Farsamo ee foosha muruqa. Shaqooyinka iyo guryaha ee murqaha lafaha

foosha Murqaha - waa geedi socod adag oo ka kooban dhowr marxaladood. Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan halkan waa myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin iyo actomyosin, iyo udhigo calcium iyo xeryahooda in ay bixiyaan tamarta muruqa. Ka fikir noocyada iyo qaababka ee foosha muruqa. Ina keena aynu ka baran, kaas oo ay ka samaysan yihiin iyo tallaabooyinka lagama maarmaanka u ah geeddi-meerto.

muruqyada

Murqaha waa isku kooxo, kaas oo ay leeyihiin hab la mid ah foosha muruqa. Waxaa saas la mid ay kala qaybsan yihiin 3 nooc:

• muruqyada striated ee jidhka;
• muruqyada striated ah atria iyo intraventricular wadnaha;
• xubnaha muruqa siman, xididdada dhiigga iyo maqaarka.

muruqyada Striated waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka muruqyada, isagoo qayb ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ah, sababtoo ah marka lagu daro iyaga, waxaa ka mid ah seedaha, seedaha, lafaha. Marka hirgalinta hab ay of foosha muruqa, qabtaan hawlahan soo socda iyo hawlaha:

• guuro jidhka;
• xubnaha jirka waxaa lagu dhaqaaqay qaraabo midba midka kale;
• jidhka waxaa lagu taageeray in meel bannaan ah;
• kulaylka ahbaa;
• kiliyaha waxaa firfircoonaan by afferent in beerihii korodhso muruqyada.

Muruqyada siman yahay:

• qalab motor ka mid ah xubnaha gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan geedka bronki, sambabada iyo tube dheefshiidka,
• nidaamyada lymphatic iyo wareegga dhiigga,
• nidaamka xubnaha Fistula.

guryaha nafsaaniga ah

Like dhan vertebrates ee jidhka bini'aadamka waxaa jira saddex guryaha ugu muhiimsan macdantaa murqaha lafaha:

• contractility - yareeyo wuxuuna beddeli danab marka faraxsan;
• conductivity - awooda dhaqdhaqaaqa oo dhan fiber ah;
• excitability - jawaabaya kicinta ah by beddelo xuub permeability ka iman kara iyo ra'iyi.

Muruqyada ku faraxsanahay oo uu bilaabo inuu hoos by falalkooda dareemayaasha ka imaanaya xarunta. Laakiin xaalado aan dabiici ahayn oo isticmaalaya dareenka korontada ah. muruqa ka dibna cun si toos ah (direct kicinta) ama iyada oo muruqa innervating dareemaha (kicinta aan toos ahayn) waxay noqon karaan.

noocyada kala duwan ee jeexan

farsamo ee foosha muruqa ah waxaa loola jeedaa diinta tamarta kiimikada shaqo farsamo. Marxaladani waxay experimentally la qiyaasi karin, la rihii: iyada load muruqa kubka miisaanka yar yahay, ka dibna ka cadhaysiin electroimpulses iftiinka. Hoos u, kaas oo muruqa uu noqdo mid gaaban, loo yaqaan isotonic. yaraynta dhacdaa foosha marka isometric. Seedaha hana u oggolaan in horumarinta xoog muruqa gaabiyey. hab kale oo auksotonichesky Foosha muruqyada ku lug leedahay xaaladaha walaaca aad u daran marka muruqa koobaya habka ugu yar, iyo xoogga si ay u gaaraan ugu badnaan.

The qaab-dhismeedka iyo innervation ee muruqa lafaha

The striated murqaha lafaha waxaa ka mid ah noocyo kala duwan oo fiiloyin in unugyo iyo go'an in seedaha ah. In qaar ka mid ah macdantaa muruqa waxaa lagu abaabulaa isku midka ah in ay dhidibka dheer, iyo in dadka kale ay yihiin views uugu, lagu lifaaqo nooc tyazhu seed iyo pinnate dhexe.

feature ugu weyn ee fiber waa mass sarcoplasm of threads wanaagsan - myofibrils. Waxay yihiin meelaha dhalaalaya iyo gudcur talantaalli ah midba midka kale, halka fiiloyin xiga striated yihiin radi - in cross-qaybta. Tani waxa ay keentey in cross-kooba badan agagaarka fiiloyin muruqa.

