Ekaterina 2: Biography of Empress ah. History of Russia

qofka muranka 2 ahaa Catherine Weyn - Ruush Empress asal Jarmal. articles iyo filimada Inta badan, kolkii iyadu ay muujiyeen sida lover ah ee kubadaha maxkamadda raaxo iyo musqulaha, iyo sidoo kale ugu cad cad dad badan, oo waxaa mar ahaa xiriir aad u dhow.

Nasiib darro, dad yar ogahay in ay ahayd mid aad u caqli badan, oo dhalaalaya iyo qabanqaabiyaha tayo leh. Oo waa xaqiiqo la dafiri karin, sida isbedellada siyaasadeed ee ka dhacay sannadihii iyada boqornimadiisa, iska lahaa absolutism iftiimiyey. Intaa waxaa dheer, dib u habaynta badan dhaqaalaha, nolosha bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee dalka, waa caddayn dheeraad ah eccentricity of iyada shakhsiyadda.

asal ahaan

Ekaterina 2, Biography kaas oo ahaa sidaas la yaab leh oo aan caadi ahayn, waxa uu ku dhashay on 2 May (21-kii Abriil) 1729 ee Stettin, Germany. Her magaciisa oo buuxa - Sophia Augusta Frederica, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. waalidkeed ahaayeen Prince Christian August ee Anhalt-Zerbst oo loo siman yahay isaga oo ag horyaalka ee Johann Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp, kuwaas oo ahaa in xiriir la leh guryaha boqornimada sida English, af Iswiidhish iyo af Prussian.

Empress mustaqbalka ee Russia, helay waxbarashada guriga. Waxaa baray fiqiga, music, qoob ka, waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee juqraafiga iyo taariikhda, sidoo kale, marka lagu daro dalkiisa Jarmalka, iyadu si fiican u si fiican u ogaa, iyo Faransiis. Horeba carruurnimada hore ayay muujiyeen iyada qof madax bannaan, ku adkaysiga iyo aqoon korodhsiga, doorbiday in ay ku noolaadaan iyo kulan dibadeed.

guurka

In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna casuumay amiirad ee Anhalt-Zerbst, oo ay la socdaan hooyadiis inuu yimaado Russia. Halkan Haweenay christened in dhaqan Orthodox oo noqday kuwa loo yaqaan Ekaterinoy Alekseevnoy. Laga soo bilaabo in ay heshay xaaladda rasmiga ah ee aroosadda of Prince Peter Fedorovich, mustaqbalka Emperor Peter 3.

Sidaas sheeko xiiso of Catherine 2 ee Russia bilaabay arooska, taas oo lagu qabtay on August 21, 1745. Dhacdadaas ka dib, iyadu ku guuleysatay horyaalka ee Grand Duchess. Sida uu si fiican u yaqaan, ay guur ku faraxsaneyn tan iyo bilowgii. Her Peter ninkeeda ahayd waqti in weli nin dhallinyaro ah oo aan weli qaan gaadhin ciyaaray askartii, halkii faqri, wakhtigooda bulshada oo uu naagtiisa. Sidaa darteed, Empress mustaqbalka ayaa lagu qasbay inay isku maaweelin, iyadu akhri waqti dheer, iyo sidoo kale ku abuurta noocyo kala duwan oo xiiso leh.

Catherine 2 carruur ah

Inkasta oo naagtii Peter 3 lahaa muuqaalka kore ee Xaakimkii mudan, isaga qudhiisu kii dhaxalka lahaa carshiga marna qariyey, si uu kacsigiisa jaceyl ogaa dhowaad dayrka oo dhan.

shan sano ka dib, Catherine 2, kuwaas oo Biography loo yaqaan, sidoo kale waxaa ka buuxay sheekooyinka jacaylka, bilaabay arrin marka hore. Her doorasho ahaa sarkaal oo ahaa madaxa waardiyayaasha SV Saltykov. September 20, ka dib 9 sano guurka, waxay dhashay in mid dhaxal leh. Dhacdadani waxa ay noqday mawduuca wada maxkamadda, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sii ilaa maantadan la joogo, laakiin in wareegyada tacliimeed. Cilmi-Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin haddii wiilka aabihiis ninkeeda, Peter dhab ahaa Catherine ee lover iyo ma. Qaar kale waxay ku andacoodaan in uu ku dhashay ninkeedii ka. Laakiin in sida laga yaabaa, hooyada ma haysan waqti ay ilmaha ka qabtaan, si uu tababar la wareegay Elizaveta Petrovna nafteeda. Soon, Empress mustaqbalka mar uuraysatay oo waxay dhashay gabadh la odhan jiray Anna. Nasiib darro, ilmahaagu wuxuu noolaa oo kaliya 4 bilood.

