Dimoqraadiyadda Soofiyeeti ee Dmitry Donskoy. Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy": mashruuca 65

taariikhyahanadu casriga kala duwan yihiin sahaminta nooca, sababaha iyo cawaaqibta darada ah ee ka dhacay xilligii Soviet. Dhanka kale, weli tiro badan oo macluumaad dahsoon. In tiro ka mid ah ilaha, tusaale ahaan, u muuqataa Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy". 1955 taariikhaha dib u fallaago ku saabsan markabka. Sida uu diiwaanka ku cad, waxaa si waxashnimo ah ayaa la baabi'iyay.

Tassna iyo gurracan xaqiiqooyin

Heerka sirta ah ee sano ee Soviet ahaa mid aad u sarreeya. Marka tan la eego, macluumaad kasta oo gaar ah oo ku saabsan kacdoonkii waa ku filan yar yar. Xaaladdan oo kale, saamaynta dhacdooyinka kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, diiwaanka sida waxaa laga heli karaa:

• In Vladivostok, kacdoonkii faafay markab ee Soviet "Dmitry Donskoy". xasillooni ayaa la baabi'iyay.
• Fleet Pacific ayaa la cadaadiyeen kacdoonkii (markab "Dmitry Donskoy", 1955, Vladivostok). Toogteen ka badan 50 qof.

A waxbarasho dheeraad ah oo faahfaahsan macluumaadkan soo booda su'aalo badan. Dhibatooyinka ee ay ku abuureen runta kac ka xaqiiqda ah in wax badan oo macluumaad ah faafiyay la dhalanrog badan. Dhanka kale, ilo kale oo uu sheegay in markab ku Soviet "Dmitry Donskoy" in Vladivostok taariikh oo la la'yahay. Markabka ayaa ka diiwaan gashan Fleet Pacific ah, laakiin at Warega of 19-20 qarniyo. Sida diiwaanka warshad ayaa muujinaya, August 31, 1951 in liisaska Navy la diiwaangashan markab "Dmitry Donskoy". USSR wakhtigaas furfuraya dhibaatada wayneeyo ee raxan ah. Bishii Abriil 1953 doonnidii la hoos dhigay warshadda iyaga. A. Marty, Leningrad. Dabayaaqadii September ee sannadkan in uu la siiyey magaca cusub ee "Vladivostok". In xilliga dayrta waxaa la bilaabay on dakad iyo jiiday Severodvinsk. September 2, 1959 markab laga saarin dhismaha iyo soo hijrooday Navy ku taxan diyaar farsamo si ay u 28.8%. Sidaas darteed, Vladivostok, markabka ma noqon karaan.

Shuruudaha dhismaha

Sidii lagu kor ku sheegay, ka dib markii hoggaanka dalka labaad ee caalamiga ah ee qarka u saaran hawsha si ay kor u raxan ah. Iyadoo la tixraacayo Order ee Dadka commissar ee Navy ee bilowga ah ee 1945, guddigu waxaa la aasaasay. Waxa lagu diyaarinta qalabka on sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo nooc oo ka mid ah maraakiibta mustaqbalka. Sida laga soo xigtay Guddiga natiijooyinka shaqo ee Shaqaalaha Guud horumariyo qorshe muddo toban sano ah. Sida laga soo xigtay iyaga, 1955, raxan u lahaa inuu joogo:

1. Koox dad ah xambaara dayuuradaha qadarkuu of 6 unugyada.
2. Baabbi'inaya - 358 unug.
3. Dagaalka - afar cutub.
4. sidayaal diyaaradaha yar yar - 6 unugyada.
5. Cruiser culus (40 kumbiyuutarada.). Kuwaas oo kala ah, - qalabaysan a 220-mm (10) Oo 180 mm a (30 unug) alaabtii GC..
6. Villarreal - oo ku saabsan 500 unug.
7. Cruiser Light qoryo 152-mm GK - 54 cutub.