Sarcomere waa adag, gudcur ah, iyo laba saxannada iftiinka, iyo waxa xuduuddiisa khadadka Z-qaabeeya. Sarcomeres - qalab contractile ee muruqa ah. Waxaa soo baxday in fiber muruqa contractile ka kooban yahay:

• qalab contractile (nidaamka myofibrils);
• qalab trophic la mitochondria, adag Golgi iyo tabar reticulum endoplasmic ;
• qalab xuub;
• hay'adaha tixraaca,
• qalab dareemayaasha.

fiber muruqa u qaybsan yahay 5 qaybood oo leh qaab dhismeedka iyo howlahooda, iyo waa qayb muhiim ah oo unugyada muruqa.

innervation

Tani geeddi-socodka ee fiiloyin muruqa striated ogaaday by fiiloyin dareemayaasha, kuwaas oo Axon ee neurons motor of xadhig iyo maskaxda asliga ah ee laf-dhabarka. Mid ka mid ah motoneuron innervate dhowr fiiloyin muruqa. Complex la motoneuron iyo macdantaa muruqa innervated yeedhay neuromotor ah (HME) ama qaybta matoorka ah (United). Celceliska tirada fiiloyin, oo innervates motoneuron ah, calaamad muruqa DE ah, loo yaqaan cufnaanta innervation laba geesood ah. Arintaan waa weyn ee muruqyada, halkaas oo dhaqdhaqaaq yar iyo "khafiif ah" (indhaha, faraha, carrab). Its qiimaha uu yar yahay, on lid ku ah, in muruqa leh a motion "aan dhab ahayn" (tus, jir).

Innervation noqon kartaa hal iyo duwan. In kiiska ugu horeysay waxaa la ogaaday dhammaato motor is haysta. Sida caadiga ah waa caadiga ah ee neurons motor waaweyn. Dunta Murqaha oo la yiraahdo (kiiskan, jirka, ama si degdeg ah) guud ahaan XPIEIV (kara tallaabo) iyaga khuseeya.

innervation Multiple dhacdaa, tusaale ahaan, in muruqyada indhaha dibada ah. Tani ma aha iman kara tallaabo ah ahbaa, tan iyo xuub ma channels sodium electroexcitability. Waxaa loo qaybiyey oo dhan depolarization fiber ah dhammaato synaptic ah. Tani waa lagama maarmaan si ay u dhaqaajiso hab ay of foosha muruqa. Geedi socodka halkan ma joogo sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee kiiska ugu horeeya. Sidaa darteed, waxa la yidhaahdaa waa gaabis ah.

Dhismaha myofibrils ah

cilmi-fiber muruqa qaadeen maanta ku saleysan diffraction X-ray, microscopy electron, iyo hababka histochemical.

Waxaa la xisaabinayaa in myofibril kasta, ballaciisu dhan yahay 1 micron, waxaa ka mid ah qiyaastii 2500 oo protofibrils, i.e. elongated borotiinada taagoo polymerized (actin iyo myosin). protofibrils Actin myosin laba jeer u khafiif ah. At intiisa kale, muruqyada waxay joogaan si ay talooyin buuxieyey actin dhex gelin galay meelaha u dhexeeya protofibrils myosin ah.

strip A cidhiidhi iftiinka ee disk A waa ka xor filaments actin. Z xuub A iyagii ku soo wada haya.

On myosin filaments leeyihiin protrusions transverse ilaa 20 nm, ee madaxda ka taas oo ku saabsan 150 taagoo myosin. Waxay tago biopolyarno, iyo madaxa myosinic kasta isku xira in buuxieyey actin ah. Marka ay jirto stress ku filaments xarumaha actin myosin, buuxieyey actin ku dhow yahay inuu xarunta of sarcomere ah. Dhamaadka filaments myosin gaadhi Z. khadka Kolkaasay waxay ku qaadan sarcomere dhan, iyo actin ka mid ah. Isla mar ahaantaana waxaan ka eryayaa dhererka waa la dhimay, iyo in dhamaadka gebi baaba'aa, wada jir ah ula waxa Z line uu noqdo mid ka sii dhumuc weyn.