Ka dib markii 1750 Catherine la xidhiidha silsiladihii jacayl S. Poniatowski, diblomaasi Polish, kuwaas oo markii dambe u noqday King Stanisław Augustus. wiilkiisii Alexis - Horraantii 1760 ayay G. G. Orlovym, kaas oo u dhashay ilmo saddexaad ahaa. Wiil la siiyey magaca Bobrinsky.

waa waxaan idinku leeyahay, sababta oo ah warar xan badan oo ka qoreen, iyo sidoo kale dhaqanka faasiqiin ee isqaba, reer Catherine 2 ma keenin wax dareen diiran Peter 3. Ninka ka waxa uu si cad shakiyey inuu aabbanimada noolaha.

Baahnayn in la sheego in Empress mustaqbalka aslanba diiday cayn kasta oo eedihii loo soo horjeeda seygeeda. Cararaya Peter 3 weerarrada, Catherine wakhtiga intiisa badan ka doorteen in ay ku bixisaan, iyada boudoir. Kharribay in lafta iyada iyo ninkeeda keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay si dhab ah waxay bilaabeen inay ka cabsan in uu naftiisa. Waxay ka baqay in, goortuu yimaado si xoog, Peter 3 iyada u xaq siin doonaa, si ay bilaabeen inay raadiyaan a sokeeye la isku halayn karo ee maxkamadda.

Helitaanka carshiga

Ka dib dhimashadii Peter 3 State oo ka mid ah xeerarka u ahaa hooyadiis kaliya 6 bilood. Muddo dheer hadalka isaga ku saabsan sida taliye jaahil oo aan tabar lahayn maskax leh curyaanimo badan. Laakiin waxaa Sameeyey image caynkaas ah? Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, taariikhyahanadu badan yihiin dhiiran tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in sida sanam coroge waxaa la abuuray by-qorka ku qoran by qabanqaaba inqilaabkii - Catherine 2 iyo E. R. Dashkovoy.

Xaqiiqada ah in aragti ninka ayaa iyada kaliya kuma xun, waxay ahayd si cad colaadeed. Sidaa darteed, hanjabaad ah u wajahaya link a ama xitaa xiray kiciyay dhagarta ka dhanka ah Peter 3. Abaabulaan fallaago ah oo ka caawiyey iyada oo walaalo ah Orlov, K. Razumovsky, N. I. Panin, E. Dashkova iyo kuwa kale. July 9, 1762 3 Peter lagu afgembiyey oo keenay in ay awoodda Empress cusub - Catherine 2. dejiyey Boqortooyada dhow isla markiiba loo qaaday Ropsha (30 miles ka St. Petersburg). Waxa uu la socday a ilaalada ilaalada hoos amarka Alekseya Orlova.

Sida aad ogtahay, sheekada Catherine 2, iyo gaar ahaan, waxa ay marti Inqilaab ah, ka buuxa gudcur ah, oo Dhectuuro maskaxda cilmi badan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Tusaale ahaan, ilaa iyo hadda sababta rasmiga ah ee dhimashada aan la aasaasay Peter 3 at 8 maalmood ka dib markii la afgembiyey. Sida laga soo xigtay version rasmiga ah, wuxuu u dhintay farabadan oo dhan cudurada ay keento isticmaalka daba dheeraaday khamriga.

Ilaa dhawaan waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Peter 3 dhintay dhimasho rabshad ka soo gaartay Alekseya Orlova. Caddeynta of this waa nooc ka mid ah warqad qoraal ah by dilaaga ah oo u soo diray inuu Catherine ee Ropsha. asalka ah ee dokumentigan aan la sii raagayaan, laakiin waxay ahayd oo kaliya nuqul ka mid ah FV ku Rostopchin la sheegay in laga duubay. Sidaa darteed, caddaymo toos ah dil gooyo ayaa weli.

siyaasadda dibadda

waa waxaan idinku leeyahay, Catherine ee Great 2 saamiyada badan oo ka mid ah aragtida Peter 1 on xaqiiqada ah in Russia saaxadda dunida ah waa inuu qaato jagooyinka taasoo keentay in dhammaan goobaha, taasoo keentay waqti isku mid dagaal badan oo xitaa ilaa xad siyaasadda dagaal badan. Caddeynta of this uma shaqayn karo sidii heshiis nasasho ah isbahaysiga la Prussia, gabagabeeyay horaantii by ninkeeda Peter 3. Waxay u dhaqaaqday qiyaano ku dhow isla markiiba, mar waxaan carshiga ku yimid.

