Dalalka Slavic. dhismaha maamul goboleedyada Slavic. Calanka dalalka Slavic

Taariikhda ayaa sheegay in gobolka ugu horreeyey ee Slavic soo baxay in muddo ah, qarnigii V BC taariikhaysan. Ilaa waqtigan, Slavs ka guureen bangiyada of River Dnieper ah. Waxaa halkan ay ahayd in ay kala qaybsameen laba laamood taariikhiga galay: Bari iyo Balkan. qabiilooyinka Eastern degeen ee Dnieper iyo Balkans - ayaa degan Peninsula Balkan ah. dalalka Slavic ee dunida maanta mashquulin dhul balaaran oo Yurub iyo Asia. Dadyowga ku nool iyaga oo ku, waxa ay noqonayaan in ka yar la mid ah in kasta oo kale, laakiin caadi ah oo xididdada la arki karo in wax kasta - oo ka dhaqan iyo luqad muddo hadda moodada sida, sida maskaxda.

Su'aasha ah dhacdo qarannimada dhex Slavs ah oo sannado badan loo yididiila saynisyahano. Horey wax badan oo aragtiyo, mid kasta oo laga yaabo in aanay noqon wax garad macquulka ah. Laakiin si ay opinion this ka samaysan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la ogyahay ugu yaraan aasaasiga ah.

Sida gobolka ka Slavs soo kacay, male ah in Varangians ah

Haddii aan ka hadlo taariikhda qarannimada reer Slavs qadiimiga ah ee goobahaas, saynisyahano ah caadi ahaan ku tiirsan yihiin aragtiyaha dhowr, ah oo aan jeclaan lahaa in aan ka fiirsan. The version ugu badan ee hadda in marka gobolka ugu horreeyey ee Slavic, waxaa loo arkaa inay Norman ama aragti Varangian. Waxaa soo baxay dhamaadkii qarnigii XVIII ee Germany ah. Aasaasayaasha iyo inspirers fikirka ahaayeen laba cilmibaadhe oo Jarmal: Te'ofilosow Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) iyo Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).

In ay view, taariikhda dalalka Slavic ama Norman xidido ku leeyahay dalalka nordigga. gabagabada Tani Falanqeeyayaasha sameeyey, si fiican bartay ee "SHEEKADII Years teesto ah" - ka Opus qadiimiga abuuray by wadaad Nestor. Waxaa runtii waa link a, oo taariikhdiisu tahay 862, sanadka, xaqiiqda ah in qadiimiga qabiilooyinka Slavic (krivichi, Chud iyo Slovenes) yeedhay waddammadoodii on boqornimadii amiirradii Varangian. Tusayey, daal oo ka mid ah dhammaadka lahayn weeraro qoqobnaan iyo cadowga ka baxsan, a qabiilooyinka Slavic yar ay go'aansadeen in ay ku midoobaan hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Normans ah, ayaa loo arkaa wakhtigaas ugu khibrad iyo guulaha badan Yurub.

In maalmood hore ee horumarinta wax dadweynaha waxbarashada military -aragnimo ee uu hoggaanka ahaa mudnaanta ka badan dhaqaale. Oo, xoog iyo waayo-aragnimo oo ka mid ah barbariyiintiina waqooyiga ahaa shaki ku jirin. Ciidamada ay dagaalka weeraray dhowaad dhammaan qaybaha deggan Europe. Malaha, ku salaysan guusha ugu horrayn military, sida ay aragti Norman ah, Slavs ee qadiimiga ah iyo go'aansaday in ku yeedhi xagga boqortooyada amiirradii Varangian.

By habka, magaca laftiisa - Russia, sida la sheegay si sax ah u keenay amiirradii Norman. Nestor taariikhqorihii ahaa marayso arrin si cad ugu qoran khadka "... oo helay saddex walaalo ah qabiillada ay, oo waxaa isaga la qaaday rus oo dhan". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ereyga la soo dhaafay in macnaha guud, sida ay taariikhyahanadu badan, ka dhigan tahay kooxda dagaalka ka badan, in si kale loo dhigo - ciidamada xirfadeed. Waxa kale oo xusid mudan in madaxda Norman, sida caadiga ah, waxaa jiray kala cad u dhexeeya rayidka ah iyo military askartii asal generic taas oo ay mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "Kirch". In si kale loo dhigo, waxa la malaysan karo in saddexda amiirradii u guuray dalka reer Slavs ah, ma aha oo kaliya soo xirmay dagaalada ka, laakiin sidoo kale qoysaska fasalka sare. Sida ilaalo ah dagaal caadiga toddoba walaalo ah aan, xaalad kasta, waa doono cad oo xaaladda ka mid ah ay dhacdo. Norman amiirradii qabiilooyinka, oo aqbalay codsiga la halista darafkeeda iyo aasaasay dalalka Slavic hore.

