Saamaynta ay ku alloying xubno on sifooyinka steel. Noocyada, magac iyo ballan ahaa

Steel - mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu badan ka doondooneen ka dib in dunida maanta. Aan adag tahay in la qiyaaso wax site jira dhismaha, shirkadaha mashiinka-dhisidda, iyo meelo kale oo badan, oo wax walba na hareerayn nolol maalmeedka. Isla mar ahaantaana, daawaha bir ah iyo carbon waa wax kala duwan, sababtoo ah in this article waxaan fiiriyaa saamaynta xubno alloying on sifooyinka bir, iyo sidoo kale noocyada, noocyada iyo meelaha ay.

warbixin guud

Maanta, dad badan oo magac ku noqdaan si weyn loo isticmaalaa in shiidaa gudbikaraa kasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Tani waa inta badan ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in daawaha this fiican loogama isku daraa kala duwan oo dhan si farsamaysan, jirka, kiimikada iyo farsamada guryaha, kuwaas oo aan lahayn wax kasta oo kale. habka steelmaking waxaa si joogto ah la wanaajiyey iyo sababta oo ah guryaha ay tayada iyo oggolaadaan in la helo qaab la doonayo ee ka dhalanaya oo sabab u ah hababka, qaybaha iyo mashiinada.

Qoondaynta by Ujeedada

steel kasta, taas oo ku xidhan ujeedada taas oo waxaa la abuuray, oo ku salaysan khasab ah la gashay kaalinta kartaa in mid ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda:

• Dhismayaasha.
• Qalabka.
• Ujeeddada Gaarka ah leh guryaha gaarka ah.

The fasalka ugu badan - steel dhismaha, loogu talagalay kala duwan ee dhismayaasha dhismaha, qalabka, mashiinada. brand Dhismaha qaybsan on hagaajinta, carburized, guga-guga, xoog sare.

steels Tool waa la kala ku xiran yihiin in ay la macmalay in ay qalab, goynta, cabbirka, iwm Waxaa shaki kuma jiro in saamaynta xubno alloying on sifooyinka steel ee kooxdan ayaa sidoo kale waa weyn ...

steels Gaarka ah ay kala qeybinta, taas oo ka mid ah kooxaha soo socda:

• ahama (sidoo kale loo yaqaan daxalka).
• Heat u adkaysta.
• Heat u adkaysta.
• Korontada.

Kooxda steel in Halabuurka kiimikada

steel soocidda ka hadlay ku xiran tahay qaybaha kiimikada dastuurka:

• fasalada Carbon birta.
• Doped.

Sayidka labadan kooxood waxaa sii kala qaybiyey tirada xitaa iyo carbon dhexdeeda ku jira in ay:

• carbon Low (in ka yar 0.3% carbon).
• Of dhexdhexaad ah (fiirsashada of carbon waa 0.3 - 0.7%).
• High-carbon (in ka badan 0.7% carbon).

Waa maxay steel daawaha?

Under qeexitaankan, waa in la fahamsan yahay steel taas oo ka kooban, in barbar nijaasta joogto ah, xataa lagu daro soo bandhigay in qaab-dhismeedka daawaha in la kordhiyo guryaha farsamo ee sababtey in ugu danbeyntii hooyooyinka.

A ereyo kooban oo ku saabsan tayada steel

Halbeegga Tani waxaa la siiyaa daawaha jeedo set oo ah guryaha, taas oo iyana waxaa sababa habka wax soo saarka ay laftiisa. Waayo, sifooyinka sida, kuwaas oo ku xiran yihiin iyo steels qalab alloyed waa:

• Halabuurka kiimikada.
• Qaab dhismeedka midayso.
• Processability.
• guryaha farsamo.

Tayada steel kasta waxay ku xiran tahay inta ay le'eg tahay ogsijiin ku jira u, hydrogen, nitrogen, baaruud iyo fosfooraska. Waxa kale oo door la soo dhaafay u ciyaaray by habka of saara birta aan. Ugu sax ah marka la eego kala duwan popadniya nijaasta daahiriya la doonayo waxaa soposob in Foornooyinka steelmaking.

Daawaha steel wuxuuna beddeli hantida

Daawaha steel taas oo ka kooban in brand sixitaanka tilmaamood warqad ay maamusho si qasab ah element badala hantida, ma aha oo kaliya kuwan wakiilada dibadda, laakiin sidoo kale ay talaabo labada dhinac u dhaxeeya.

Haddii aan si gaar ah tixgelin carbon ah, xubno ka alloying on isdhexgalka iyaga la jooga oo loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood oo waaweyn:

• Canaasiirta taas oo samaysa xarunta kiimikada la carbon (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese.
• Walxaha loo ma abuuraan carbide - Silicon, aluminium iyo nickel.

Waa in la ogaadaa in birta, kuwaas oo doped walxaha karbidobrazuyuschimi leeyihiin qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed aad u dheer oo kordhay iska caabin ah ay xirtaan.

The steel daawaha hooseeya (brand: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU iyo kuwo kale). Waxaa degan daawaha meel gaar ah 13X, oo waa adag ku filan wax soo saarka ee uu qaliin, xardho, qalabka dahabka, makiinadaha.

qoraalka

content ee xubno alloying in birta la go'aamin karaa ka ay calaamad. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qaybaha kuwaas oo soo bandhigay galay daawaha leedahay warqad aqoonsi u gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan:

• Chromium - CR.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Niobium - FG.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

Mararka qaarkood bilowga index fasalka steel waa xarfaha. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah xambaarsan yahay micnaha a gaar ah. Gaar ahaan, xarafka "P" waxaa loola jeedaa in steel waa xawaare sare, "W" waxay muujinaysaa in birta kubad-dhalista, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical iwm steels ee tayada sare ee ay leeyihiin in ay naqshada alphanumeric in dhamaadka warqad "a" iyo tayada gaar ah ku jira xarafka "W" dhamaadka sixitaanka.