tiro ka mid ah maraakiibta qaab isticmaalka ciidamada badda ee biyaha furan oo u xiran yihiin la filayaa. Inkastoo la'aanta ah ee khayraadka wax soo saarka iyo dhaqaale, macquulka ah ee arrintan la xiriira la aqriyay cad. In ay fulinta awooda raxan gudaha badnaan lahaa tirokoobyada Royal Navy. On ciidanka, wuxuu ku dhameysatay kaalinta labaad lahaa, iyo in tirada quusta - meesha ugu horeysa. waayo-aragnimo military waxaa xisaabta lagu darsado qorshaha. dagaalka-dhismeedka wareegay yar la pre-dagaalka marka la barbar dhigo. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, sida qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah sidayaasha Navy lagu daray.

badalaada qorshaha a

October 27, 1945 kulanka ugu horeeya ee lagu qabtay Kremlin. Waxaa soo baxay Jaalle in. Stalin lahaa views isaga u gaar ah oo ku saabsan horumarinta dheeraad ah ee Navy ah. Gaar ahaan, waxaa la soo jeediyey in ay si weyn u yareeyo tirada dagaalka, iyo tirada gaadiidka culus kordhay kordhinta ay CC in 305 mm. Stalin tixgeliyo inexpedient dhismaha sidayaal diyaaradaha ee tobanka sano ee soo socda. Ma uusan arki baahida, iyo abuurista Cruiser qoryo 180-mm. Isla mar ahaantaana Stalin siiyey ogolaanshaha dhismaha baabuurta fudud lacagta ugu badan. Barnaamijka The final waxaa lagu ansixiyay ka dib markii wadahadal bixisaa hoggaamiye ee dalka. qorshaha cusub waxaa ka mid ah dhismaha:

1. Cruiser culus - 4 cutub.
2. Baabbi'inaya - 188 unug.
3. Cruiser Light - 20 cutub.
4. Quusta - 367 unug.

Qorshuhu wuxuu sidoo kale siinayaa dul saarin of laba dagaalka. Marka laga reebo ka mid ah sidayaasha diyaaradaha barnaamijka shuruud ku bixi colnimadiinna ee warshadaha ee qoyska. Qorshaha cusub ayaa la sameeyaa sida la sii wado oo ka mid ah dagaalka ka hor. Ujeeda ugu weyn ee ahaa dhismaha maraakiibta madaafiicda waaweyn. Tani ma aha waafaqsan waayo-aragnimo ah ee dagaalka dhawaan dhamaaday.

design

Iyadoo la tixraacayo Order ee Dadka commissar Kuznetsov, dayrta ee 1943, mashruuca bilaabeen in ay horumariyaan nooc cusub oo ah markab iftiinka. Bishii September, version ugu horeysay ee la ansixiyay. Si ka duwan hubka ka kooban 68 mashruuc labanlaab 137-mm iyo 100-mm qoryaha madaafiicda lidka diyaaradaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, qalabka cusub codka quuska iyo radar ayaa la soo bandhigay. Sida laga soo xigtay qorshaha la wareegay bedelka baabuurta toorbiidyo tube xaafuun-shan-dilaha, dhigay 4 madaafiic. Sida for kala duwan ka saaciday inay ku, waa in ay noqon 8 kun. Miles. xawaaraha ugu badan ee 35 kuus kuus waxaa loo qorsheeyay. barakac Standard sidaas waa in aanay noqon ka badan 10 kun. T.

edition labaad

Sida laga soo xigtay qorshaha 1946-1955 sannad xisaabeedka., Loo moodayay in la abuuro 30 oo 4 Cruiser iftiinka. Markii hore, dhowr heerarka kala duwan ee hawlaha hubaa. In meesha ugu horeysa waxaa la qorsheeyey in ay dhammeystirto dhismaha ee 5 Maraakiibta mashruuca 68-K, ka dibna la wareegay dhismaha 7 Cruiser mashruuca 68-BIS. Ka dib bilowga in hubaa abuurka taxane ah oo cusub. Ka mid ah iyaga loo moodayay in ay noqdaan oo markab ka "Dmitry Donskoy". Project 65 jeediyay shirkii DJibuuti ka wanaagsan, barakac ka yar. Waxaa la qorsheeyey in ay qalabeeyaan Markabka la Quwadda cusub. In 1945, shuruudaha shaqada iyo farsamo la soo saaray. In Savitchev uu doortay sida naqshadeeye sare. Waxaa ka mid ah shuruudaha cusub ee la beddelo doonaa kooban oo ka mid ah hubka madaafiicda lidka diyaaradaha. Halkii ah 37-mm mataanaha qoryaha 12 ku lug rakibo afar Bawdada 45-mm iyo 4.6-mm mataanaha 25 automata. Qorshuhu wuxu ahaa in la kordhiyo Boos iyo tanka yaraynta si 8-8.5 kun. tan. In xasilinta guud waxa uu ahaa si loogu isticmaalo hub 8 GMAT badaha xunxunna sida looga baahan yahay.