"Xaggee tegey dalka Ruushka"

Aragti kale oo xiiso waa in fikradda ah mid aad u of "Vikings" loogu tala galay ee qadiimiga Russia ahayd military ah oo khibrad leh. Tani waxay ka marag furaa mar kale in ay xaqiiqada ah in Slavs qadiimiga dhab sharad on madaxda meleteri. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee saynisyahano Jarmal, taas oo ku salaysan yahay kitaabkii taariikhda Nestor, oo amiir u Varangian a degeen meel u dhow Lake Ladoga, oo kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa degeen on the bangiyada ee Lake White ah, kii saddexaadna - in Izoborsk. Ka dib markii tallaabooyinka kuwan, sida ay taariikhqorihii ahaa, iyo sameeyay dalalka Slavic horrayn, iyo dalkii wadajir noqday kuwa loo yaqaan dalka Ruushka.

Dheeraad ah oo uu qoraal taxane-taariikheed Nestor ka sheekeyneysa Halyeeyga reer dhacdo of qoyska xiga boqortooyo oo ah Rurik. Waxay ahayd Rurik, taliyayaashii dalalka Slavic, iyo wada ahaayeen wiilashii saddexda amiirradiisa halyeeyga. Waxay sidoo kale loo saarin karaa in ay "hoggaanka aqoonyahanada siyaasadeed" dalalka Slavic qadiimiga ah marka hore. dhimashada shuruud "aasaasay aabbihiis" ka dib, uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo socda Qaraabada, Oleg, kuwaas oo ay intrigues iyo laaluushka guulaystay Kiev, ka dibna ku biiray North iyo South Russia galaan xaalad ah hal maray. Sida laga soo xigtay Nestor ee ka dhacay sanadkii th ee 882. Sida laga arki karo ka rikoorka, dhismaha dawlad-goboleedka ay sabab u ahayd guul "gacanta dibadda" ayuu Viking.

Ruush - Waa kuma kan?

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saynisyahano ayaa weli ka doodaan dhalasho dhabta ah ee dadka si loo magacaabay. dhaggan aragti Norman aaminsan yihiin in ereyga "rus" ka eraygii Finnish "ruotsi", taas oo dadka Finnishka ah u yeedho kuwa iswiidhishka ee qarnigii IX u yimid. Interesting sidoo kale waa xaqiiqda ah in inta badan safiirada Ruush joogay Byzantium lahaa magacyada Scandinavian: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. magacyada Kuwan waxaa laga soo diiwaan geliyay heshiis la Empire Byzantine ah, oo taariikhdiisu tahay 911- 944 sano. Iyo taliyayaashii ugu horeysay ee Russia ahaayeen magacyada Gaarna Scandinavian - Igor, Olga, Rurik.

Mid ka mid ah dood ugu daran ay guushu ku aragti Norman waxa gobolka Slavic, waxaa loo arkaa inay marjic u tahay Ruush ee Western "qorna Bertinskih." Waxaa si gaar ah ayaa sheegay in 839-sano gooyo Byzantine safaarad in saaxiibkii Frankish Louis I. Wafdiga ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa wakiillo ka soo diray "dadka ku soo koray." line hoose waa in Louis Pious waxay go'aansatay in "Russia" - waa kuwa iswiidhishka ah.

Sannaddii th ee 950 oo ka mid ah Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny , in uu buugga "On maamulka Empire ah," ayuu yiri si gaar ah qaar ka mid ah magacyada caanka ah Rapids Dnieper waa xididdada Scandinavian. Ugu dambeyntii, dad badan Muslim iyo geographers in opuses ay ka tirsan qarniyadii IX-X, "heerarka" si cad u gooni ah oo Slavs "Sakaliba" ah. Xaqiiqooyinka Kuwaas oo dhan, wada ururiyey, ka caawiyay by cilmiga Jarmalka dhiso wax-u Norman aragti ah oo ku saabsan sida wax dalalka Slavic.

