Fatxi ee Genghis Khan. Years of naftiisa iyo boqornimadii of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan ee March in Russia

Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horeeyay oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka taariikheed ee hodanka ah oo ka mid ah expanses qarnigii XIII ka Siberia in waqooyiga Iiraan iyo Azov lagu dhawaaqay dananiddaadii fardo duulay xad-dhaaf ah, loola cararay ka bixiyo oo ka mid ah deel Mongoliyaan. Waxay keentay for hanad shar leh oo aan ka qabno hore - guulayste ka madxna Genghis Khan iyo guulayste ee quruumaha.

Wiilka geesiga Esugeya

Temujin - sidaas oo kale ayaa dhalashada ayaa loo magacaabay Genghis Khan, taliyaha mustaqbalka ee Mongolia iyo waqooyiga China - wuxuu ku dhashay boldog a delüün mareenka yar, cunugtii on bangiyada of River Onon ah. Wuxuu ahaa ina sare maxalli ah Esugeya unobtrusive, u dhashay hase ahaatee horyaalka Bahadar, taas oo macnaheedu yahay "dagaalyahan." Horyaalka sharafeedka noocan oo kale ah uu ka helay oo uu guul weyn hogaamiyaha Tataarka Tmudzhinom-Ugra. Oo dagaalka ku jira si ay u caddeeyaan in uu soo horjeeda kan kii, oo uu maxaabiis ahaan, isaga iyo booli oo kale oo lagu qabtay Oelun naagtiisa, sagaal bilood ka dib noqday hooyadiis Temujin.

Taariikhda dhabta ah ee dhacdadan saameyn doono koorsada ee taariikhda dunida, hubaal ma aha, laakiin ay u badan tahay waxaa wali loo arko in 1155. Oo ku saabsan sida uu ku qaatay sanadaha hore uu, sidoo kale ma noolaan macluumaad lagu kalsoonaan karo, laakiin waxaa la ogsoon yahay in sida ugu da'da sagaal Yesugei qabiilooyinkiinna middood deriska ah ninka u doonanuna way wiilkiisii by magaca aroosadda Borte ah. By habka, shaqsi ahaan, waxa joog, waayo, isaga dhamaaday aad u nasiib daro uu ku soo laabto oo uu ku sumoobay tataarka, kii isaga iyo ina habeen joogay.

Years of gafkii iyo murugo

Laga soo bilaabo da 'yar formation of Genghis Khan dhacay jawi halgan arxan ay u noolaadaan. Waa dhib in dadka uu bartay dhimashada Esugaja sida ka dambeysa uu carmal tuuray (ee geesiga ee dhicisoobay lahaa laba naagood) iyo carruur (kaas oo sidoo kale ka tagay badan), qaado hantida ku hadhay steppe oo dhan. qoyska Agoomaha dhawr sano ambaday, isagoo qarka u saaran macluul.

Sanadaha Hore ee Genghis Khan (Temujin) beegantay mudada goorta deel ku, waxaa ay hoy u tahay madaxda qabaa'ilka maxalliga noqday hoggaamiyay halgankii a kulul waayo, xoog, ujeedada taas oo ahayd jooge ah oo ka mid ah reer guuraa ku haray. Mid ka mid ah musharixiinta, kuwaas oo - madaxa qabiilka taychiutov Tarqutai-Kiriltuh (qaraabo fog aabbihiis) xataa qabtay nin dhalinyaro ah, oo uu ku arkay isaga ku jeeda mustaqbalka, iyo muddo dheer hayay blocks alwaax.

jaakad dhogorta, jeestay sheekada dadyowga

Laakiin qaddar ugu nicmeeyo lahaa xoriyadda maxbuus dhallinyarada ahaa oo u suurtagashay in ay Doqon silciya iyo in ay jebiyaan oo lacag la'aan ah. Waqtigaa, Fatxi ugu horeysay ee Genghis Khan. Waxay soo baxday in qalbiga guddiga quruxda dhalinyaro ah - uu loogu magac daray aroosadda. Si aad iyada Temujin tegey, oo kali ah hal mar lacag la'aan ah. miskiinkii, la raad pads on curcurta, wuxuu ahaa aroos mabsuud ka, laakiin waxaa suurto gal ah in la isku qaldo gabar qalbigiisa?

Sida yarad Borte ee aabbihiis ku celiyey inuu shuluggii raaxo Sable ina-in, kaas oo, inkasta oo ay u muuqato wax cajiib ah, wuxuu bilaabay inuu la koro guulayste mustaqbalka ee Asia. Midkoodna jirrabay ah si ay u muujiyaan off in maabalka qaali ah, laakiin Temujin dooratay haddii kale Wakiil ah hadiyad aroos ah.

isaga la, intuu ku socday inuu ugu awooda badan ee in hogaamiyaha steppe waqti - madaxa qabiilka Kerayit Toorilu Khan keenay iyo isaga in qiimaha kaliya, ma illoobo inay raaci hadiyad sasabasho ah munaasabadda ku haboon. biiro Tani waxa ay ahayd arrin aragti ah. Loogama qaadi of jubbado, Temujin helay sokoeye iyo awood leh, ee isbahaysiga oo bilaabay guulayste safarka ay.

laga bilaabo wadada

Iyada oo taageero ah sida saaxiib awood leh sida Toora Khan bilaabay qabsashadii ah Genghis Khan halyeeyga. Shaxda siiyey on maqaalka muujinaysaa oo keliya ugu caansan iyaga ka mid ah, kuwaas oo noqday taariikh muhiim ah. Laakiinse iyagu ma qaadi karo meel aan wax guul ah in a yar yar, dagaalo maxaliga ah in ay jidka u bannaysay for isaga si warkiisii dunida.

Soo ifbaxay degan ulus deriska ah, inuu isku dayay inuu ku daadin dhiig yar oo nolosha cadaawayaashooda intii suurto gal badbaadin. Tani laguma samayn sababtoo ah humanism, taas oo ahayd shisheeye si deggan oo deel ku, iyo si ay u soo jiitaan ku adkaan inay kooxdiisa oo ay sabab u tahay waxa in ay ku biiraan madaxda sare ee isaga iyo ciidankiisii. Iyagoo raalli ku qaatay isaga iyo nokors in - shisheeye ayaa diyaar u ah inuu u adeego, waayo, qayb ka mid ah bililiqada ololayaasha-soo-saarka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadaha hore ee Genghis Khan waxaa inta badan hadhaysay iyo yaraysi la dhibsado. Maalin maalmaha ka mid ayuu u baxay inuu weerar ku soo socda, taasoo ka dhigeysa ay xereyn unguarded. Tani waxay ka faa'iideysteen qabiilka Markit, kuwaas oo dagaalyahan ay ka maqan yihiin ciidanka la weeraray iyo hantida dhaceen, kaxaystay isaga la dumarkii oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan naagtiisa jecel yahay Bothe. iyadoo la kaashanayo isla Toora Khan Temujin kaliya ee uu ku guulaystay in uu guul Merkit noqon aamin.

guushii ay ka gaareen Tartars iyo qabsashada Eastern Mongolia

furasho kasta oo cusub oo Genghis Khan kiciyey uu sharafta ka mid ah reer guuraa steppe iyo gabagabada in tiro ka mid ah taliyayaasha ugu waaweyn ee gobolka. Qiyaastii in 1186 ayuu ka abuuray isaga oo ulus u gaar ah - nooc ka mid ah gobolka dhulgoosadka. Ku urursan gacmaha xooggiisa oo dhan, Inuu isaga la fadhiisiyo gayiga hoose si adag halbeegyada tayada toosan awoodda, halkaas oo ay dhammaan jagooyinka muhiimka ah ayaa lagu qabtay by ay qiyaas.

guuldaradii ee tataarka noqday mid ka mid ah guulaha ugu muhiimsan, taas oo bilaabay la qabsashadii of Genghis Khan. Shaxda siiyey on maqaalka waxaa loola jeedaa in ay dhacdo this in 1200, laakiin taxane ah oo dagaallo hubaysan ka dib markii ay shan sano ka hor bilowday. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XII ee tataarka soo maray jeer adag. degi jireen si joogto weeraray by cadowga xoog leh oo khatar ah - Ciidamada ka mid ah boqorada Chinese ah oo Jin qoyskii.

Ka faa'iidaysanaya this, Temujin biiray ciidamada Jin oo waxaa iyaga la weeraray cadowga. Xaaladdan oo kale, goolkiisii ugu muhiimsan ma ahaa in ay ka fiirsato, oo uu raalli ka ah lala wadaago Chinese ah, iyo itaal oo ka mid ah tataarka, kuwaas oo istaagay ee uu jidkiisa saldanad ah Ciddi leh ee deel ah. Markuu gaaray la doonayo, uu guuleysto dhow dhulka oo dhan bari Mongolia, noqon mid iyada oo taliye Ciddi leh, sida saamaynta ay guri ammaan Jin ee gobolka si weyn u wiiqay.

Conquest oo ka mid ah Territory Trans-Baikal

Waa baad ah ma aha oo kaliya in talanti istiraatiiji Temujin, laakiin xirfadaha diblomaasiyadeed. Farsamo mafaahiim hamiga hoggaamiyayaasha qabaa'ilka, ayuu had iyo jeer si toos ah ay cadaawad jihada wanaagsan isaga. By gelidda gaashaanbuur militari cadaawayaashiinna shalay iyo khiyaano weerarka saaxiibbo la soo dhaafay, wuxuu had iyo ogaa sida loo noqon guusha.

Ka dib markii Fatxi ee tataarka ee 1202 bilaabeen olole dagaal ee Genghis Khan ee Territory Trans-Baikal, halkaas oo in ka badan wilds qabiilooyinka degeen Tayichi'ut ah. Waxa aan ahaa Dilal sahlan in mid ka mid ah dagaallada in Khan ahaa khatar ah oo dhaawac ah cadowga arrow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka Qaniimooyin hodanka gooni wuxuu keenay kalsooni Khan, sida guul keligiis ahaa, iyada oo aan taageero ka sokeeye.

Cinwaanka Khan weyn, iyo set oo ah sharciyada "xulafadeeda"

Shantii sano ee soo socota ay ahaayeen in la sii wado oo uu furasho ah dadyowga oo badan oo ku nool dalka reer Mongolia. From guul guul kordhay xooggiisa iyo kordhay ciidanka, aamusa by horjeeda wareegay ay adeeg shalay. In guga hore 1206 Temujin lagu dhawaaqey Khan Weyn by isaga xilsaarayo horyaalka ugu sareeya "Kagan" iyo magaca Chingiz (guulayste oo biyo ah), kaasoo uu kula galay taariikhda dunida.

Years of boqortooyada Genghis Khan ayaa muddo marka nolosha oo dhan dadka hoosaysiiyey isaga nidaaminaya faah sharciyada ay, set oo ah oo la yidhaahdo "xulafadeeda". meesha ugu weyn ee ku sugan degan maqaalka oo dejinaya bixinta gargaar is hoose ololaha, iyo ciqaabta mamnuucaya khiyaano qarsaday in wax aadanaha.

Farsamada yaabka leh laygu, sida uu qabo sharciga nus-waxashnimo taliye this, mid ka mid ah wanaagga ugu badan ee daacadnimada waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay xitaa cadow cad dhinaca uu madax bannaan. Tusaale ahaan, maxbuus oo diiday in sayidkiisa hore ka laaban, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay istaahilo ixtiraam iyo iyagoo raalli aqbalay ciidanka.

In la xoojiyo ka taagan awoodda ee sano ee nolosha Genghis Khan ayaa weli ka yar dadka gacanta ay waxaa loo kala qaybiyey toban kun (tumens), kun iyo boqol boqol. Kor kasta oo ka mid ah kooxaha ka soo kiciyey madaxa madaxa (macno ahaan) waxay masuul ka tahay daacad ah ee ku keceen uu. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in aad ku sii hoos jooge adag in tiro badan oo dad ah.

dadka waaweyn kasta oo nin caafimaad qaba waxaa loo tixgeliyaa xoog badan, oo waxaa waajib ku ah inay hubka qaadaan at signal ugu horeysay. Guud ahaan, wakhtigaas ciidankii reer Genghis Khan ahaa oo ku saabsan 95 kun. Man Xidhan anshaxa bir ah. caasinnimada ugu yar ama fulaynimada soo bandhigay in dagaalka, ciqaab dil.

jidka cusub ee Fatxi

In 1211 ku dhowaad dhameystirtay furasho dadyowga Genghis Khan degganaa Baikal iyo Siberia. Laga soo bilaabo dhammaan daafaha gobolka this badan, awelna loola isaga gabbaro. Laakiin naftiisa baaxaa helaa ma nasan. Ka hor ahaa Shiinaha Waqooyiga - dal ay gooyo mar ka caawiyay isaga adkaadeen tataarka iyo helitaanka xoog, kici heer cusub oo awood.

More afar sano ka hor inta uusan bilaaban xilli ciyaareedka Chinese, oo raba in uu ka aamin jidka in la raaco ciidamada, Genghis Khan guulaystay oo ku baabbi'iyeen boqortooyada Tangut ee Xi Xia. In xagaaga 1213 uu maareeyo si ay u qabsadaan qalcadda in daboolay marinka ee Wall Great ee Shiinaha, weerareen State Jin ah. Xilli ahaa dheereeya iyo guul. Taken by lama filaan ah, qaar badan oo ka mid ah magaalada dhiibay dagaal la'aan ah, iyo tiro ka mid ah saraakiisha ciidamada dalka Shiinaha ayaa madaxyo simanna leh duulay ee.

Goorma ayaa ka guulaystay North Shiinaha, Genghis Khan dhaqaaqay ciidamada ku riday Central Asia, halkaas oo ay sidoo kale nasiib. Lahaanshaha expanses badan guulaystay, ayuu si Samarkand, halkaas oo uu sii waday inuu ka tago, guuleystay North of Iran iyo inta badan Caucasus u yimid.

Genghis Khan ee March in Russia

Subutai iyo Jebe - waayo Fatxi oo ka mid ah dalalkan Slavic ee 1221-1224 sanad ah, Genghis Khan, laba ka mid ah taliyaha ugu qibrada leh ayaa loo diray. Markuu gudbay Dnieper ah, ay soo galeen rus Kievan ee madaxa ciidan fara badan. Ma ku tiirsan u gaar ah in laga adkaado cadowga, taliyayaasha Ruush sameeyey isbahaysi oo uu cadaawayaashiisa jir - Polovtsy.

dagaalka ayaa ka dhacay on May 31, 1.223 Badda ee Azov, on River Kalka ah. Waxaa dhamaaday guul oo ka mid ah ciidamada Ruush-Polovtsian. Sababta failure of taariikhyahanadu badan arki kibirkii of Mstislav Udatnogo amiirka, kuwaas oo gudbay webiga oo bilaabay in ay la dagaallamaan ilaa ciidamada ugu weyn. Prince doonayay oo si ay ula qabsadaan cadowga waxay u leexatay xagga dhimashadiisa iyo dhimashada taliyayaal kale oo badan. masiibo noocan oo kale ah ee daafacyada of March Fatherland ah Genghis Khan soo jeestay in Russia. Laakiin hortooda ku sugaya imtixaan ka sii daran.

Fatxi Last of Genghis Khan

Isagu wuxuu u dhintay guulayste ee Asia xagaaga soo daahay ee 1227 intii uu ololaha labaad ee gobolka Xi Xia. jiilaalka More wuxuu bilaabay hareereeyo oo ay caasimada - Zhongxin, iyo ciidamada daallan daafacyada ka mid ah magaalada, isku diyaarinaya in ay qaataan oo ay is dhiibin. Waxay ahayd qabsashadii ugu dambeeyey ee Genghis Khan. Si kedis ah, waxa uu dareemay xun iyo slog, oo waqti gaaban ka dib dhintay. Ma aha marka laga reebo suuragalnimada in lagu sumoobo, cilmi waa dhiiran tahay in la arko sababta dhimashada dhibaatooyin sababa dhaawac helay wax yar ka hor dayrta ka faraskiisa.

Meesha saxda ah ee aaska of Khan weyn loo yaqaan oo aan la garaneyn iyo taariikhda laftiisa ay saacad la soo dhaafay. In Mongolia, halkaas oo mar uu ku yaalay boldog delüün mareenka, oo sida laga soo xigtay halyeeygii hore waxa uu ku dhashay Genghis Khan, maanta taagan taagay taallo in uu sharaf.