kakanaanta

Ka hor inta dhismaha sida markab a Rafaa "Dmitry Donskoy", Project 65 ayaa isbedelo badan. All la marti qaaday ee ku saabsan 40 duwanaansho. Waayo, qaar ka mid ah barakac ahaa 13.5-15 kun. Tan. Dhab ahaantii, tirooyinkan dhigmaan xuduudaha ka ah Cruiser iftiin weyn. Muddo ka dib horumarinta predeskizny joojiyay sababta oo ah dhibaatada go'aaminta qaabka markabka farsamo ku habboon. Waxa uu ahaa inay ahaato tayo kala duwan ka horreeyay ay la barakaca la aqbali karo caadiga ah ee wax ka badan 15 thous. Metrik. At soo jeedinaya of CDB-17, mashruuca ayaa waxaa fuliyay laba kala duwanaansho. On amar Stalin ee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1947, shaqada la joojiyay. Horumarinta dib u habeysay dadaalka on qorshe 82 iyo 68 BIS.

Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy": Mashruuca

Bishii Maarso 1949, in PPM 17-shaqada ku dhameysatay on design ka. Aan sugaya ansixinta xukuumadda, samaynta bilaabeen inay design injineernimada. Laakiin dayrta ee Stalin soo jeediyay in la kordhiyo xawaaraha markabka ee 35 kuus kuus iyo in la yareeyo barakaca ilaa 36 mareegtan metrik.. Iyadoo la tixraacayo this in wakhtiga ugu gaaban suurogal mashruuca waxaa loo qorsheeyay in PPM ah. Ilaa iyo dhamaadka, shaqada waxa ku saabsan ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey. Inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka ah ee awoodda warshad lahaa in la korodhay 30%, beddeli ka kooban ee madaafiicda lidka diyaaradaha iyo universal, yareeyo jaale toosan iyo wixii la mid ah. Sababo la xawaaraha sii kordheysa ee markabka mashruuca 82, waxaa loo baahnaa in dhismaha Cruiser iftiinka. Bishii Oktoobar 1950, shaqo ka hawl-taatiko la helay. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, ayaa qorshaynaysa in ay dhisaan markab 65 mashruuc fudud, taas oo ahayd in xawaaraha ee 35-36 kuus kuus. Waayo, siday shaqada ku xiga lagu ansixiyay 2 Lahjadaha hub kala duwan, iyo barakaca of Boos. design Predeskizny lagu soo dhamaystay 1951. Laakiin shaqada dheeraad ah lagu qaaday.

beddelid

March 16, 1976 markab ugu horeysay culus "Dmitry Donskoy" ayaa lagu daray doonniyaha Navy ah. Bishii December 1982, oo uu ku wareejiyay Galbeed-ups ka Severodvinsk. Bartamihii bishii September 1989, markabka jeedsateen. ganacsi The "Sevmash" casriyeynta iyo habeeyn lagu qaaday. Dabayaaqadii June 2002, markab ah "Dmitry Donskoy" ayaa si guul leh tijaabiyey. Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinkii ay, wuxuu mar kale la dhigay ee Northern Fleet.

Submarine "Dmitry Donskoy": sawir, sharaxaad guud ee

Markabkan oo ahaa mid ka mid ah lix dhisay oo mid ka mid kaliya ee ku haray oo safafka. Waxa uu u ciyaaray doorka biriijka u dhexeeya 3-markab oo ku shaqeeya nuclear-iyo qarniyada oo 4-tii. Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy" ayaa lagu qalabeeyey dhismaha cusub "Bulava". Waxay ahayd on markab this hubka waa la tijaabiyey. markab Gantaalaha "Dmitry Donskoy" waa weyn ee dunida. Its barakac buuxa - 49.8 metrik Length Vehicle - .. 172 m iyo width -. 23.3. gujis Nuclear "Dmitry Donskoy" awood u siday 20 ICBM March-yada, mass-upka 90 t. In 1996-1997. ay sabab u tahay dhaqaale la'aan, saddex markab oo ka mid ah taxanahan ka mid ah ayaa u adeegay oo dhan 12-13 sano jir, ayaa laga soo saaray badda. Kale oo laba - TK-20 iyo TK-17 ( "Severstal" iyo "Arkhangelsk") weli ku jira safafka. Markab ugu weyn ee taxanahan waa markab ee nuclear "Dmitry Donskoy". In ka badan 10 sannadood ayuu hoos dayactirka ahaa ee shirkadda "Sevmash". Halkan, wuxuu ahaa dib-u-qalabka iyo casriyeynta.

hubka

Markii hore, gujiska "Dmitry Donskoy" waxaa la qorsheeyey in la dhiso set oo ah "jilif". Waxaa loogu talagalay in Bureau Design ka. Makeyev. adag oo ka mid ahaa gantaal nooca warhead soocay a. Waxay ay ahayd in lagu qalabeeyaa leh nidaam Hanuun satellite latago. Waxaa la siiyaa sax weyn. Laakiin afar baaritaano ah oo adag waxay ahaayeen guuleysan. Marka tan la eego, hub ciidan ah dib loo eegay. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la dhiso on markab ku gaashaaman "Dmitry Donskoy" adag "Bulava-30", by Machadka Moscow ee Technology kulul sameeyey. Oo wuxuu lahaa inuu qabto faa'ido weyn dhigiisa American "garab II".

Dhammeystirka

Sannadkii 2008, bulk of tallaabooyin la qorsheeyay in markab diinta la soo dhameeyay. Bishii December 2004, ficilka ee dhamaystirka badda tijaabooyin la saxeexay. Iyadoo la tixraacayo barnaamijka ansixiyay guddiga baaritaanka markab gantaalaha dhismaha "Bulava" ayaa ka go'an. Currently markabka ayaa u adeegaya ee Navy ah.

note Historical: fikradda asalka ah

Sida aasaasihii fikradda ah dhismaha markab badda ah u dhaqmeen si ku-xigeenka Admiral A. A. Popov. Oo wuxuu ku amray askartii ka mid ah corvettes iyo cijiyo. Experience in la wxbarashada ah inta lagu guda jiro Abuuridda Cruiser horeysay gaashaaman la guryo kale ee biraha iyo Rework ee doonnida "Minin" ayuu bixitaankii laba embodiments. Isla mar ahaantaana Popov codsaday tayada caan ku Admiral Aslanbegova ee la soo dhaafay. Nuxurka soo jeediyey in la soo ururiyay, soo koobay sida soo socota oo dhan:

1. madaafiic ku saabsan markabka waa in ay leeyihiin Surf waaweyn, laakiin waxaa lagu wadaa in tiro yar.
2. Cruiser waa qabtaan markab ah, ma Corvette. Waa in uu leeyahay batari xidhan.
3. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kordhiyo cabbir ah, oo dhererkiisu ilaa 91,5 m, width - 17.1 m.
4. Speed loo baahan yahay in la kordhiyo si ay u 16-17 kuus kuus.
5. Power in la kordhiyo in 1000 litir magacaaban. a.
6. Number of tuubooyinka toorbiidyo waa in la dhimay ilaa afar.
7. From yard topsail double waa in la tuuraa.
8. margin dhuxusha waa in la kordhiyo si ay 1.2 kun. T.

Isticmaalka jago sare, Popov guuleystay ansixinta mashaariicda iyaga oo aan isku dubaridka la guddoomiyaha guddiga farsamada. Horraantii bishii March 1880 dhise ugu horeysay markab loo magacaabay Colonel Samoilov. Caawiyihiisa ahaa kabtanka Potapov ah. shaqo diyaarinta ayaa loo diray si ah qalabka si ay u bilaabaan dabayaaqadii May. Laga soo bilaabo 18 December dhise noqday Kuteinikov. March 28, 1881 markab ugu horeysay heshay magaceeda "Dmitri Donskoi". xaflad uu si rasmi ah bookmarks 9-kii May.

xaqiiqooyinka dhismaha qaar ka mid ah

Per markab toosan "Dmitriy Donskoy" scripting drive uumi isteerinka. Si lama filaan ah uu u dhawaaday in size. isteerinka ayaa kaalinta on doonnida (xeerkii). Telegraph Machine rakibay on buundada hore. In la abuuro shuruudaha lagama maarmaanka u ah shaqo ee fur gaarka ah beerfale ayaa la Been abuurtay biyo lacag la'aan ah "dhaqdhaqaaqa baaralalogaraam." Waxa ay ahayd arrin dhibaato adag farsamada. Laakiin waxaa la xalin.

imtixaanka

Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy" ayaa la bilaabay on August 18, 1883kii-th. Inta lagu guda jiro marxalada ugu dambeysa ee ay shuqulladii ka kacay dhibaatooyinka maamul ee la xidhiidha khilaafka u dhexeeya labada dekadood oo ay dawladdu leedahay. Sidaas darteed dhacdooyinka kala bixin in ka badan 2 sano. In May 1885 ugu horeysay on board bilaabay baaritaanka iyo aqbalaada qalabka farsamo ee miinooyinka iyo madaafiicda. Ilaa August markab ah "Dmitry Donskoy" ayaa la sii daayay badda ku tuuraya saddex jeer oo keliya. Uu xawaaraha celcelis ahaan ahayd 16,16 kuus kuus iyo mashiinka awood 5972 litir. a.

xafiiska

In xilliga dayrta 1885 markab ugu horeeyay ee Mediterranean. Mudo laba sana ah ayuu halkaas madax unug khaas ah. In 1887 markab ka mid ah koox dad ah Pacific amray Rear Admiral Kornilov. By May 1889 "Don" ku soo laabtay Kronstadt. Halkan, wuxuu ahaa wax yar dayactir iyo September 21, 1891 Marka hore dib u sii daayo Badda Mediterranean-ka. Waxaa uu hogaaminayo askartii ka mid ah clipper ah "cagajuglaynta", markabka "Minin" iyo gunboat "Uralets". In March 1892 unit hore kala diray. Cruiser "Don dm." Kolkuu ka soo diray iyada oo badda xumeeyayna in Constantinople ka dibna si Badda Madow. Tan iyo bishii Luuliyo 1892 markab ugu horeeyay ee ku salaysan in Vladivostok. Halkan, wuxuu ahaa koox dad ah ugu weyn ee ciidamada. Bishii Febraayo ee sanadka soo socda, markabka u soo baxeen inay Port Said. Halkan si uu u bedelo sirkaalkii Gessen ayaa interceded NA Green. markab ayaa waxaa madax u ah xulka Ruushka ayaa lagu casuumay xukuumadda Maraykanka ee dabaal guuradii 400aad ee daahfurka of America. March 16 bilaabeen dabaasha. Sababo la xiriira hannaanka dabaysha jirta ay nasiib darro, "Don" waxay ahayd goor dambe, waayo, ururinta Maraakiibta iyo si toos ah u tageen inay New York. Bishii September, ayuu si uu dalkiisa ku noqday. Its kululeeyaha iyo baabuurta ayaa si xun duugoobin oo loo baahan yahay degdeg ah dayactir. By 1894 shaqo th la soo dhameeyay. In 1895, markab la bedelay on qoryaha madaafiicda kaydadka Kane. By October 29, 1895 ugu horeysay oo dhan baaritaano la soo dhammaystiro. Cruiser "Don" ayaa la sii daayay in Badda Mediterranean-ka la ah "Rurik". Oo wakhtigaas bilaabay khilaafka Badda Madow cidhiidhi badan. February 14, 1896 doonniyaha ugu horeysay ayaa loo diray in ay Bariga Fog. On April 9, markay tageen si ay Nagasaki. Tani waxay muddo adeegga waxaa fidiyey ilaa 6 sano. In 1900, "Don" ka qayb qaatay u dagaaleed oo ka mid ah ciidanka iyo ciidamada badda ee Port Arthur, kuwaas oo markii dambe u guurtay dagaalka dhabta ah.

In 1901, December 12, markabka si Kronstadt soo laabtay. Halkan uu dayactir uu ku qaatay, waayo, Qiimeynta Pacific. Gaar ahaan, 6 ka mid ah tobankii cannons 120-mm ayaa la bedelay qori 75mm. In 1903, markab ah "Diamond" iyo "Don" si ay u wehliyaan askartii ka mid ah kuwa ku baabbi'inaya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lagu eedeeyay muddo ka badan qorsheeyey qaadatay iyo doonnida oo ku biiray askartii gaar ah, amray by Rear Admiral Virenius. In marxaladaha hore ee dagaalka uu u mari karin oo keliya Badda Cas oo lagu amray in ay ku noqdaan.

dagaalka ee Tsushima

Cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy" ee 1904 ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa in ay koox dad ah 2 nd Pacific. Oo wuxuu ku amray markab kabtanka Lebedev. Isagoo jidka koox dad ah agagaarka m. Hope Good on 14 May 1905 wuxuu galay dagaalka ka hoos calanka of Rear Admiral-Enquist in Strait Korea ah. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii ka dhacay mid ka mid Cruiser dhibic "Ow. Monomakh" iyo "dm Don." Daboolay dhinacba, "Aurora", maamulka lishivshuyusya. In sidaas la sameeyo, waxay is arkeen iyagoo ka yar dab ka qolofka Japan. Cruiser Ruush dhaawici karta dhowr maraakiibta Japan. Wakhtigan, xawaaraha sare ee "Jawhar", "Oleg" iyo dayac tiray "Aurora" ka soo baxay dagaalka, si ay u horumariyaan xawaaraha ugu badan. dixiri jilicsan The natiijada "Don" keligay baa hadhay. Isagoo u suurtagashay in ay ka fogaadaan weerarada miinada, markabka sugayay horumarka habeen iyo devyatiuzlovym la nalalka bakhtiyeen u tageen inay Vladivostok.

Oo dhan Cruiser darajo 1aad oo keliya "Don" Waxaan ahaa awoodaan si ay u helaan oo u dhaw in dhamaadka dhan gool dabaasha. Ugu ku saabsan. Dazhelet uu joojiyay in ay kooxda ka hoose ee baabbi'iyuhu "Wild One" socday saar. Wakhtigan muuqday on the-xawaaraha kaabiga maraakiibta Japan, "Tsushima", "Niitaka", "kadib", "Akashi", "Takachiho" iyo "Naniwa". ka, kuwaas oo marka laga reebo, si ay ugu "Don" dhowaaday 4 baabbi'in. Waxay si dhakhso ah ayuu doonni fuulay hal deegaanka. Amarka Ruush diiday in ay is dhiibaan iyo sii waday in ay toogtaan ee laba kuul. kooxda Cruiser u suurtagashay in ay reebtay 2 weel cadowga ( "kadib" iyo "Naniwa"). Laakiin markabka ma sii tegi karin. Waxa uu helay dhaawacyo sida in bambooyin ma laga maarmi waayay in biyihii ka soo dhex godadkii. Habeenkii, jasiiradda kacsanayd iyo shaqaalaha ee uu taliyaha soo boodo ku dhaawacmeen. By subaxdii markab ah "Dmitry Donskoy" degtay, ma aha markii uu calanka hoos. Ivan Nikolaevich Lebedev dhintay dhawr maalmood ka dib in maxbuus Japanese dagaalka.

gunaanad

Sida aad arki karto, qaddar ee markabka waa arrin adag. Dhab ahaantii, waxa uu helay dhalashada labaad ee Warega of 20-21 qarniyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maaliyad la'aan si weyn u wiiqaysaa shaqada uu dib u soo kabashada. Sidaas daraaddeed taasu waxay bilowday in ay ahayd ku dhawaad toban sano. Nasiib darro, in ilo kala duwan waxaa inta badan laga helaa macluumaad aan sax ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah taariikhyahanadu, ayaaba cilmi firfircoon iyo caddaynta oo ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka dhabta ah. Maanta markab waa quusta ee dunida ugu weyn. Waxa uu si weyn u modified, qalabaysan hubka ugu dambeeyay iyo qalabka waxa on. Markabka maray oo dhan imtixaanada loo baahan yahay ayaa u adeegaya in madaxda sare ee ciidamada badda.