Cilmiga taaban karo ee Russia

Inta lagu jiro qarnigii 20, cilmiga reer galbeedka calaamadeeyay horumar la taaban karo, sidaa darteed hadda waa nidaam adag oo fikradaha, fikrado, iyo habab aragtiyaha. cilmiga taaban karo waxaa loola jeedaa fikradaha muhiimka ah ee cilmiga ah ee qarniga 20aad, oo ay la socdaan aragtida ah ee isku dhaca bulshada, falanqaynta dhismaha iyo functional, sociometry, aragtida ah ee interactionism calaamad, fikirka ah sarrifka bulshada iyo cilmiga phenomenological.

cilmiga taaban karo waxaa ka mid ah laba qaybood oo waaweyn:

- codsanay waxbarashada taaban karo ee cilmiga, howshooduna waa inay cilmi baaris ku sameeyaan loogu talagalay xalinta wax ku ool ah, hawlaha si wanaagsan u qeexan.

- Academic waxbarashada taaban karo ee cilmiga, howshooduna waa formation of cilmiga sayniska ku saabsan nidaamka dhacdooyinka nolosha bulshada iyo meelo gaar ah in loo isticmaalo saldhig u nidaamsan cilmi cilmiga.

cilmiga taaban karo ka soo qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad waxaa la soo koraya ma aha oo kaliya in Maraykanka, laakiin sidoo kale in Western Europe. Wakiilada ee dugsiga taaban karo saamayn xad kala duwan oo kala duwan ee danaha, laakiin dhibaatada ugu weyn waa la xalin karo ku salaysan af iyo qoraal nidaamsan ee cilmi-baarista, iyo sidoo kale la xidhiidha iyo isgaadhsiinta muda ah meelaha laga codsadaa iyo tacliinta.

cilmiga taaban karo ee Russia horumariyo sidii hore kacaanka (P.Petrazhitsky, M.Kovalevsky et al.), Oo in ugu horeysay toban sano ka dib (A.Gastev, S.Strumilin, A.Todorsky, N.Antsiferov, A.Chayanov, I.Bobrovnikov, A.Boltunov, M.Kornev, M.Lebedinsky, V.Olshansky et al.). Taaban karo Sociology in Russia ee 20 sano bartay dhibaatooyinka ururka shaqo, sii kordhaya formation of dhaqanka, habka nolosha iyo wax soo saarka, tababarka shaqaalaha u qalma. In hore 30-mada qabashada waxbarashada sida la joojiyey iyo dib u bilaabay kaliya ee 70s ee (YuLevada, A.Zdravomyslov, I.Kon, G.Osipov, V.Rozhin ,, V.Shubkin, A.Harchev, V.Yadov et al.).

Maanta qurxino isbedelka habka aqoonta. Tusaale ahaan, sunta VA yaqaan sociologist Ruush soo jeedinaya xeeladaha soo socda ee cilmi-taaban karo ee wajiyada kala duwan ee afka baarkiisa. Waxa uu soo jeedinayaa in la dhiso on dejinta ah oo noqday afka baarkiisa sida: qaabka ee cilmiga - Waa faham buuxa oo ka mid ah xidhiidhka udhaxeeya aragtiyaha kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan:

a) ansaxinta jawaab caadi ah falsafada su'aasha "waxa bulshada",

b) ansixinta a kala duwan oo qaarkood guud ee dhibaatooyinka in baaritaan lagu gudahood qaabka gaar ah;

c) aqoonsiga shuruudaha caadi gaar ah jiritaanka iyo isku halaynta of mabaadi'da aqoonta la xiriirta hababka bulshada iyo ifafaale.

Horumarinta ee Russia iyo cilmiga yskoy dib loo eego saddex marxaladood:

stage 1-dii (60- 80s. qarnigii sagaal.). Waxaa jira cilmiga ah ee West iyo Russia, iyo, iyo. Waxaa la arkaa sayniska, taas oo uu isticmaalaa cilmiga kale sida a "bakhaar" xaqiiqda lagama maarmaanka u ah horumarinta sharciyada ay dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada iyo statics. Wakhtigan, labada cilmiga horumariyo sida juquraafi ahaan dugsiga, organicism, cilmi nafsiga, u-psychism dhaqan iyo dugsiga shakhsi ahaan.

cilmiga shakhsi ahaan la aasaasay mabaadi'da uu ka hor qof kasta oo kale. Ujeeddada ahayd jecel yihiin in ay ku doodi fikradaha of loona Ruush iyo hantiwadaagga.

fikradaha jihada nafsi sahamiyey kaalin muhiim ah arrimaha dhaqanka saamayn ku dhiirogelin ah ee dhaqanka aadanaha.

stage 2aad (80 -. 90 19.). Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan la aasaasay rakibo antipositivist iyo Marxism. Wakhtigan M.M.Kovalevsky sii daayay shuqulkiisa "Sociology". Waxa uu fahamsan yahay cilmiga sayniska ah ee horumar iyo ururka bulshada. Waxa uu carrabka ku adkeeyay in cilmiga adag isku tidcan oo dhaqaale, nafsaani ah, arrimo juquraafi, laakiin midkoodna, waqti isku mid ah, kama muuqan muhim.

stage 3aad (ilaa 20-mada ay qarnigii 20). dugsiyada Leading - neo. Isla mar ahaantaana la aasaasay a "cilmiga Christian".

Tallaabada 4aad (C '80s ee qarnigii 20aad ilaa N.V.). stage A cusub, isbedelka weyn ee cilmiga, kaas oo la aqoonsan by sayniska madax banaan calaamadeeyay.