Aragti Patriotic ka soo jeedo ee gobolka

ideologist ugu weyn ee aragtida labaad waa cilmiga Ruushka Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Aragti Slavic ka soo jeedo ee gobolka waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan "Aragti autochthonous." Waxbarashada aragti Norman ah, Lomonosov arkay cilladaysan ee sababaynta saynisyahano Jarmal ah oo ku saabsan awood la'aanta Slavs in ay is-urur, taas oo keentay in ay gacanta dibadda ka Europe. waddani A run, MV Lomonosov su'aal loo yaqaan aragtida ah oo dhan, go'aansaday inuu isaga qudhiisu ka baran this halxidhkii taariikhiga ah. Waqti ka, waxa la aasaasay ee loo yaqaan aragtida ah Slavic ee asalka ah ee gobolka, ku salaysan diidmo buuxda oo ka mid ah "Norman".

Sidaas daraaddeed, maxay yihiin counter ugu weyn ee keentay daafacyada of Slavs ah? Doodda ugu weyn waa caddaynta in magaca "rus" waa erayga aan la xiriirin Novgorod qadiimiga ama la Ladoga. Waxaa loola jeedaa, halkii, in Ukraine (gaar ahaan, Dhexe Dnieper). Caddeyn waa magacyadii hore ee berkadood oo ku yaalla aagga - Ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Waxbarashada Syria "History kiniisadda," tarjumay Zachary rhetorician, dhaggan aragti Slavic helay Xusuuso ah oo ku saabsan dadka la odhan Hros ama "rus". qabiilooyinka Kuwani degeen koonfurta Kiev. qoraal gacmeedka waxaa loo abuuray in 555, sanadka. In si kale loo dhigo, dhacdooyinka la tilmaamay dhexdeeda, ayaa muddo dheer ka hor Scandinavian ah.

Waxa kale oo halis ah counter-dood waxaa loo arkaa iyo qaadina Russia ee xore Norse qadiimiga ah. Waxay ahaayeen Dhawaqa ilaa badan ilaa xad ah, oo ay, dhab ahaantii, wuxuu ku salaysan yahay oo dhan qowmiyadda hiddaha dal casri ah Scandinavian. Waa adag tahay in aadan ku raacsanayn weedhaha kuwa taariikhyahanadu kuwii odhan in ugu yaraan qayb ka mid ah hore ee a xore taariikhi ah ku meel gaar ah waa in ay leeyihiin caymis ugu yar ee dhacdooyinka kuwa. magacyada Scandinavian danjirayaasha, kuwaas oo ay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerayaasha aragti Norman ah, sidoo kale, waa mid ka mid boqolkiiba boqol ma sheeg dhalasho ee heysata ah. Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhyahan, ergooyinka Swedish si aad u wanaagsan taagan amiirradii Ruush dalal fog.

Dhaleeceeynta aragti Norman

Aan la hubin iyo ka warbixinta ku saabsan gobolka Scandinavians ah. Xaqiiqada ah in muddada ku su'aal, dalalka Scandinavian sida ma jiraan. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxay keentaa in lacagta loo siman yahay shakiga in Vikings - waa taliyayaashii hore ee dalalka Slavic. Waa lagama yaabo in kooxda martida madaxda Scandinavian, oo aan baadhaya dhismaha awoodaha ay u gaar ah, diyaarin lahaa wax dalalka shisheeye.

Academician Boris Rybakov, hadalka ku saabsan asalka ah ee aragtida Norman ah, ayaa muujiyay sida uu ra'yi ku saabsan aqoonta guud ee taariikhyahanadu casriga ah daciif ah, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay, tusaale ahaan, in guurka dhowr qabiil oo reer on dalalka kale abuuraa shuruud u tahay horumarka gobolka, iyo muddo tobannaan sano qaar ka mid ah. Dhab ahaantii, habka of formation iyo qarannimada socon karaa qarniyo. The saldhig weyn ee taariikhiga ah oo aan taariikhyahanadu Jarmal, xanuunsadaa qalad arrin la yaab leh.

dalalka Slavic, sida ay Nestor taariikhqorihii ahaa, la aasaasay in ka badan labaatan sano. Inta badan, ayuu dhiganta aasaasayaasha iyo xoog, bedelida fikradda. Khubarada waxay aaminsan yihiin in isdhaaf ah sida lagu sharaxay fikirka mythological of Nestor. Sidaa darteed fasiraadda soodajiyo uu qoraal taxane-taariikheed waa mid aad shaki.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah aragtiyaha

