Acid nitric in industry ee, technology, talaabooyinka, muuqaalada

Nitric acid - ka mid ah noocyada ugu caansan ee alaabta ceeriin ee warshadaha. Its soo saarka waxaa la samayn karaa siyaabo kala duwan - iyadoo ku xiran waxa noocyada kala duwan ee acid waa in loo gacangeliyo in ay macaamiisha. Waa maxay nuxurka ka mid ah farsamooyinka ku habboon? Sidee la xidhiidha nooca wax soo saarka ee warshad nitric acid?

wax soo saarka warshadaha ee nitric acid: taariikhda technology

First of dhan, waxa ay noqon doontaa mid waxtar leh si ay u bartaan xaqiiqooyinka taariikheed oo ku saabsan sidii loo horumarin lahaa wax soo saarka ee nitric acid ee Russia. In qoyska warshadaha ee in la sii daayo oo ka mid ah mukhaadaraadka, haddii aan dabagal ku heli karaa macluumaad, la bilaabay hoos Peter I. Later, M. V. Lomonosovym soo jeediyay ah hab wax soo saarka ee nitric acid ka soo amooniyam - walaxda waa dhab ahaantii tan iyo horraantii qarnigii 20aad waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ugu weyn ee cayriin wax ee soo-saarka oo ka mid ah walaxda in su'aasha.

Oo ay la socdaan amooniyam, wax soo saarka acid nitric waxaa fuliyey in industry ee la sulfuric acid. Laba walxaha loo arkaa lalana, aasaasay acid nitric iyo sulfuric xabagta sodium. Faa'iidada ee habkan waa awooda si aad u hesho nitric acid at-fiirsashada ah oo ku saabsan 96-98% (haddii loo maleeyo in isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin oo tayo leh loo baahan yahay).

technology ku haboon si firfircoon uga soo hagaagtay - ay guushu ku sii kordhaya xawaaraha of processing alaabta ceeriin iyo si ay u bixiyaan mugga weyn ee wax soo saarka wax soo saarka. Laakiin waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah siin hab fikirka on taas oo wax soo saarka ee acid nitric waxaa fuliyey by xiriir ah ee lagu qayilo ammonia.

Oo weliba wuxuu kaloo abuurtay hab by taasoo sida wax ugu weyn ee sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee acid isticmaalo xabagta nitric soo saaray lagu qayilo gaaska arc baahisey ka jawiga. Waxaa lagu qabtay view, sida uu habka ugu horeysay - a more dhaqaale ahaan faa'iido.

Iyada oo horumar ah ee hababka farsamada in ay sii daayaan hab aasaasay acid nitric, sida laga soo xigtay oo ikhtiyaarka ugu fiican ee wax soo saarka oo ah walaxda - ka qaybgalka kaabayaasha warshadaha, ka hawlgala at cadaadis kacsantahay. badiilka ah in ay - saara acid cadaadiska Hawada, kaas oo waxaa loo arkaa inay ka yar kharash-ool ah ka dhaqaalo ahaan la eego.

Release maalkii cadaadis caadi ah ama sare u baahan yihiin wax soo saarka ee acid nitric ka ammonia. Waxaa sidoo kale jira hab la isu geeyey, oo wuxuu isku daraa faa'iidooyinka ka mid ah labada kale. Guryaha of acid ee nitric hab isku dhafan yihiin, marka hore, in lagu qayilo ee ammonia cadaadiska Hawada, iyo fulinta ee ay nuugista - haddii Qolol.

Ammonia waxa hadda loo waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee walxaha su'aasha, oo ay la socdaan biyaha iyo hawada atmosfeerta. Ina keena aynu ka baran cayimayo ee ay la isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee ka badan acid.

alaabta ceeriin soo saarka ee acid nitric

Sayidka, ee alaabta ceeriin weyn ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka oo ah walaxda hoos tixgelin - waa ammonia, hawada, iyo biyaha.

Tani waxay u baahan isticmaalka ammonia foomka la safeeyey. Waayo, kanu, wuxuu in wareegga-soo-saarka ee kala duwan la nadiifin ee qalabka a uumi iyo muxaadaro gaar ah. Sidoo kale, marka la sii daayo nitric acid waa in la isticmaalaa iyo hawo nadiif ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale sifeeyo la isticmaalayo qalab gaar ah. Taa baddalkeeda, biyaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la sii daayo nitric acid, nadiifiyaa ee nijaasta iyo cusbada. Marar badan, xoolahayaga ee su'aasha waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo condensate daahir ah.