Dibadda Politika Ekateriny 2 waxaa ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in ay had iyo jeer isku dayay in la dhiso on carshigii casaabadiisa uu. Waa in iyada Duke E. I. Biron soo laabtay carshiga Courland mahad, iyo in 1763 ee Poland ayaa bilaabay inay xukumaan iyada isku horfadhiyaan - Stanisław August Poniatowski. falalka noocan oo kale ah ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in Austria waxay bilaabeen inay ka cabsan saameyn ku xad-dhaafka ah u xoog badan ee gobolka waqooyi. xubnaha isla markiiba waxay bilaabeen in ay dhiira cadowga mudada dheer taagan ee Russia - Turkey - inay dagaal ku qaadeen tagaan. Iyo Austria weli ka dhigay isaga u gaar ah.

Waxaan dhihi karnaa in dagaal Ruush-Turkish, kaas oo socday muddo 6 sano (ka 1768 si ay u 1774), ayaa guul Empire Ruush ah. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, hadda ma aha sida ugu fiican ee xaaladda siyaasadeed ee dalka ayaa Catherine 2 qasbay in ay nabad bay doondooni. Sidaas darteed, iyadu lahaa si loo soo celiyo isbahaysiga jir Austria. Iyo tanaasul u dhexeeya labada dal ayaa lagu dhigay. Uu dhibanaha ahaa Poland, qayb ka mid ah dhulka kuwaas oo in 1772 waxaa loo kala qaybiyay saddex dal: Russia, Austria iyo Prussia.

Ku biiritaanka dalka iyo cilmiga Ruush cusub

saxiixa ku Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji la Turkey bixiyo wanaagsan in madax-bannaanida gobolka Ruush ee Crimea. In sano ee ku xiga, waxaa jiray koror ah saamayn Imperial, ma aha oo kaliya on Jasiiradda, laakiin sidoo kale in Caucasus. Nidaamkani wuxu keenay in mid noqoshada ee Russia ee 1782, Crimean ah. Si dhakhso ah uu u saxiixay ka Treaty of Georgievsk la Tsar Kartli-Kakheti Irakli 2, kaas oo ku lug leh helidda ciidamada Ruush on territory Joorijiyaan. Ka dibna, dalalkan oo ka mid ah ayaa sidoo kale ku biiray si Russia.

Ekaterina 2, Biography kaas oo uu ka muuqo xiran taariikhda dalka, qeybtii labaad ee 70s ee qarnigii 18aad, wada jir ah ula markaas dowladda bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan booska siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda cusub ah - mashruuca loogu yeero Greek. Himilada kama danbaysta ahayd in la soo celiyo ay Greek ama Byzantine. Its magaalada ay aheyd inuu noqdo Constantinople iyo taliye - awow u ahaa Catherine 2, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

By dhamaadka 70s qalaad Politika Ekateriny 2 dalka dambe ee sharafta caalamiga ah ee hore, kaas oo sii xoogaystay ka dib markii Russia sameeyey dhexaadin ah Congress Teschen u dhexeeya Prussia iyo Austria. In 1787, Empress la boqorkii Polish iyo Boqortooyada Austria, Ulasocto ka timi iyo diblomaasiyiinta shisheeye, ka dhigay safarka dheer in gacanka Crimean. Tani waa dhacdo weyn si ay u muujiyaan awoodda military ee Empire Ruush ah.

siyaasadda gudaha

, Intooda badan oo ka mid ah dib u habaynta iyo isbedelka ka dhacay Russia ahaayeen sida is burinaya sida Catherine nafteeda 2. sano iyada boqortooyada calaamadeeyay enslavement ugu badan ee isku duba riday, iyo sidoo kale laalista xataa xuquuqda ugu yar. Taasi markii ay u muuqatay amar uu ku mamnuucayo in cabashada go'amada ee kireeya. Intaa waxaa dheer, ka mid ah saraakiisha sarsare ee hay'adaha dawladda iyo musuqmaasuq la Shafay, oo waxay u adeegeen sidii model ah Empress ah, kuwaas oo si deeqsinimo leh qoys ahaan, iyo ciidan faro badan oo ah taageerayaasha.

