Waa maxay ammonia? guryaha Formula iyo ammonia

Ammonia - xarunta waa il muhiim ah oo nitrogen, waayo, noolaha, oo ay codsi in warshado kala duwan helay. Waa maxay ammonia, waa maxay hantida? Aynu u wajihi.

Waa maxay ammonia: aasaasiga ah sifooyinka

Ammonia (biyomareenka nitride) - xarunta of nitrogen la hydrogen, isagoo caanaha kiimikada NH _3. Qaabka uu leeyahay Britain ayaa ku eg Ahraamta ah trigonal, vertex dhan yahay eb nitrogen ah.

Ammonia waa gaas isagoo midab lahayn, laakiin isagoo ah ur af badan oo gaar ah. cufnaanta ammonia waa ku dhowaad laba jeer ka yar cufnaanta ee hawada. At heerkul ah 15 ^o C waa 0.73 kg / m ^3. Mugga of ammonia dareere ah xaaladaha caadiga ah waa 686 kg / m ^3. Miisaanka uu leeyahay kelli oo ah walaxda - 17.2 g / jirjirroolaha. feature A ee kala duwan ee ammonia waa ay milmi sare ee biyaha. Sidaas darteed, heerkulka a of 0 ° C Gaadho qiimaha ah oo ku saabsan 1200 Muga mugga biyo at 20 ° C - 700 Muga. Xalka of "ammonia - biyo" (biyo ammonia) qabo fal wax yar ka xumadoodu iyo cadaalad ah hantida gaarka ah marka la barbar dhigo alkalis kale, la-fiirsashada sii kordhaysa ee mugga waa la dhimay.

Sidee si loo soo saaro ammonia?

Waa maxay ammonia ee jidhka bini'aadamka? Waa wax soo saarka dhamaadka shiid nitrogen ah. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah beerka si loogu badalo HOL (Karbamid) - walax sun yar.

Ammonia ee deegaanka dabiiciga ah sameeyey by daatay ee xeryahooda organic ka kooban nitrogen. Si loo isticmaalo warshadaha ee waa walax helay synthetically.

Diyaarinta ammonia xaaladaha warshadaha iyo shaybaarka

ammonia industrially soo saaray by Avv horseed ka nitrogen iyo hydrogen,

N ₂ + ₂ 3H → 2NH3 + Q.

Geedi socodka ah ee loo helo maalka waxaa lagu fuliyaa at heerkul ah 500 ° C iyo cadaadis ka mid ah 350 ATM. Sida Hannaan birta iska furan loo isticmaalo. ammonia The keentay waa lagaa saarayaa by qaboojinta. Nitrogen iyo hydrogen oo ma fal loo celin ereygu wuxuu.

Under xaaladaha shaybaarka, ammonia waxaa muhiimad diyaariyeen daciif kulaylinta isku dar ah oo ka kooban chloride ammonium oo lime aan biyuhu uga,

2NH ₄ cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + ₃ 2NH ↑ + 2 saac ₂ O.

Ready for dheecaan xarunta waxaa dhex maray isku dar ah ee liin iyo sodium hydroxide. ammonia engegan ku filan la diyaarin karaa by kala diridda biraha sodium dhexdeeda iyo muxaadaro ku xiga.

Xaggee loo isticmaalo ammonia?

nitride hydrogen waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in warshado kala duwan. xaddi weyn waxaa ka mid ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee acid nitric iyo Bacriminta kala duwan (HOL, amooniyam, iwm), Polymers, hydrocyanic acid, sodium, ammonium cusbada, iyo noocyada kale ee wax soo saarka kiimikada.

In hantida warshadaha light of ammonia loo isticmaalo nadiifinta iyo xayd difaan sida xariir, iyo suufkayga, iyo suuf. In ganacsiga birta ah, waxa loo isticmaalaa in la kordhiyo steel engegnaantiinna ay heleen robab la layers dusha la nitrogen. In warshadaha kiimikada isticmaalaya nitride hydrogen Kipury qashinka acidic.

Sababo la xiriira guryaha ay thermodynamic, ammonia dareere ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida refrigerant ah in qalab qaboojiye.

Xalka of nitride hydrogen (ammonia) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in daawada bixitaanka of syncope, matag kicinta, si loogu daweeyo of gacmaha shaqaalaha caafimaadka, qaniinyada cayayaanka, iyo sidaas.

guryaha kiimikada ee ammonia Qaar ka mid ah

hydrogen Nitride lagu gartaa hawl yara sare kiimikada iyo fal karaan waxyaaba badan oo.

Marka ammonia sameynayso la acids in la siiyo cusbada ammonium u dhiganta. Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, by reaction la nitric acid waxaa la aasaasay amooniyam :

NH ₃ + ₃ HNO → NH ₄ NO _3.