Sayidka, sida ay aragti dhaqaaqo daah, ay sabab u tahay dhererka hoos macdantaa muruqa. Fikradda, loo yaqaan "marsho", waxaa la sameeyey by Huxley iyo Hanson dhexe ee qarnigii labaatanaad.

Farsamo ee foosha fiber muruqa

aragtida ugu muhiimsan waa in aan buuxieyey (myosin iyo actin) waxaa lagu soo gaabiyey. Dhererkooduna isma badelin iyo muruqa xiisad. Laakiin xirmooyin filaments khafiif ah, Godoo kale, u tag oo u dhexeeya filaments qaro weyn, hoos heerka uu xirmi, sidaas darteed waxaa jira hoos u dhac.

hab ay kelli ah ee foosha muruqa ah waa sida soo socota adoo riixaya filaments actin. madaxa Myosin protofibrils la actin xiran. Iyada oo dalcadaha ay halkaas waa qiime, guurto buuxieyey actin xarunta of sarcomere ah. Sababo la xiriira ururka bipolar ee u taagoo myosin labada dhinac ee ku filaments, shuruudaha saraysa ee filaments actin in jiho oo kala duwan.

Marka madaxa myosin Nasashada murqaha iska guuro ka filaments actin ah. Iyada oo ah warqada kacsanaanta muruq dabacsan fudud adkaysato badan ka yar. Sidaa darteed, waxay lahaayeen dheeraado.

tallaabooyinka hoos

farsamo ee foosha muruqa ah la kooban qaybin karaa marxaladaha soo socda:

1. fiber muruqa lagu kiciyaa marka laga yaabo in tallaabo la bixisey ka neurons motor of synapses ah.
2. iman kara talaabada ahbaa on xuub ee fiber muruqa, ka dibna wuxuu ku fidaa si myofibrils ah.
3. Labada ciyaaryahan korontada kaamil ah oo ka dhigan qaab beddelidda ee korontada galay XPIEIV saraysa farsamo. Tani waxay daruuri ku lug leedahay udhigo calcium.

udhigo calcium

Waayo, si fiican loo fahmo geedi socodka ee ay hawshooda fiber ah ee atammada kalsiyamku ku haboon si ay u eegaan qaabka buuxieyey actin ah. Oo dhererkeedu wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 1 micron, oo dhumucdiisuna - 5 ilaa 7 nm. Tani waa labo ka mid ah threads qaloocin, taas oo u eg monomer actin ah. Qiyaastii 40 nm kasta oo halkan ku jira Britain troponin spherical, iyo inta u dhaxaysa silsiladihii - tropomiozinovye.

Marka udhigo calcium maqan, myofibrils ie nasato taagoo tropomiozinovye dheer xannibi lifaaqa ah silsilado actin iyo buundooyinka myosin. Laakiin marka udhigo calcium shaqeysiin tropomiozinovye taagoo dego meelaha ay dubka sare oo u furan.

Markaas buundooyinka myosin waxaa ku lifaaqan filaments actin iyo kala jajabo ATP oo uu yeesho xoog muruqa. Tani waa suurto gal ah ay sabab u tahay saameynta ay troponin calcium. In Britain dambe waxaa doorinaynaa, oon ku riixaya tropomyosin ah.

Marka muruqa waa dabacsan, waa 1 garaam oo miisaankiisu yahay qoyan ku jira in ka badan 1 mmol ah calcium. Calcium cusbada yihiin xarumaha lagu kaydiyo go'doon ah oo gaar ah. Haddii kale, muruqyada had iyo jeer hoos u lahaa.

calcium shubo sida soo socota. In meelo kala duwan oo ka mid ah unugyada muruqa diaphragm gudahood fiber waa tuubooyinka loo marayo taas oo ay jirto xiriir la deegaanka ka baxsan unugyada. Waa nidaam tubules transverse. nidaamka A waa dadab iyo in ay darafyadiisa gaadhya kuwaas oo - kiishka (terminal) taangiyada waxaa lagu abaabulaa dhaw nidaamka Diaphragmski transverse. Si wadajir ah triad helay. Waxa ay ahayd in fijaan ku kaydsan calcium.

