Nidaamyada Fara. Shuruudaha ugu badan iyo ugu yaraan

nidaamyada Fara - waa doonistiisu ahayd iftiin ama mugdi ah in waxa sababa rays ee ku jira wajiga ama ka waji kasta oo kale. hirarka Light iyo sida lagu daray marka codsatay, haddii marxaladaha ay ku beeganto (jihada of badaneyso ama ay yaraaneyso), ama waxay midba midka kale baajiso haddii ay ku jiraan antiphase. ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa faragelinta wax dhisid iyo burbur, siday u kala horreeyaan. Haddii dogob iftiin monochromatic, oo dhan hirarka kaas oo ay leeyihiin dhererka isku mid ah, wuxuu maraa labada wangsan oo cidhiidhi ah (tijaabo ah markii ugu horaysay la sameeyey 1801 by Thomas Young, saynisyahan Ingiriisi, kuwaas oo, isaga u mahad garawsannay yimid in dabeecadda la ruxruxo iftiinka), laba ka mid ah ku jirase aad keentay lagu hagaajin karaa shaashadda guri oo halkii labada boos noqnoqashada loo sameeyay faraq faragelinta - isku hannaankii iftiinka iyo meelaha mugdiga ah talantaalli ah. Tani waxay ifafaale loo isticmaalo, tusaale ahaan, in dhammaan interferometers indhaha.

superposition

Dabeecadaha lagu qeexo superposition ah hirarka oo qeexaya anshaxa ee hirarka superimposed. Its mabda'a been in xaqiiqda ah in marka in meel bannaan oo ka mid ah laba hirarka superimposed, qas ka keentay waa loo siman yahay si ay u soo tiriya aljabrada oo ka mid ah rabshooyin shaqsi. Mararka qaarkood at perturbations badan oo xukunka la jebiyo. Habdhaqankan waxa fudud u keenaysaa in qaar ka mid ah saamaynta kuwa loo yeedhay ifafaale faragelin.

The ifafaale faragelinta lagu gartaa laba dhinacada. Labada hirarka dhisid saacididoono beeganto, oo ay ku jiraan xaalad kasta oo kale. Natiijada superposition yahay sidii loo xoojin lahaa qas ka. Ilodanimada inayan The of ruxruxo isku qasnaa oo keentay waa loo siman yahay si ay u soo tiriya qolo ka mid ah amplitudes shaqsi. Taa waxaa ka duwan, faragelinta burbur in ugu badnaan hal ruxruxo ku beegan tahay ugu yaraan labaad - ay ku jiraan mucaaradka ah. Ilodanimada inayan ee la ruxruxo, marka la isku daro waa loo siman yahay si farqiga u dhexeeya amplitudes qaybo ka kooban ay. In kiiska halkaas oo ay ku siman yihiin, waa dhameystiran yahay faragelinta burbur, iyo perturbation of dhexdhexaad guud waa eber.

Young ayaa tijaabo

Habku faragelinta oo ka mid ah laba ilo si cad u muujinaysaa joogitaanka hirarka noqnoqashada. Thomas Young soo jeediyay in iftiin - ruxruxo ah oo Adeeca mabda'a superposition. Uu guusha caanka ahaa dibad tijaabo ah oo ka mid ah wax dhisid iyo burbur faragelinta iftiinka ee 1801 version casriga ah ee tijaabo Young ee dabeecadda kala duwan oo kaliya in u adeegsanayaa ilo iftiin isku xidhan. Laser isku iftiiminaya laba wangsan oo isku midka ah ee dusha sare Doolaal. maraayay Light iyaga, waxaa jira screen fog. Marka width ka dhexeeya mid wangsan oo waa weyn u weyn yahay Milanello, xeerarka optics joomatari arkay - arkay isagoo fuushan screen labada gobol ciinwaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka of wangsan oo iftiin diffracted iyo hirarka shaashadda waxaa superimposed on kasta oo kale. Diffraction laftiisa waa natiijo ah oo nooca la ruxruxo iftiinka, iyo weli tusaale kale oo saamayn this.

hannaankii faragelinta The

Mabda'a ah superposition go'aamiso qaybinta keentay xoogga shaashadda ciinwaanka. hannaankii faragelinta wuxuu dhacaa marka farqiga jidka ka dillaac ah in shaashadda waa loo siman yahay in tirada oo dhan wavelengths (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Farqiga Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa in marna iman waqti isku mid ah. faragelinta burbur dhacdaa marka farqiga u waddo si siman u tiro abyoonaha ah wavelengths mowjadda by badh (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung isticmaalay dood joomatari si ay u muujiyaan in superposition ku keenaysaa in taxane ah oo guutooyinkiisa oo si siman u dhaxeyso ama meelaha xoojinta sare u dhiganta gobollada faragelinta wax dhisid ah, kala meelaha mugdiga ah ka buuxaan burbur.