Aragti kale oo xusid mudan of ah ee qarannimada ee qadiimiga rus loo yaqaan Iran-Slavic. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, waqtiga formation of dalalka ugu horeysay waxaa jiray laba laamood Slavs ah. Mid ka mid ah, kaas oo la odhan jiray the-rus Obodrits ama rugi, ku noolaa dalalka dalalka hadda. Kale oo deganaa ee gobolka Badda Madow oo wuxuu kaxaystay asal ahaan ka soo bixiya qabiilooyinka Iran iyo Slavic. wada ee labadan "versions" dadka, sida ay aragti, abuuri doonaa gobolka hal Slavic rus.

xiqiijiyay in Interesting, taasi oo markii dambe loo dalacsiiyay aragti la soo jeediyay Academician of NASU V. Sklyarenko. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, Novgorodians ka codsaday in ay ka Varangians-Balts, kaas oo lagu magacaabay rus ama Ruthenium. Ereyga "Ruthenians" ka timaadaa dadka, mid ka mid ah qabiilooyinka Celtic ee, ka qayb qaatay dhismaha kooxda Slavic qowmiyadaha jasiiradda of Rügen. Waxaa intaa dheer, sida ay academician ah, ee si hufan waqtiga hore u jirey qabiilooyinka Black Sea Slavic, carurtooduna ahaayeen Zaporozhye Cossacks. Aragtida sidaan ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa - Celtic-Slavic.

Raadi tanaasul

Waa in la ogaadaa in waqti ka waqti ay jiraan ganacsiga-offs ee aragtida ah ee formation gobolka Slavic. Waa version this of taariikhyahan la soo jeediyay Ruush V. Klyuchevskii. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, dalalka Slavic ahaayeen magaalada ugu deyr leh waqti. Taasi waxay aasaas u ah hay'adaha ganacsiga, warshadaha iyo siyaasadeed dhigay. Waxaa intaa dheer, sida ay taariikhyahan ah, waxaa jiray oo dhan "meelaha magaalooyinka ah", kuwaas oo ah wadamada yar yar.

qaab siyaasadeed iyo gobolka Second waqtiga ahaayeen kuwa kibir Norman ugu xagjirka ah, tilmaaman aragti Norman ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Kliuchevskoi, kuwaas oo lagu muransanaa ee aqlabayadii magaalooyinka awood badan iyo qaababka military Vikings keentay in dhismaha maamul goboleedyada Slavic (wicitaanada dugsiga 6 fasalka gobolka this of Kievan rus). Aragtida sidaan ah, kaas oo ku adkeystay iyo taariikhyahanadu Yukreeniyaan A. Efimenko iyo I. Krypiakevych, loo yaqaan Slavic-Varangian. Waxaa xoogaa heshii wakiilada Orthodox labada dhinacba.

Taa baddalkeeda, Academician Vernadsky sidoo kale su'aalo asal Norman ee Slavs ah. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, dhismaha maamul goboleedyada Slavic qabiilooyinka bari ee waa in la tixgeliyaa in ay "rus" - Kuban casriga ah. Academician rumeysan yahay in Slavs magaca this ka magaca qadiimiga ah "Roksolana" ama iftiin Alans helay. In 60-mada ay qarnigii XX aadmka Yukreeniyaan DT Berezovets jeediyay fiirsaneysa ugalay dadka Russ Alanian. Maanta, waa la xiqiijiyay in this waxaa sidoo kale ka fiirsaneysa iyo Yukreeniyaan Academy of Sciences.

Ma jirto koox qowmiyadeed oo kale - Slavs

professor American O.Pritsak jeediyay version ahaanba ka duwan tahay waxa gobolka Slavic, iyo wixii - no. Waxa aan ku salaysan yahay mid ka mid ah fikradaha kor ku xusan oo uu leeyahay ay sal u macquul ah u gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Pritsak, Slavs sida ma jiraan sababo qowmiyadaha iyo qaran. Oo dalkana on taas oo la aasaasay Kievan rus, ayaa u laysaan ka mid ah ganacsiga iyo ganacsi waddooyinka u dhexeeya East iyo West. dadka deggan meelaha kuwanu waxay ahaayeen nooc ka mid ah dagaalyahan-ganacsatada bixiyay ammaanka jiido ganacsiga ee ganacsatada kale, oo waxay u qalabaysan jidka kii alaabta.