Tan iyo XPIEIV waxaa loo qeybiyaa galay gacanta, oo halkaas waa conjugation ah farsamada korontada. Excitation guskiisa fiber waa soo gudubtaa galay gaadhya daayo nidaamka calcium. Sayidka farsamo yareynta waxaa lagu fuliyaa fiiloyin muruqa.

3 habka la ATP

In dhexgalka labada qaybood ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen calcium udhigo door badan for ATP. Marka hirgalinta hab ay of foosha muruqa murqaha lafaha, tamarta ee ATP waxaa loo isticmaalaa si:

• hawlgalka sodium iyo bamka potassium taasoo fiirsashada joogta ah udhigo;
• kuwaas oo walxaha on dhinac kala duwan ee xuub;
• saraysa filaments yaraynta myofibrils;
• Job bamka calcium-simaha in aad isku dejiso.

ATP waa xuub gacanta, ku filaments of myosin iyo xuubka reticulum sarcoplasmic. Falgalka dumin iyo takhalusin myosin.

isticmaalka ATP

Waxaa la og yahay in madaxdii myosin ula falgalaan actin oo ka kooban xubno ka waayo cholesterol ATP. actin Last firfircoonaan iyo myosin in joogitaanka udhigo magnesium. Sidaa darteed Insaymkaas cholesterol waxey dhacdaa marka lifaaqan madaxa myosin actin. The ugu weyn cross-buundooyinka, xawaaraha qaybsama waxay noqon doontaa sare.

ATP farsamo

Ka dib markii la dhameeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Britain AFL waxay siisaa tamarta kala ficil ku lug leh actin iyo myosin. madaxa Myosin soocay, ATP waxaa lagu dhegay in phosphate iyo ADP. dhamaadka cusub ku xiran Britain ATP iyo wareegga dib. Noocan oo kale ah waa hab ay of foosha muruqa iyo nasashada ee heerka kelli.

Waxqabadka of cross-buundooyinka socon doonaa keliya inta hydrolysis ATP ku dhacdaa. Haddii aad xannibi buundooyinka enzyme lama lifaaqan doonaa mar kale.

Marka dhimashada ee heerka u shaqeeyo ee ATP unugyada uu hoos u dhaco iyo buundooyinka weli stably go'an in buuxieyey actin ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa waa heerka ugu of mortis ku qaxri jireen.

ATP resynthesis

Resynthesis la fulin karaa labo siyaabood.

By kala iibsiga enzymatic of group phosphate ka phosphate creatine in ADP. Tan iyo kaydka ee creatine ee gacanta ka badan ayaa ATP resynthesis si dhakhso ah fulin. Isla mar ahaantaana, by lagu qayilo ee acid pyruvic iyo resynthesis melkesyrebakterier noqon doono gaabis ah.

ATP iyo CP laga yaabaa in gebi ahaan ku ba'aan haddii resynthesis waa sun jabay. Markaas bamka calcium stop shaqada, taasoo keentay in muruqa waxaa irreversibly hoos u dhacay (ie iman contracture). Sayidka, farsamo ee foosha muruqa jebiyey.

nidaamka jirka

In kooban, waxaan la soco in hoos u macdantaa muruqa waa la soo gaabiyey in kasta oo sarcomeres myofibrils. The filaments of myosin (qaro) iyo actin (khafiif ah) darafyadiisa oo ku xiran tahay dawlad dabacsan. Laakiin ay bilaabaan saraysa dhaqdhaqaaq kasta oo kale oo xagga marka la fuliyo hab of foosha muruqa. Physiology (kooban) sharxayaa habka markii myosin saamayn la sii daayay tamarta loo baahan yahay si loogu badalo ATP in ADP. Sayidka hawl myosin la xaqiijiyay kaliya marka content ku filan oo udhigo calcium ku ururto reticulum ku sarcoplasmic.