Ina keena aynu ku bartaan, taas oo noocyada mukhaadaraadka ee su'aasha matali kara, iyo sidoo kale hab ee kaas oo nooc kasta oo nitric acid.

Noocyo of nitric acid iyo marxaladaha aasaasiga ah ee ay wax soo saarka

Waxaa jira 2 nooc oo ah acid nitric soo saaray warshadaha casriga ah - la badhxay iyo urursan. Production of milo nitric acid waa la fuliyay 3 tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee ku jira;

• diinta ammonia (ay wax soo saarka final - xabagta nitric);
• helitaanka dioxide nitrogen ;
• nuugista fulinta oxides nitrogen adigoo isticmaalaya biyaha.

In dhirta warshadaha casriga ah edition of milo acid nitric qaybiyey nidaamka waxa loogu yeero ee AK-72 ah. Laakiin waxaa jira, dabcan, iyo in la sii daayo kale technology oo ah walaxda.

Taa baddalkeeda, wax soo saarka ee xoog nitric acid la dhibta karo by korinta content walax ee foomka la badhxay ama by Avv toos ah. Habka koowaad sida caadiga ah u ogolaanaya in la helo xal acid ee ku saabsan 68% fiirsashada, kaas oo noqon kara filnayn codsiga ee wax this in tiro ka mid ah goobaha. Sidaa darteed, waxa kale oo loo qaybiyey si toos ah Avv hab si aad u hesho a walax-fiirsashada oo ka mid ah si ay of 97-98%.

Ha ka fikiro si aynu si faahfaahsan sida wax soo saarka ee nitric acid waa la fuliyay mid ka mid ah ama mid kale noocyada. Kor waxaannu xusay in arrinta oo ah walaxda la badhxay la fulin karo qorshaha AK-72. Baro waayo bilowgii ay cayimayo.

milo-soo-saarka acid ee AK-72 technology

Nidaamka loo arkaa by kaas oo wax soo saarka ee acid nitric ku lug leedahay isticmaalka wareeg ah xidhan, oo ay la socdaan:

• diinta ammonia;
• socda qaboojinta cadaadis gaaska on amarka of 0,42-0,47 MPA:
• fulinta oxides nuugista cadaadis amarka of 1,1-1,26 MPA.

The circuit final soo saarka AK-72 - acid nitric ee ku saabsan 60%-fiirsashada. acid nitric in qaab dhismeedka of technology this waa la fuliyay in tallaabooyinka sida:

• ka jawiga galay unit warshadaha iyo hirgelinta ay nadiifiskeeda u siinaya hawada;
• hawada tilmaantay Tifaftirayaasha BBC, ay kala qeybinta galay durdurrada nidaamka;
• fulinta uumi ammonia, isdaahirinta, gaaska ku haboon ka saliidda iyo nijaasta kale, iyo sidoo kale ay kululaynta xiga;
• admixing ammonia ee la Daahiriyey iyo hawada, oo daahirinta ku xiga ee isku dar ah, oo waxay u gudbaayo Hannaan ah;
• diyaarinta gaasas nitrus iyo qaboojinta,
• ururinta condensate la nitric acid,
• fiirsashada iyo absorbance ee nitric acid,
• qaboojinta iyo sifeynta ee ka dhalanaya soo saarka.

Ready-acid loo diraa kaydinta ama in ay macaamiisha.

Ay la socdaan technology tixgeliyo, taas oo ah wax soo saarka ee acid nitric - AK-72 waxaa laga codsadaa waa mid kale oo caan ah Fikradda ah in la sii daayo oo ka mid ah mukhaadaraadka, kaas oo ku lug leedahay hubinta warshadaha kaabayaasha hawlaha hoos cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan 0.7 MPA. Tixgeli qaababka ay.

Technology Product Product cadaadis ah ee 0.7 MPA: Gudigga

Iyada oo technology, su'aasha, fuliyay wax soo saarka ee lagu milo nitric acid - ay badal u tahay fikradda AK-72. Waxay ku lug leedahay hirgelinta marxaladaha soo socda ee soosaarka walaxda in su'aasha.