In si kale loo dhigo, taariikhda Slavic dalalka ku salaysan bulshada ganacsiga iyo ciidamada qaar ka mid ah danaha wakiillo ka socda dadyowga kala duwan. Waa ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee reer guuraa iyo burcad badeed danbe ahaa saldhig qowmiyadeed oo ah dawlad mustaqbal. Waxay jeelyihiin in aragti lagu muransan yahay, gaar ahaan marka aad u aragto in uu horey cilmiga ah ku noolaa dalka, kuwaas oo taariikhda u dhaco dib kali ah 200 sano.

Against iyada Xumeeyaan dhaleeceeyay by taariikhyahan badan Ruush iyo Yukreeniyaan, oo magiciisa la odhan xitaa laftiisa jarred - "Volga -. Khanate Ruush" Sida laga soo xigtay Maraykanka, waxa uu ahaa dhismaha ugu horreeya ee dalalka Slavic (Darajada 6 si dhib leedahay in la ogyahay sida aragtida muran). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadu xaq u leedahay inay ka jiraan oo loo yaqaan Khazar.

Warbixinta Gaarka ah ee Kievan rus

Markaan dib u eegay oo dhan aragtiyaha ah waxa uu noqonayaa mid iska cad in gobolka ugu horreeyey ee Slavic halis ahaa Kievan rus sameeyay agagaarka qarnigii IX ah. Aasaasidda xooggan ka dhacay marxaladaha. Si 882 sannadood biireen oo ku milmaan hoos hal glades amar Drevlyane, erayada, dregovechey iyo Polotsk. Ururka dalalka Slavic waa astaan lagu muransanaa ee Kiev iyo Novgorod.

Ka dib markii talada dalkaasi uu qabsaday Kiev, Oleg bilaabay, marxaladda labaad hore dhulgoosadka ah ee horumarinta Kievan rus. Waxay qaadataa xidhiidh firfircoon oo meelaha hore oo aan la garaneyn. Sidaas darteed, 981, gobolka balaariyay oo ay dalalkan Slav Eastern ilaa webiga San ah. The 992-m ayaa ku guuleystay iyo beero Croatian been labada dalcadaha Carpathians ah. By 1054 xoogga Kiev ayaa ku faafay dhamaan qabiilooyinka Slavic Bari, iyo magaalada laftiisa ogaaday in ay "hooyadii magaalooyinka Ruush."

Waxa xiiso leh in mar hore qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii line, gobolka waxay bilaabeen inay sii muuq galay madaxda gooni ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilligan ma dheer ma socon, oo ka hor khatarta caadi ah in wajiga oo ka mid ah isbeddellada Polovtsian joojiyay. Laakiin ka dib, ay sabab u tahay xarumaha dhulgoosadka kordhay iyo kordhinta awoodda dagaal ee ku abtirsan, Kievan rus weli ku dhacaa xer xeran. In 1132 wuxuu bilaabay mudo ah kala qaybsanaanta dhulgoosadka. Tani state of arrimaha, sida aynu ognahay, waxaa kor u Baabtiisku of All Russia ahaa. Fikradda ah gobolka hal ayaa noqday caan ka dibna.

calaamadda ee dalalka Slavic

dalalka Slavic Modern yihiin kuwo aad u kala duwan. Waxay yihiin distinguished ma aha oo kaliya by dhalasho ama luqad, laakiin sidoo kale siyaasadda dawladda, iyo heerka wadaninimo, iyo heerka uu gaarsiisan horumarinta dhaqaalaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Slavs u fududahay in la fahmo mid kasta oo kale - weli ka tago xididada ee ceeryaan waqti u sameeyaan maskaxda isla beenisay dhammaan saynisyahano loo yaqaan "caqligal ah", laakiin taas oo si kalsooni leh u odhan sociologists iyo cilmi nafsiga.

Ka dib oo dhan, xitaa haddii aan ka fiirsan calamada oo ka mid ah dalalka Slavic, waxaad ka arki kartaa joogto ah oo la mid ah oo ka mid ah palette midabka. Waxaa jira wax caynkaas ah - midabada Pan-Slavic. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee hadal ah oo ku saabsan dhamaadka qarnigii XIX ee First Slavic Congress ee Prague. Taageerayaasha fikradda ah midoobidda oo dhan Slavs loo bixiyey inuu qaado cas oo nabrahoodii siman loo siman yahay ee la buluug ah, oo cad, iyo kuwo gaduud sida ay calanka. Warkeeda in model noqday calan of raxan baayacmushtariga Ruush. Sidaas haddii ay tahay dhab ahaan - waxaa aad u adag si ay u caddeeyaan, laakiin calamada dalalka Slavic waxaa badanaa lagu gartaa faahfaahinta ugu yar, ma midabada.