Marka la chloride ammonium ku HCL sameeyay lalana:

NH ₃ + HCL → NH ₄ cl.

Ammonium cusbada yihiin walxaha crystalline adag, wadnay biyo iyo guryaha soo jireenka ah si ay cusbada biraha. Solutions xeryahooda sameeyay by falcelinta of ammonia iyo acids xoog cadaanyo wax yar ka acid.

Sababo la eb nitrogen waa la reductant nitride hydrogen firfircoon. Yaraynta sifooyinka ay cad marka kululeeyo. Marka gubay jawi oxygen ah, u yeela nitrogen iyo biyaha. In joogitaanka Xoojiya ficil la oxygen bixisaa xabagta nitrogen ah. hydrogen Nitride uu awood u leeyahay inuu ka soo kabsado biraha ka oxides.

Halides by reaction la ammonia si ay u sameeyaan halides nitrogen - qarxa oo khatar ah. By reaction la acids carboxylic iyo taagayo nitride amides foomka hydrogen ay. In dareen diidmo leh dhuxusha (at 1000 ° C) iyo methane waxay siinaysaa prussic acid.

Tan iyo udhigo biraha la xirrira kaxeynayo amino, ammonia, ammoniates ama (xarunta adag) isagoo feature sifo: eb nitrogen waxaa had iyo jeer addoonsi saddex atamka hydrogen. Sida ka dhalata isbeddellada adag midabayn walxaha. Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, xal buluug of sulphate copper dheeriga ah ee nitride hydrogen keensataa midab u daran buluug-guduudan. Qaar badan oo ka kaxeynayo amino waxay hantiyi xasilooni ku filan. Taas darteed, waxay la diyaarin karaa qaab adag.

ammonia The dareere ah waa si fiican u milma labada Madbacada qaranka iyo kuwa aan kala horjeeda xeryahooda organic iyo imanba.

sifooyinka fayadhowrka

Ammonia iska leh afraad fasalka ee halista. Ugu badnaan la ogolyahay ugu badnaan fiirsashada hal mar (MAC) degsiimooyinka hawada waa 0.2 mg / m ^3, celceliska - 0.04. In content zone shaqada ammonia hawada waa in aanay noqon ka badan 20 mg / m³. At uruureen sida walax ur aan dareemay. olfaction aadanaha go'an waxa uu bilaabmayaa 37 mg / m³. Taasi waa, haddii ur ammonia dareemay, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in xad la ogolaan karo natiijada hawada si weyn u dhaafto.

Saamaynta on jidhka bini'aadamka

Waa maxay ammonia eego gaadhista aadanaha? Waxaa toxicant. Waxaa loola jeedaa inay maal a awood dadkaas tallaabo suffocating iyo neurotropic, sumowga neefsado taasoo keeni karta in barar sambabada iyo dhaawaca in habka dareemayaasha jirka.

uumi ammonia diiqayaa saamayn on maqaarka, xuubka indhaha iyo xubnaha neefsashada. fiirsashada walax ee teedu dhuun cuncun, waa 280 mg halkii cc. meter isha - 490 mg halkii mitir oo saddex jibbaaran. meter. Iyadoo ku xiran xaddiga hydrogen in nitride hawada dhici karaan dhuun xanuun, neefsashada oo ku hawshooday, qufac, xanuun indhaha, lacrimation xad-dhaaf ah, gubashada kiimikada ee wilka, lumis arag. Marka content ee ammonia of 1.5 g halkii cu. meter saacaddii barar sambabada sun yeesho. Marka xiriir of ammonia dareere ah iyo xal ay (ee isugu uruuray sare) ka suurto gal casaan maqaarka, cuncun, gubasho iyo dermatitis. Tan iyo markii la galeen biyomareenka nitride nuuga kulaylka lagu jiro uumi waa u suurtoobaan qadhqadhyo ku kala duwan degrees.

Astaamaha sumowga ammonia

toxicant xogta sumowga waxay sababi kartaa in hoos u dhac in marinkii, lallabo, madax wareer, madax xanuun maqalka, iyo si bixi. Waxaa jira dabeecadda qofka oo isbeddesha, gaar ahaan kacsanaan xoog leh, delirium. muujinta calaamadaha xaaladaha qaarkood waa go'aysa. Waxay joojin kartaa in muddo ah ka dibna dib u bilaabay la luminayey cusboonaaday.

Iyada oo la tixgelinayo oo dhan waxa ka dhalan kara gaadhista ammonia, waxaa muhiim ah in ay qaadaan tallaabooyinka marka la walaxda shaqada iyo aan ka badnayn midda hawada.