First of dhan, sida ku cad art ka hor, hawada la nadiifin. Ujeedada this, sida caadiga ah, waxay khuseysaa filter labada heer ah. Dheeraad ah, prosheshdy nadiifinta hawada, Tifaftirayaasha by kombaresarada hawada - index qiyaastii 0,35 MPA. Hawada kulul yahay - oo ku saabsan 175 digrii heerkulka iyo waa in la qaboojiyey. Marka dhibaato waxaa loo xalliyo, waxaa loo soo diray in ay riixo oo dheeraad ah, taas oo ay cadaadis aad u korodho oo ku saabsan 0,716 MPA. The socodka hawada soo baxaya, oo iyana, waa kuleelka si heer kulka sare - oo ku saabsan 270 digrii by gaasaska tallaabo nitrotnyh. Ka dib waxaa la qaso ammonia in unit warshadaha gaar ah. walax waxaa firfircoonaan sii daayo marka of acid hore ee gobolka gaseous, kaas oo la sameeyay ay sabab u tahay uumi ee dareeraha ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, ammonia waa in la nadiifiyaa. Ka dib markii isku diyaarineysa gaaska la kululeeyo iyo quudin jiray si Ambassador ee isku mar la hawada. Isku dar ah Tani ayaa sidoo kale geddigood iyo ka dib oo daahirinta ku quudin jiray in ay diinta ka ammonia ah. Habka u dhigma waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo Roobka a of daawaha ah platina iyo rhodium heerkulka aad u dheer - oo ku saabsan 900 digrii. heerka qaab beddelidda kiiskan ku saabsan tahay 96%.

wax soo saarka acid nitric by technology this ku lug formation of gaasas nitrus. Waxay waxaa lagu soo bandhigaa meel gaarka ah ee unit warshadaha, kuwaas oo la qaboojiyey. Sababo la this, uumi oo biyo ah la Daahiriyey iyo muuqaalka kore ee uumi-kar. Sameeyay iyada oo ku habboon deegaanka oo ka mid ah warshadaha unit nitrus gaasas dhaqaaqo ee oxidizer. Waa in la ogaadaa in ay qayilo qaadataa meel qayb ahaan hore u-soo-saarka tallaabo acid hore. Laakiin oxidizer ah, waxa uu noqonayaa mid ka sii daran. Sayidka gaasas nitrus waxaa kululaynta qiyaastii 335 digrii. Ka dibna, waxay la qaboojiyey in Iskubedelka oo kulaylkana gaar ah, ka dibna - waxaa loo dirayaa condenser ah.

Markaas nitric acid waa la soo saaray-fiirsashada yar yahay. Waa in la kala soocay oo ka haray gaasas nitrus - SEPARATOR waxaa loo isticmaalaa for this. ka acid nitric ku quudin jiray in ay unit warshadaha gobolka nuugo. acid ayaa ka dibna la barwaaqaysan in unit waxaa hoos. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay sameynayso la oxides nitrogen, markaa si ay kordhaan ay fiirsashada. Ugu wax soo saarka waxa ay ku saabsan 55-58%. Waxaa sida caadiga ah ku jira oxides kala diri taas oo waa in laga saaraa, waayo, walax tani waxaa la faray in ay goobta of unit ka saartaan. Isticmaalka hawada kulul ka oxides acid bixiyay. Shayga la dhammeeyayna lagu meeleeyo bakhaarka ama geeyey si ay macaamiisha.

Production of xoog acid: Avv toos ah

Markuu baaro sida wax soo saarka qaadataa meel la khafiifiyo acid nitric, waxbarasho xoog cayimayo ee wakiilada sii daayo. Ka mid ah technology ugu kharash-ool ah ee degan profile u dhigma ee shirkadaha - helitaanka acid via Avv toos ah ka alaabta ceeriin ee foomka of oxides nitrogen.

Nuxurka habka - in kor u qaadida falgal kiimikaad dhexeeya sheegay walax, biyo, iyo oxygen at cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan 5 MPA. Technology, kaas oo wax soo saarka ee nooca acid nitric xoog ku salaysan milo leeyahay midka: bixinta iibsiga ee dioxide nitrogen qaab dareere waa u suurtoobaan cadaadis at heerkulka u dhow atmosfeerta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in dareen diidmo qaar ka mid ah fiirsashada oo ah walaxda waa ku filan ay u turjumi gobolka oo ah dareere cadaadiska caadiga ah, iyo waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si kor loogu qaado.

wax soo saarka acid riba ka milo

Xaaladdan oo kale fiirsashada acid waa la wareegay by walxaha nuugta - sida acid sulfuric, phosphoric acid, xal kala duwan ee Nitrate. tallaabooyinka aasaasiga ah ee nitric nooca wax soo saarka acid xoog ku salaysan oo isticmaalaya milo sulfuric acid sida soo socota.