Saamaynta xubno alloying

First of dhan waa in la sheegay in saamaynta carbon asaasiga ah ayaa guryaha bir. Waa element this bixisaa koror ay fiirsashada la kordhiyo xoog iyo qalbi engegnaantooda ee ku nafwaayay hoose iyo plasticity. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, fiirsashada carbon kordhay hubisaa sii daraysa ee machinability.

content The chromium ee steel si toos ah saameyn iska caabin ah daxalka ay. Tani noocyada kiimikada element dushiisa daawaha jawi dagaal badan oksidheeyeyaal ah, difaaca xabagta film dhuuban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo gaaro saamaynta this ee chromium steel waa inuu ugu yaraan 11.7%.

fiiro gaar ah waa in ay ahaataa aluminium. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodka alloying steel ka guurtaa oo oxygen iyo nitrogen, ka dib markii lagu xaaro, si ay gacan ka hoos u ah ee gabow daawaha. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, aluminium si weyn u soo hagaagaysa ka qalleyf ah iyo isbeddello Caafiya fosfooraska, saamayn aad u dhib badan.

Vanadium - waa element a alloying gaar ah, ku dheehan steel qalab daawaha heli engegnaantiinna sare iyo xoog. In ka hoos hadhuudh daawaha iyo korodhka mugga.

Daawaha bir, taas oo ka kooban marks tungsten, cilmiga la siiyey qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed iyo qalbi engegnaantooda sare cas. Tungsten sidoo kale waa ku wanaagsan yahay in waxa ay meesha brittleness ee daawaha inta lagu guda jiro fasaxa jadwalka.

In la kordhiyo iska caabin ah kulaylka, guryaha magnetic iyo iska caabin weyn ugu rarataan culaysyo saameyn steel alloyed la Cobalt. Laakiin mid ka mid ah kuwa canaasiirta in aadan u muuqdaan in ay saamayn wax ku ool ah oo ku saabsan bir ah, waa Silicon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in steels kuwa, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay birta welded, fiirsashada of Silicon waa in ay daruuri noqon gudahood 0.12-0.25%.

Cadaato in hagaajinaysaa guryaha farsamo bir iyo magnesium. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka desulfurization ah in ay dhacdo isticmaalaya desulphurization vnedomennoy.

The steel daawaha hooseeya (calaamadee waxa ku jira xubno alloying ka yar 2.5%) oo inta badan ku jira manganese, oo waxa uu siiyaa la koror lagama maarmaan darantahay ingeega, iska caabin abrasion, iyadoo la sii plasticity fiicnayn. Laakiin fiirsashada ee element this waa in ay ahaataa in ka badan 1%, ama ma awoodi doono inuu gaaro guryaha.

fasalka Carbon steel fusible kasta oo baaxad weyn oo dhismeedka dhismaha ku jira copper, kaas oo bixiya hantida anticorrosion ugu badnaan.

Si loo kordhiyo darantahay ingeega, casaan, barti, ka xoog siligga iyo iska caabin siligga si daxalka ee steel molybdenum daruuri maamula, kaas oo sidoo kale sii kordhisaa iska caabin ah si ay qayilo iyo biraha marka kululeeyo si sifooyinka heerkulka sare. Taa baddalkeeda, cerium iyo neodymium, waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo yareeyo porosity ee daawaha.

Fiirsaneysa inay saamaynta xubno alloying on guryaha bir aan la iska indho tiri karin iyo nickel. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa biraha si ay u helaan hardenability ee steel iyo xoog u fiican, ductility iyo saamaynta iska caabin ah si loo kordhiyo iyo xadka hoose ee brittleness qabow.

Aad u ballaaran loo isticmaalo sida dopant ah, iyo niobium. Its fiirsashada ee 6-10 jeer tirada loo baahan yahay carbon prisutsvtuyuschego in daawaha, meesha daxalka u intergranular of steels ahama, wuxuuna ilaalinayaa goysyada Weld ka burburinta aad u baahnayn.

Titanium kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u hesho qaab si mug leh xoog iyo ductility, iyo sidoo kale in la hagaajiyo iska caabin ah daxalka ah. steel kuwa, taas oo ka kooban daro ah, si aad u wanaagsan bandhigi qalab processing kala duwan, ujeedada gaarka ah ee qalabka mashiinka casriga ah.

Hordhac of steel daawaha zirconium u saamaxaaya in ay hesho size la doonayo hadhuudh haddii loo baahdo iyo in ay saamayn ku koritaanka hadhuudhka.

nijaasta dhaca ah

xubno aad u baahnayn in aad si xun u saameyn tayada steel waa arsenic, iyo waxa daasadda, midabyo. Muuqashadii dembigooda daawaha had iyo jeer keena steel uu noqdo mid aad u debcaan ee xuduudaha miraha ay, gaar ahaan marka strips steel Kanoqo iyo inta lagu jiro annealing ee steels carbon hooseeyo.

gunaanad

In waqtigeena, saameynta ay xubno alloying on guryaha noqoto arrin si fiican u yaqaan. Khubarada si taxadar leh falanqeeyay saamaynta daro kasta daawaha. aqoonta af awood metallurgists leeyihiin in wajiga si ay u sameeyaan jaantuska a schematic of steelmaking, si loo ogaado tirada technology loo baahan yahay iyo qalabka consumable (ore, xoogga, kaabsal, oo lagu daro kale). steelmakers Inta badan isticmaasho chromium, vanadium, Cobalt, iyo xubno kale oo alloying waa qaali.