchester "Mark I" weli version ugu caansan, in kastoo ay jiraan tartamaya kale. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - EDSAC. taariikhda ah ee la alifay sidii computer ka noqon lahaa gabi ahaanba ka duwan oo aan mashiinka this. Haddii "Mark" muuqday Manchester, saynisyahano ah oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Cambridge abuuray ciidamada EDSAC. computer waxa loo sameeyey in May 1949. Markaas, barnaamijka ugu horeysay waxaa la sameeyaa waxa on, kaas oo la dhisay in square ee tirada 0 ilaa 99.

Z4

Manchester "Mark I" iyo EDSAC loogu talagalay barnaamijyo khaas ah. Tallaabada xigta ee horumar ah ee kombiyuutarada ayaa noqday Z4. Aan ugu yaraan, qalabka ciyaarin sheeko riwaayado of abuurka. computer ayaa waxaa loogu talagalay by injineer Jarmal Konrad Zuse. Work on mashruuca bilaabeen in ay final -yada ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxay si wayn u daahisay horumarinta this. Laboratory Zuse ayaa la burburiyay intii uu socday weerar ah oo ay diyaaradaha cadowga. Dhinacyada la lumay qalabka oo dhan iyo natiijooyinka hordhaca ah ee shaqada muddo dheer.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee injineer tayo ma quusan. Warshadaha sii ka dib bilawga ah ee dunida. In 1950, mashruuca ayaa waxaa ugu dambeyntii dhameystirtay. Long iyo qodxan ahayd sheeko ee ay abuurista. computer ayaa isla markiiba xiiso iyo Citaah. Waxay iibsaday baabuur. Z4 takhasusay xiiso leh sabab ah ugu sarreeya. computer waxay leedahay barnaamijyo caalami ah, in uu yahay, wuxuu ahaa qalabka multi-shaqo ugu horeeyay ee noocan ah.

Xaaladan oo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada electronic Soviet

In la mid ah 1950 taariikhda kombiyuutarada ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ay astaan u dhacdo aan ka yarayn muhiim ah. mashiinka Kombuyuutarada electronic yar - SECM waxaa la abuuray Institute Kiev ee Electrical Engineering. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey on mashruuca koox saynisyahano Soviet madax Academician Sergei Lebedev.

Qalabka mashiinka waxaa ka mid ah lix kun iyo nalalka. awoodda Large kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ay ula wareegaan hawlaha ah in hore loo arag ahaayeen farshaxanka Soviet. qalab A labaad qaban karo abbaaraha saddex kun oo hawlgallada.

daydo ganacsi

In marxaladda ugu horeysa ee kombiyuutarada horumarinta ay ku lug khubaro ka jaamacadaha ama hay'adaha kale ee dawladda. In 1951, waxaa jiray a model Leo aan, abuuray by shirkadda British maalgashiga gaarka Lyons iyo Company, kuwaas oo ay leedahay maqaayadaha iyo dukaamada. Iyada oo agaa of taariikhda qalab this kombiyuutarada ay gaareen guul kale oo muhiim ah. Leo aan loo adeegsaday ee processing xogta ganacsiga ugu horeysay. Its design ahaa la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka fikrado maamaan EDSAC.

The computer ganacsi American kowaad wuxuu ahaa I. UNIVAC wuxuu u muuqday in la mid ah 1951. Total ayaa iibin lix iyo afartan ka mid ah lagu daydo, kuwaas oo, qiimaha kasta oo taas oo ah in ay malaayiin doolar. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa loo isticmaalay in Tirakoobka Maraykanka. Qalabka wuxuu ka koobnaa in ka badan shan kun oo tuubooyinka vacuum. Sida warbaahinta loo isticmaalo in line u dhac of mercury ah. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waa la kaydin laga yaabaa in a kun oo eray. In koraya waxaan UNIVAC ah, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay ka tanaasulaan card tasoo ah oo taga si cajalad metallized. Iyada oo taageero ka qalab loogu xidhi karaa hab kaydinta ganacsi.

"Arrow"

Dhanka kale, kombiyuutarada electronic Soviet lahaa taariikh abuurniinta. Computer "Strela", taas oo u muuqday sanadkii 1953, wuxuu noqday aalad ugu horeysay sida serial in USSR. cibaaro ayaa la soo saaray ee mashiinada xisaabaadka warshad Moscow. Saddex sano wax soo saarka ee sideed-baarka ayaa soo saaray. Kuwani makiinadaha gaar ah ayaa lagu rakibay ee Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University iyo xafiisyada design ku yaalla magaalooyinka u xiran yihiin.

"Arrow" ayaa laga yaabaa 2-3 kun hawlgallada per labaad. Waayo, qalabka guriga, waxay ahaayeen tiro diiwaanka. Xogta ku kaydsan cajalad magnetic, taas oo kor u qaada 200 kun oo eray. qalabka horumarinta la siiyay ee Prize Stalin. Designer Chief Yuri Bazilevsky sidoo kale noqday Hero a of Socialist Labour.