Hole dheereynta

joomatariga An dhimaya muhiim ah oo leh labo wangsan oo waa ratio ee λ Milanello nuurka iyo masaafada u dhexeysa godad d. Haddii / λ d waa wax badan ka yar 1, masaafada u dhexeysa silsiladihiina noqon doonaa mid yar iyo saamaynta isa aan arkay. Isticmaalka wangsan oo si dhow u dhaxeyso, Jung ahayd in iftiinka iyo meelaha mugdiga ah kala qaybin karo. Sidaas darteed, ayuu wuxuu goostay ka mid ah midabo kala wavelengths iftiin arki karo. Waxay qiimo aad u yar oo lagu sharxayaa sababta ay saamaynta kuwan waxaa lagu arkay oo keliya xaaladaha qaarkood. Si aad u kala qaybiyaan goobaha faragelinta wax dhisid iyo burbur, masaafada u dhexeysa isha hirarka iftiinka waa in uu ahaadaa mid aad u yar.

Milanello

U fiirsasho ee saamaynta faragelinta dhibaato ku tahay laba sababood oo kale. Inta badan ilo iftiin shanqarta qaybaha kala Milanello si joogto ah, taasoo keentay in formation of patterns faragelin badan superimposed on midba midka kale, mid kasta oo bareeg ah u dhexeeya oo karbaash ah. Tani waxay tiraa saamaynta ugu dhawaaqaa, sida meelaha gudcurka dhamaystiran.

coherency

faragelinta in la arkay yaabaa muddo dheer, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo ilo iftiin isku xidhan. Taas macnaheedu waa in ilaha shucaaca waa in la joogteeyo xiriir wajiga joogto ah. Tusaale ahaan, laba hirarka harmonic ah inta jeer ee isku mar walba xiriir wajiga go'an ilaa barta kasta oo meel - midkood wajiga ama in mucaaradka wajiga, ama in qaar ka mid ah gobolka dhexe. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan oo ka mid ah ilaha iftiin shanqarta la ruxruxo run harmonic. Halkii, waxay dhaadheer iftiin, taas oo isbedel wajiga random dhacdaa malaayiin jeer labaad. shucaaca noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan midaysan.

Ilo ku haboon - laser

Fara weli arkay markii superimposed hirarka in meel bannaan oo ka mid ah laba ilo ka baaqsiga, laakiin nidaamyada faragelin aan kala sooc lahayn oo leh wareeg ah wajiga random kala duwan, wada. dareemayaal Light, oo ay ku jiraan indhaha, ma iska diiwaan gelin kartaa image ah si degdeg ah la beddelo, iyo kaliya celcelis ahaan xooganaanta waqtiga. dogob laser waa ku dhawaad monochromatic (m. E. kooban yahay hal Milanello a) iyo highly- ah. Waa il iftiin fiican ee logu saamaynta faragelinta.

Determination of noqnoqoshada

Ka dib markii Jung 1802 ee wavelengths qiyaas iftiinka arki karo kuna xiran kartaa xawaaraha waafi sax iftiinka heli karaa waqti si ay u xisaabiso inta jeer ay qiyaas. Tusaale ahaan, iftiinka cagaaran waa loo siman yahay oo ku saabsan 6 × October ¹⁴ Hz. Tani waa amar badan oo magnitude ka badan inta jeer ee weyn ee vibrations farsamo. Wixii la barbardhigo, qof maqli kartaa codka la mawjadaha ilaa 2 × ¹⁰ Hz April. Waxa ay dhab ahaan kala duwan yihiin heerka weli qarsoodiga ah ee 60 sano ee soo socda.

Fara filimada khafiif ah

Saamaynta arkay aan ku xaddidnayn joomateri ee dillaac double loo isticmaalo by Thomas Young. Marka ay jirto milicsiga iyo refraction ee rays ka labada meelaha kala fog ka dhigma Milanello, faragelin ku dhacaa filimada khafiif ah. Doorka film ka dhexeeya dusha ka ciyaari laga yaabaa in vacuum ah, hawada, dareeraha ah ama wax kasta oo jidhka adag oo hufan. In light arki karo saamaynta faragelin ku kooban oo ay tirada of a micrometers yar. Tusaale A loo yaqaan filimka oo dhan waa xumbo a. Light ka muuqataa ka, waa superposition laba hirarka - mid ka muuqataa ka dusha hore, iyo tan labaad - ku yaala gadaasha dambe. Waxay daboolaa in meel bannaan oo ku daray in ay midba midka kale. Iyada oo ku xidhan dhumucda film saabuun ah, laba hirarka falgalaan laga yaabaa in wax dhisid ama destructively. xisaab dhamaystiran oo ah hannaanka faragelinta waxay muujinaysaa in iftiin la Milanello a λ faragelinta wax dhisid ah ayaa lagu arkay for dhumucdiisuna waxay film of λ / 4 a, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, iwm, iyo burbur - .. Si λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Qaaciidooyinka xisaabinta