First, wax ceeriin waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba durdurrada: evaporator ugu horeysay waxaa la quudiyey si labaad - Gobolka seego unit warshadaha qabow. Sulfuric acid waxaa la quudiyey si qalab ah, oo ku yaalla kor durdur labaad ee lagu milo acid nitric. In qaybta hoose ee unugga, markeeda, qaadeen uumi feed oo maraysa isku dar ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa, ku dheehan yahay u baxa ka acid ee nitric. uumi Its kaca hay'adaha, ka dib markii taas oo wax soo saarka ee qaboojiyaha. Waxaa uumi acid degayaa - ilaa ay fiirsashada gaaro 98-99%.

Xaaladdan oo kale, qaar ka mid ah kuwa haatan jooga ee qaabka guud ee heerkan wax soo saarka ee oxides nitrogen nuugo acid. Kuwani waa in laga saaraa sheyga, inta badan, taas aawadeed loo isticmaalaa labo ka mid ah nitric acid, taas oo loo soo diray inay condenser ah. oxides nitrogen bixiyay iyo uumi acid, taas oo condensate aan sameeyey, si toos ah gobolka a kala duwan ee qalabka - nuugista, halkaas oo daaweyn jiray biyo. Natiijadu waxay tahay acid milo a, taas oo mar kale ku quudin jiray in ay uumiga iyo qaboojinta. Shayga la dhammeeyayna loo soo diray in ay bakhaar ama macaamiisha.

Guryaha diirada la sulfuric acid

Hawsha ugu weyn, taas oo calaamad u wax soo saarka ee acid nitric in industry ee - hirgelinta kharash-ool ah oo hufan ee ay fiirsashada. Waxaa jira dhawr habab si ay u horumariyaan ah loo isitcmaalo nidaamka ay xal. Waa waxtar leh in la tixgeliyo kuwa ugu caansan.

aan kor ku xusay in fiirsashada of walxaha su'aasha, sulfuric acid waa la isticmaali karaa. Waxaa jira arrin hab caadi ah in la kordhiyo tayada shaqo ee ay codsiga - hordhac kordhaya fiirsashada nitric acid by uumi. Loogama, in ka hor inta daaweynta la sulfuric acid maalkii yeelan doonaan uruuray amarka of 59-60%. Waxaa xusid mudan in, ku dhaqanka, this technology-soo-saarka acid nitric waxa lagu gartaa heerarka hooseeya ee waxqabadka deegaanka. Sidaa darteed, ay badal u tahay isticmaalka sulfuric acid caadi ah in la isticmaalo Nitrate. Waxaan ku baran doonaa faahfaahinta gaarka ah.

Urursanaanta isticmaalaya Nitrate

Xaaladaha intooda badan, xal dhibaatada, taas oo calaamad u wax soo saarka ee acid nitric ka ammonia, loo isticmaalo amooniyam magnesium ama zinc. First of dhan waa la taaban karo bii'ada badan habka ku lug leh isticmaalka sulfuric acid. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, technology tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa in ay bixiyaan tayada sareeya ee nitric acid sida wax soo saarka final.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay leedahay faa'iido darrada dhowr, kaas oo lagu ogaado muuqaalka kore ee dhibaatooyinka baahsan ee ay codsiga. First of dhan - tani waa kharash xad sare oo ah habka wax soo saarka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, technology this ku lug leedahay in kiisas badan oo muuqaalka kore ee processing qashinka adkaha ah oo ay keeni kartaa.

The isticmaalka Xoojiya la sii daayo nitric acid

Waa waxtar leh si ay u eegaan wixii waxyaabaha kale ee la wada isticmaalo qalab aasaasi ah sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee wax soo saarka ee warshadaha (inta badan loo tixgeliyaa sida Xoojiya sida) nitric acid. Isticmaalka muqaadaraadka ee su'aasha, ay sabab u tahay baahida loo qabo in la kordhiyo faa'iidada ee saamaxaaddu acid, horumarinta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee ay wax soo saarka ee unit warshadaha.

Shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee Hannaan ee wax soo saarka ee alaabta la is weydiinayo - selectivity. Taas waxaa weeyaan, waa saameyn falcelinta kiimikada aasaasiga ah, oo aan saamayn ku habka sare. Inta badan, in soo saaridda ee Xoojiya acid waa la adeegsadaa iyada oo ka kooban la joogo waa platina.

aan kor ku xusay in la sii daayo walxaha low-fiirsashada at cadaadis kacsantahay waxaa looga faa'iideysan Xoojiya ku salaysan platina iyo rhodium. Mararka qaarkood, sidoo kale in la dalbadaa dheeriga ah ee Alloys palladium. Laakiin biraha saldhigga iyaga oo ku soo - platina, ay ka kooban tahay inta badan ma aha wax ka yar 81%. Kooban oo ka mid ah Hannaan in ay taasi dhacdo - in ay kicin weynna u maris ah ee aasaasiga ah kiimikada falcelin. Sida caadiga ah, waa qayb ka mid ah aagga sida- dibadda.

In habkan waxay ku xiran tahay xadka sida- oxygen qaraabo in ay dusha Hannaan ah. Habkaani wuxuu sababaa uruuray sare ee ammonia - waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee acid nitric dushiisa of Hannaan ama mararka qaarkood marka la barbar dhigo tirada u dhigma la fiirsashada hawada. Suurto gal ah in ay kordhiyaan khatarta gaar ah oo dareen diidmo oo dhinac kala duwan taas oo ay jirto qayilo dhamaystirnayn iyo formation of nitrogen ama xabagta. In xidhiidh la leh oxygen this at dusha sare waa in lacagta ku filan in ay Leexin ammonia ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, waa ay awoodaan in ay gaaraan qayilo ku filan oo qoto dheer.

Waa in la ogaadaa waxa laga yaabaa in ay la socdaan Xoojiya platina in wax soo saarka ee nitric acid waa la adeegsadaa sida walxaha la isku daray. Gaar ahaan, bir-chrome. Waxay si weyn u yareyn kartaa kharashka dhaqaale in sifaha sii daayo oo ah walaxda in su'aasha.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan eegay siyaabaha wax soo saarka ee nitric acid, aqoonsaday noocyada ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah. Taasi waa, sida wax soo saarka nitric tallaabooyinka acid loo baahan yahay in laga hirgeliyo waxay ku xiran tahay noocyada iyo technology gaarka ah ee soo saara walaxda. Waxaa waa muhiim inaad tixgeliso hadda waxa dhibaato sifaha warshadaha wax soo saarka ee waxay doonayeen-ka dib markii wax soo saarka badan meelaha of dhaqaalaha.

Dhibaatada ugu weyn ee soo saaridda of nitric acid

Sidaas, sida aynu ognahay, wax soo saarka ee nitric acid by xiriir - mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu badan ee warshadaha casriga ah, ku lug leh hawshooda u ah kaaliya si loo dardar-qayilo ee ammonia iyo kordhinta dhalidda ee sheyga. Ugu weyn ee dhibaatada waa ay sii daayo oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka ee - a filan sare qiimaha ku haboon Hannaan. Xaaladdan oo kale, selectivity ah mar walba ma gaarto qiimaha fiicnayn. Waxaa intaa dheer, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah platina in loo isticmaalaa sida xubin saldhig for Hannaan ah yaanay ka hallaabin ee koorsada of-soo-saarka. Sidaas darteed, mar kale, waxaa hoos u hufnaan dhaqaale ee sii daayo wax soo saarka.

dhibaato kale oo lagu tilmaamay wax soo saarka ee acid nitric - deegaanka. Kor waxaannu xusay in markii fiirsashada oo ka mid ah ceeriin wax qasac loo isticmaali sulfuric acid, iyo waxyeello walxaha loo sameeyay ku dul marinka ee u dhigma wax soo saarka wareegga. kale ayaa kiiskan waa isticmaalka Nitrate - laakiin tani waa, mar kale, waxa ay tilmaamaysaa in la kordhiyo kharashka dhaqaale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, factor ee deegaanka ee saarayaasha casriga ah ee maanta waa u muhim ah sida heerka faa'iidada.