Jiilkii labaad ee kombiyuutarada

In 1947, uu la transistors. In dabayaaqadii 50-mada. waxay bedelay tamar-Cunidda iyo laambadihii jilicsan. Iyada oo agaa of transistors mashiinka computer bilaabay taariikhda cusub ee abuurka. Computers ka heli, kuwaas oo qaybo cusub ayaa ka dib la aqoonsan yahay sida lagu daydo jiilka labaad. abuurnimo ugu weyn ayaa ah xaqiiqda ah in looxyada wareeg daabacan iyo transistors waxaa loo ogol yahay in ay aad u yareeyo size ee kombiyuutarada, sababta ay u sii badan wax ku ool ah oo ku haboon u noqdaan.

Haddii ka hor inta computer la degan qolalka oo dhan, ay hadda hoos u Joogaba of miisaska xafiiska. Noocan oo kale ah, tusaale ahaan, waxa uu ahaa model ah oo ka mid ah IBM 650. Laakiin xitaa transistors looma oggola dhibaato kale oo muhiim ah. Computers weli ahaayeen kuwo aad u qaali ah, maxaa yeelay, wixii lagu sameeyey oo kaliya si aad u dalbato jaamacadaha, shirkadaha waaweyn ama dawladaha.

horumar dheeraad ah oo kombiyuutarada

In 1959, uu abuurtay Bannaanka dhafan. Waxay ku calaamadsan bilowgii qarnigii saddexaad oo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada. 1960. Waxay ahaayeen muhiimka ah ee computer ah. Ay wax soo saarka iyo iibka aad u kordhay. Thanks to qaybaha cusub ee qalabka u noqday jaban iyo ka badan oo la heli karo, inkasta oo ay wali aan la shakhsi. Inta badan kombiyuutaro ka mid ah ayaa soo iibsaday by shirkadaha.

In 1971, horumarinta Intel ayaa sii daayay suuqa microprocessor ugu horeysay abid Intel 4004. Iyadoo uu sal u qarniga afraad ah kombiyuutarada muuqday. Micro-hababka loo ogol yahay arimo muhiim ah qaar ka mid ah ka hor inta uusan ku dhuumaalaysanaya qalab computer kasta. Mid ka mid ah item sida u qabata dhamaan hawlaha macquul ah iyo xisaabta, taas oo waxaa laga soo minguuriyay by code hooyo. Ka hor inta aan daahfurka this, shaqo this ahaa on set ah ee xubno ka yar. muuqaalka kore ee qayb keliya caalamiga ahaa harbinger ah ee horumarinta kombiyuutarada guriga yar.

kombiyuutarada shakhsi

In 1977, shirkadda Apple ee, aasaasay by Steve Jobs, dunida soo bandhigay in model ah Apple II. Its farqiga aasaasiga ah ka mid ah computer hore ahaa xaqiiqada ah in qalabka waa shirkad yar oo loogu tala galay California for sale in muwaadiniinta caadiga ah. Waxa ay ahayd horumar degdeg ah a, taas oo ilaa dhawaan u muuqday fudud kahdo. Sayidka bilaabay taariikhda jiilka computer kombiyuutarada shakhsi ah. in dalabka New ilaa 90aad ee. Muddadan, waxa uu ka iibiyey dhawaad todobo milyan oo unug, taas oo ahayd rikoor waadaxa ah ee waqtiga.

Raac daydo Apple leedahay interface garaafyada u gaar ah, dadka isticmaala yaqaanaan keyboard casriga ah iyo tabo cusub kale oo badan. All isku Stiv Dzhobs kaliya ka dhigay mouse computer caan ah. In 1984 wuxuu keenay inuu model ugu guulaha badan Macintosh, ayaa bilaabay kala duwan oo dhan, maanta jira. daahfurtay in badan oo ka mid ah injineerada iyo horumarinta Apple noqday aasaas u ah kombiyuutarada shakhsi maanta, abuuray by ay ka mid yihiin saarayaasha kale.

horumarka qoyska

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in dhammaan daahfurtay kacaan la xidhiidha kombiyuutarada, ka dhacay West ah, taariikhda abuurista waxa uu baaqi ku hooska guusha shisheeye kombiyuutarada ee Russia iyo USSR. Waxaa xiran xaqiiqda ah in horumarinta mashiinada sida ay gacanta dawladda, halka Yurub iyo initiative United States si tartiib tartiib maray gacmaha shirkadaha gaarka loo galay.

In 1964 computer Semiconductor ugu horeysay ee Soviet "Snow" iyo "Spring". In 1970-mada. kombiyuutarada "Elbrus" ayaa loo adeegsado warshadaha difaaca. Waxay la isticmaalo nidaamka difaaca anti-gantaal iyo xarumaha nukliyeerka.