ifafaale faragelin ahayd isticmaalka badan, sidaas darteed waa muhiim in la fahmo isla'egta aasaasiga ah ee la xiriira ku daraa. The isleegyo socda ogolaan xisaabinta qiimaha kala duwan ee la xidhiidha fara, laba xaaladood oo ay ugu badan.

strips Location fudud tijaabo Young ayaa, .. goobaha Ie la faragelin wax dhisid ah loo xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo hadal ah: y _{waa fudud yahay.} = (ΛL / d) m, meesha λ - Milanello, m = 1, 2, 3, ..., d - masaafada u dhexeysa mid wangsan oo ah; L - fog in ay beegsadaan.

.. Location guutooyinkiisa oo mugdi ah, ie meelaha dhexgalka burbur la siiyo by: y _{waa mugdi.} = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Waayo, faragelinta kale noocyada - filimada khafiif ah - joogitaanka superposition dhisi karaa, ama burbur go'aamiso wareejin wajiga of hirarka ka muuqataa, taas oo ku xiran oo dhumucdiisuna waxay filimka iyo index ka Refractive waxaa ka mid ah. isla'egta hore waxay sharxaysaa the case of maqnaanshaha of wareejin noocan oo kale ah, iyo tan labaad - wareeg ah ee Milanello badhkiis,

2nt = mλ;

λ = (m + 1/2) 2nt.

Halkan, λ - Milanello, m = 1, 2, 3, ..., t - Jidka safray in filimka, n - index of refraction.

U fiirsasho ee dabiiciga ah

Marka qorraxda wuxuu u iftiimaa on xumbo, waxaad ka arki kartaa garaacidda midab dhalaalaya, tan iyo wavelengths kala duwan waxaa lagu sakhiray in ay faragelin burbur iyo saaro milicsiga ah. haray Iftiinka ka muuqataa muuqataa sida saarista a color kaabaha. Tusaale ahaan, haddii ay sabab u tahay faragelinta burbur waa qayb maqan cas, milicsiga waxay noqon doontaa buluug. Filimku wuxuu khafiif ah oo saliid ah biyaha ku dul saartaa saamayn la mid ah. In dabiiciga ah, ee baadad of shimbiraha qaar ka mid ah, oo ay ku jiraan daayeerro, iyo hummingbirds, iyo qolofka ee kuwa lamid ah qaar ka mid ah ka muuqan dhalaal, halka beddelo color marka aad bedesho xagal daawashada ah. halkan physics indhaha waa faragelin ee hirarka iftiinka ka dhismeedka israac khafiif ah ama arrays oo muujineysa ulihii ka muuqataa. Sidoo kale luul iyo qolof yihiin iris, ay sabab u tahay superposition of shakhi ka layers kala duwan ee luul ah. iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah sida Opal, soo bandhigid nidaamyada faragelinta qurux badan sababa khasaarinayay iftiinka ka soo dhismayaasha caadiga ah la sameeyey by qayb spherical cqaadir.

codsiga

Waxaa jira codsiyada badan oo farsamada ee ifafaale faragelinta iftiin ee nolol maalmeedka. Waxay ku salaysan yihiin optics camera physics. Normal daahan lenses antireflection waa film dhuuban. Dhumucdiisuna iyo refraction ee rays waxaa si doortay in ay soo saaraan faragelinta burburin muuqata iftiin arki karo. blaastiigga More gaar ah oo ka kooban heerarka kala duwan ee filimada khafiif ah loogu talagalay marayay shucaaca oo kaliya gudahood kala duwan oo Milanello cidhiidhi ah oo aan sidaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida shaandhada. blaastiigga Multilayer waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in la kordhiyo reflectivity ah taasoo laga helay muraayadihii telescopes ah sumalka uguma, iyo sidoo kale resonators laser indhaha. Interferometry - hababka cabbirka sax ah loo isticmaalo diiwaan isbeddellada yaryar ee fog qaraabo - ku salaysan yahay daawashada ah ee gelinba iftiinka iyo guutooyinkiisa oo mugdi soo saaray nuurka ka muuqataa. Tusaale ahaan, cabbirka ah sida hannaankii faragelinta ay isbedesho, u ogolaanaya in ay qarka u saaran dhaf ah ee dusha ka mid ah qaybaha indhaha ku ah dhafoorka Milanello indhaha.