Waa maxay waxa ay ahayd

Tayada shakhsi ah Catherine 2 waxaa lagu qeexay iyada by ee qorkiisa iyaga u gaar ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, taariikhyahanadu cilmi baaris ku salaysan dokumentiyo badan, isagoo sheegay in ay ahayd nafsiga khiyaano, garsoore wanaagsan oo qof. Caddeynta of this waa xaqiiqda ah in iyadu doortay sida dadka caawiyihiisa tayo leh oo dhalaalaya oo kaliya. Sidaa darteed, waa Epoch ah by ah ee askartii oo dhan of Guud cajiib ah iyo dowlada, gabayaaga iyo qorayaasha, fanaaniinta iyo muusikalayda calaamadeeyay.

In ka qabashada keceen Catherine 2 jiray sida caadiga ah digtoonaadaan, joojiyey iyo bukaanka. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, iyadu mar walba maqlaa si taxadar leh saaxiibkiis, halka qabsaday fikirrada kasta oo macquul ah, ka dibna u isticmaali wanaag. Marka si dhab ah ma ay qaadan meel kasta oo is casilay buuq badan, waa mid ka mid ah kuwii gobta ahaa ma gudbin, iskaba daa toogasho ah. waxaa yaab ma laha waxa loo yaqaan xukunka "da'da dahabka" barwaaqaysan ee abtirsan Ruush.

Ekaterina 2, Biography iyo shakhsiyadda in waxaa ka buuxa burinaya, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahayd arrin aan waxtar lahayn iyo aad u urursan inuu ku guuleysto awood. In si ay u sii iyada gacmihiisa, ayay diyaar u ah inay tanaasul xataa kharash ku xukumay iyaga u gaar ahayd.

nolosha Personal

Sawirrada ee Empress ah, qoran sano dhallinyaro ah, isagoo sheegay in ay lahayd a wanaagsan-raadinta. Ma aha la yaab leh in sheekada ku jira jacayl badan oo Catherine xiiso leh 2. In aad runta u sheegto, waxa ay si aad u wanaagsan guursan kartaa, laakiin ay dhacdo in this ay horyaalka, goobta, iyo ugu muhiimsan, awood buuxda, oo khatar geli lahaa.

Sida ay aaminsan caanka ah inta badan taariikhyahanadu, in uu naftiisa Ekaterina Velikaya beddelay oo ku saabsan labaatan ku caashaqay. Inta badan, ayay iyaga siiyey isku hadiyaddii ugu kala duwan oo qiimo leh, deeqsinimo dhiibteen baxay sharaf iyo koobab, oo waxaas oo dhan si ay u noqon taageero iyada.

Natiijada Guddiga

Waa inaan sheegaa in taariikhyahanadu laga qaadin si ay u qiimeeyaan si cad oo dhan dhacdooyinkii Zaman Catherine ee, tan iyo inta kaligiitalinimo iyo waxbarashada ayaa la socda gacanta ee gacanta, waxaana la kala saari Karin xidhiidh. Intii lagu guda jiray iyada waxaa boqor ahaan waxa ku jiray oo dhan, horumarinta waxbarashada, dhaqanka iyo sayniska, xoojinta weyn ee gobolka Ruush saaxadda caalamka, horumarinta xiriirka ganacsiga iyo diblomaasiyadda. Laakiin, sida la taliye kasta, ma ay haysan ay dulmi dadka, kuwaas oo soo gaaray go'doominta badan. Nidaamkani wuxu gudaha ma keeni karaa rabshado kale oo caan ah, taas oo dhalisay kacdoonkii awood badan oo buuxa miisaan hogaaminayo Emelyana Pugacheva.

gunaanad

In 1860 waxa ay ahayd fikrad ah: in ay u simanahay aniga taallo in Catherine 2 ee St. Petersburg oo lagu sharfayo ay 100-sano jir ah oo carshiga ku yimid. Its dhismaha socday 11 sano, oo la furay 1873 at deegaanka Alexandria ee. Waa taallo ugu caansan ee Empress ah. Inta lagu guda jiro sano ee awoodda Soviet lumay 5 of taxadiri ay. Ka dib markii 2000, ayaannu furnay goobo dhowr ah labadaba Russia iyo dibadda: 2 - in Ukraine iyo 1 - in Transnistria. Intaa waxaa dheer, in 2010 in Zerbst (Germany) waxaa jiray taalo, laakiin ma Catherine ee Empress 2, iyo Sofii Frederike Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst.