Yaa helay hirarka electromagnetic? hirarka electromagnetic - miiska. Noocyada hirarka electromagnetic

hirarka electromagnetic (Shaxda taas oo hoos lagu siin doonaa) matalaan qas ka mid ah beeraha magnetic iyo korontada waxaa lagu qaybiyey meel. Waxaa jira dhawr nooc. Daraasaddu waxay of rabshooyin, kuwaas oo ku hawllan yahay physics. hirarka electromagnetic ahaan sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in beerta magnetic talantaalli korontada ku abuuraa, iyo this markeeda abuuraa korontada.

cilmi taariikhda

Fikradda ugu horeeyay, taas oo la oran karo waa Lahjadaha ugu da'da weyn ee hirarka electromagnetic fikradaha, ugu yaraan in times of Huygens. Isla mar, isla dhexmarayo gaadhay horumarinta tirin. Huygens ee 1678, sanadka soo saaray nooc ka mid ah "dulmar" aragtida - "khuseeya dunida". In 1690 sidoo kale wuxuu la daabacay shaqo kale oo fiican. Waxaa la soo sheegay aragtida ah oo tayo leh iyo digtoonaan, refraction qaab kaas oo ay tahay maanta ku matalayay buugaagta dugsiga ( "hirarka electromagnetic", fasalka 9).

Oo ay la socdaan waxaa lagu diyaariyey mabda'a Huygens '. Iyada oo ay suurto gal u noqday inaad wax ka barato mooshinka ee hore ee la ruxruxo. Mabda 'Tani markii dambe laga helay dhinaca horumarinta ee shuqullada Fresnel. Mabda 'Huygens-Fresnel lahaayeen muhiimad gaar ah in aragtida ah ee diffraction iyo aragti la ruxruxo iftiinka.

In 1660-1670 sano oo xaddiga badan oo ku darsaday tijaabo iyo akhriska lagu sameeyey baadhitaanka Hooke iyo Newton. Yaa helay hirarka electromagnetic? Yaad tijaabo ayaa la sameeyay si ay u caddeeyaan jiritaanka? Maxay yihiin noocyada kala duwan ee hirarka electromagnetic? On this ka dib.

xaq Maxwell

Ka hor inta aan ka hadlo yaa helay hirarka electromagnetic, waa in la sheegay in cilmiga ugu horreeyey oo saadaaliyay in jiritaankooda guud, waxa uu noqday Faraday. Isaga oo la xiqiijiyay in uu weeraryahanka ku riday 1832, sanadka. aragtida dhismaha danbe ku hawlan Maxwell. By 1865, waxa uu ahaa sannaddiisii sagaalaad ayaa dhameystirtay shaqada. Sidaas darteed, Maxwell si adag rasmi aragti xisaabta, xaq jiritaanka ifafaale hoostiisa tixgelin. Waxa uu sidoo kale la go'aamiyey xawaare of faafinta hirarka electromagnetic, beego qiimaha ka dibna waxay khusaysaa xawaaraha iftiinka. Tani, markeeda, oggolaan inuu aado la xiqiijiyay in Nuur waa nooc ka mid ah shucaac loo arkaa.

ogaanshaha tijaabo ah

Aragti Maxwell ayaa la xaqiijiyay in ay tijaabo ah Hertz ee 1888. Waa in la sheegay in jirka Jarmalka sameeyay tijaabo uu ku doodeen aragtida ah, inkastoo ay ku salaysan xisaabta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in tijaabo uu mahad Hertz ahaa kii ugu horeeyay kaas oo laga helay hirarka electromagnetic ku dhaqanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, in koorsada of tijaabo ay, saynisyahano ayaa gartay guryaha iyo sifooyinka shucaac.

Hirarka electromagnetic Hertz helay sabab u excitation taxane garaaca wadnaha ee si degdeg ah ka duuli in gariiriye habka il danab sare. hadda hirka sare waxaa lagu ogaan karaa by Bannaanka. inta jeer ee oscillation at isku mid noqon doona sare, sare u capacitance iyo inductance. Laakiin tani waxay soo noqnoqoshada sare jirto socodka sare damaanad. Si ay u qabtaan tijaabo ay, Hertz isticmaalo qalab si caddaalad ah oo fudud, kuwaas oo haatan kan la yidhaahdo - "antenna Dipole". Qalabka wuxuu u yahay circuit oscillation nooca furan.

waayo-aragnimo Wadista Hertz

Diiwaangeli shucaaca waxaa fuliyey by yahay ee gariiriye helaya. Qalabka waxa lahaa qaab-dhismeedka la mid ah sida in qalabka emitting. Under saameynta ay la ruxruxo electromagnetic talantaalli korontada excitation beerta isbedbedelka hadda ka dhacay qalab aqbaliddoodii. Haddii in qalab this ay inta jeer ee dabiiciga ah iyo inta jeer ee la cimri tahay ka daadanayo, resonance muuqashada. Sidaas darteed, qas ka dhacay qalab dhaweynta leh Ilodanimada inayan ka weyn a. Cilmibaadhe iyaga ogaada, daawashada dhimbiiluhu dhexeeya kirishbooyada in farqiga yar.

Sayidka, Hertz ahaa kii ugu horeeyay kaas oo laga helay hirarka electromagnetic, cadaato awoodooda si fiican u milicsato kirishbooyada ah. Waxayna u dhawaadeen inay xaq formation of light taagan a. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hertz goostay xawaare of faafinta hirarka electromagnetic hawada.

Daraasadda ku saabsan dabeecadaha

hirarka electromagnetic dacaayad ku dhowaad dhammaan bay'ada. In meesha bannaan ee, kuwaas oo ka dheregsan yahay walax shucaaca laga yaabaa in mararka qaarkood loo qaybin si fiican oo ku filan. Laakiin waxay wax yar ka baddalaan dhaqankooda.

hirarka electromagnetic in vacuo goostay oo aan attenuation. Waxaa loo qaybiyey kasta oo meel fog sharci darro ah oo waaweyn. Sifooyinka maamulaha ka mid ah hirarka kala fogaansho, soo noqnoqoshada iyo dhererka. Description of guryaha waa la fuliyay in qaabka guud ee electrodynamics. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sifooyinka shucaaca ka mid ah gobollada qaar ka mid ah qaybaha kala ee ku hawlan yihiin in si gaar ah meelaha of physics. Waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah optics.

Baro shucaaca adag electromagnetic of-mowjadaha gaagaaban dhamaadka spectral qaybta heshiisyo la tamar sare. Marka la eego dhaqdhaqaaqa fikrado casri ah ma jireyso in ay is-anshaxa iyo weheliso isdhexgalka daciif ah in hal aragti ah.

Aragtida codsatay in waxbarashada guryaha

Maanta waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo u fududeeyay Qaabaynta iyo waxbarashada sifooyinka qaab iyo gariirka. The ugu asaasiga ah ee aragtida la xaqiijiyay oo dhamaystiran oo electrodynamics galmada waxaa loo arkaa. Xaggeeda by mid ka mid ah ama ka simplifications kale noqdo suurto gal ah si ay u helaan hababka soo socda, kuwaas oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo beeraha kala duwan.

Description ixtiraam leh in ay shucaac yar inta jeer ee deegaanka sheybaarada waaweyn waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo adeegsanayo electrodynamics classical. Waxay ku salaysan tahay isleegyo Maxwell ayaa. In codsiga, waxaa jira codsiyada loo fududeeyo. Markii ay baareen optics indhaha loo isticmaalo. aragti la ruxruxo ayaa waxaa laga codsadaa in kiisas qaybo ka mid ah nidaamka indhaha qiyaas ku dhow inay Milanello. optics Quantum waxaa loo isticmaalaa marka geedi socodka jejebinta la taaban karo waa, nuugista photons.

aragtida indhaha joomateri - kiiska yareysey taas oo Milanello ee dayacaad loo ogol yahay. Waxaa kaloo jira dhowr qaybood loogu dhaqmo iyo aasaasiga ah. Waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah jaamacadaha UCLA, biology aragtida iyo photosynthesis, photochemistry. Sidee loo kala saaraa hirarka electromagnetic? Shaxda si cad u muujinaysaa qaybinta kooxda hoos ayaa lagu muujiyey.

kala soocidda

Waxaa jira safafka soo noqnoqoshada hirar electromagnetic. Dhexdoodana, ma jiraan wax gudubka kadis ah, mararka qaarkood ay daboolaa. xuduudaha u dhexeeya iyaga ay yihiin halkii ay qaraabo. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in socodka waxaa si joogto ah loo qaybiyey, inta jeer ee waa dhab la xidhiidha oo dhererkiisu. Hoos waxaa ku qoran ee safafka mawjadihii electromagnetic.

Ultrashort iftiin loo qaybin karaa micrometer (sub-millimeter), millimeter, centimitir, decimeter, meter. Haddii Milanello ee shucaaca electromagnetic ee mitir ka yar, ka dibna ay oscillation yeedhay oo soo noqnoqoshada super sare (SHF).

Noocyada hirarka electromagnetic

Kor, u dhaxeysa mawjadihii electromagnetic. Maxay yihiin noocyada kala duwan ee socodka? Group of ionizing shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah gamma iyo X-rays. Waa in la sheegay in uu awoodo in uu ionize atamka iyo iftiinka ultraviolet, iyo xataa iftiin arki karo. The xadad kuwaas oo gamma oo ka daadanayo X-ray, qeexay aad shuruud. Sida wacyigelin guud oo aqbalay xadka 20 eV - 0.1 MeV. Gamma-socodka dareen cidhiidhsan ka timaada by xuduntii, X - qolof e-qaaradda inta lagu guda jiro ejection ka Galaatiya low-been ah electrons. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kala soocidda this ma khuseeyo shucaaca adag ahbaa aan nuclei iyo atamka.

daadanayo X-ray ahbaa markii hakad qayb ka soomi eedeeyay (protons, electrons, iyo kuwa kale) oo sidaas daraaddeed geedi socodka ka dhaca gudaha qolofka electron qaaradda. oscillations gamma dhacaan sabab u ah geedi socodka ka nuclei qaaradda gudaha iyo beddelidda ee Qurub hoose.

durdurrada radio

Sababo la xiriira qiimaha badan oo dheer tixgelin hirarkooda, kuwaas oo lagu qaban karaa iyada oo la tixgelinayo qaabka daliil ah oo dhexdhexaad ah. Sida laga reebo an in ay u adeegaan oo kaliya durdurrada gaaban waa ku xiga si ay gobolka infrared. In guryaha galmada radio oscillations dhacaan arrin daciif ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay u baahan yihiin si ay u eegaan, tusaale ahaan, marka la falanqeeyo heerka kelli waqtiga iyo inta jeer inta lagu guda jiro qalab qaboojinta heerkulka a of a darajo yar Kelvin ah.

guryaha Quantum waxaa xisaabta lagu darsado in description ee oscillators iyo xoojiyayaasha in millimeter oo centimitir ee safafka. Afyare Radio waxaa la aasaasay intii lagu jiray dhaqdhaqaaqa kirishbooyada AC inta jeer ee ku habboon. A maraya hirarka electromagnetic in meel bannaan oo yididiila galin talantaalli hadda ah, oo u dhiganta in ay. hantida waxaa loo isticmaalaa in design ah ee anteenooyinkooda ee raadiyaha.

socodka la arki karo

Ultraviolet iyo shucaaca infrared waa la arki karo in dareen ballaadhan oo ah ereyga waxa loogu yeero gobolka spectral indhaha. Muujiyo arrintan waxaa sababa ma aha oo kaliya u dhow oo ka mid ah meelaha ay ka soo jeedaan, laakiin waa mid ah qalabka loo isticmaalo daraasadda iyo in la horumariyo inta daraasadda iftiinka arki karo. Waxaa ka mid ah, gaar ahaan, muraayadihii iyo lenses for diiradda shucaaca, qalabka diffraction, manshuur, iyo kuwa kale.

Joogtaynta hirarka indhaha dhigma kuwa la mid ah u taagoo iyo atamka ka, iyo dhererka - la masaafo intermolecular iyo dhinacyada kelli. Sidaa darteed lagama maarmaan ah in arimahan waa ifafaale in waxa sababa qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda oo ah walaxda. Isla sababtaas, Iftiin la ruxruxo iyo wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin galmada ah.

ah ee socodka indhaha

The isha ugu caansan waa qorraxda. Star dusha (photosphere) leeyahay heerkul ah 6000 ° Kelvin, oo dhaadheer iftiin cad oo dhalaalaysa. Qiimaha ugu sareeya ee spectrum Joogta ah waxa uu ku yaalaa ee zone "cagaaran" - 550 nm. Waxa kale oo jira waa dareenka aragga ugu badnaan. Degidda kala duwan ee indhaha dhici jirkooda marka kulul. qulqulka infrared waxaa sidaas daraaddeed ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan kulaylka.

The xoog jirka kulaylku qaadataa meel, sare ah inta jeer ee meesha spectrum waa ugu badnaan. incandescence arkay at heerkulka gaar ah la sara kiciyaa (siyasad ee kala duwan ee la arki karo). Marka ugu horeysay u muuqataa cas, ka dibna huruud ah, ka dibna. Dhismaha iyo diiwaangelinta socodka indhaha ku dhici kara dareen diidmo oo noolaha iyo kiimikada, mid ka mid ah kaasi oo loo adeegsaday sawirka. Wixii xayawaan badan oo ku nool dhulka sida il tamar ah u qabata photosynthesis. reaction Tani noolaha meel dhirta sarkhaansan yihiin shucaaca qoraxda indhaha.

Features of hirarka electromagnetic

The guryaha oo ka mid ah dhexdhexaad ah oo ah isha ugu saamayn sifooyinka socodka. Sidaas Jaha, gaar ahaan, ku tiirsanaanta waqti duurka, kaas oo ku qeexan yihiin nooca socodka ah. Tusaale ahaan, marka meel fog ka soo gariiriye ah (kordhaya) gacan ka mid ah dhaf weynaataa. Natiijadu waxay tahay ruxruxo electromagnetic diyaarad. Dhexgalka wax ku dhacdaa sida kala duwan. The fluxes geedi socodka nuugista iyo hawada guud ahaan lagu tilmaami karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saamiga electrodynamic classical. Waayo, hirarka kala duwan oo indhaha iyo-rays adag oo dheeraad ah waa in la tixgeliyo oo ay dabeecadda galmada.

ilo durdurrada

In kasta oo ay kala duwan jirka, meel kasta - in walax shucaaca, gudbiye telefishan, guluubka - hirarka electromagnetic ayaa aad ugu faraxsan eedeeyay korontada oo la dardargelinta guurto. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo ilo: cqaadir iyo sheybaarada waaweyn. Midkii kowaad wuxuu dhacaa guurka kadis ah oo ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah lagu eedeeyay in ay heer kale u taagoo ama atamka gudahood.

Ilo cqaadir dhaadheer X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet, infrared, la arki karo, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood, shucaaca muddo dheer la ruxruxo. Tusaale ahaan doonana waa line spectral hydrogen ah taas oo u dhiganta ruxruxo ah 21 cm. Tani waxay ifafaale gaar ahaan waa muhiim in xiddigaha radio.

Ilo nooca sheybaarada wakiil emitters taas oo electrons free kirishbooyada la sameeyey oscillation wareegsan synchronous. In nidaamka of this category ahaan qulqulka ka millimeter u (in fiilooyinka korantada) ugu dheer.

The qaab-dhismeedka iyo xoogga qulqulka

lacag koronto dhaqaaqin la dardargelinta iyo beddelo xilliyo hadda kasta oo kale oo saamayn ku leh ciidamada qaarkood. Ay magnitude iyo jihada ku xiran yihiin arrimo sida xajmiga iyo qaabeynta duurka, taas oo ka kooban ee hadda iyo kharashyada, ay magnitude iyo jihada qaraabo. Ool ah u saameeyay sifooyinka korontada iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah ee gaar ah iyo sidoo kale isbedel ku fiirsashada lacag iyo qaybinta hadda isha.

Sababo la kakanaanta ee qoraalka warbixinta guud ee dhibaatada inay soo bandhigto sharciga xoog qaab formula hal ma karo. Qaab dhismeedka A loo yaqaan field ah electromagnetic oo loo arko lagama maarmaan ah sida shay xisaabta, go'aamiyo qaybinta eedeeyey iyo hadda. Waxaa, ka bacdi, waxay abuurtaa il siiyo, iyada oo xaaladaha account soohdinta. Shuruudaha lagu qeexay goobaha foomka is dhexgalka iyo sifooyinka mid ah waxyaabaha la. Haddii la fuliyay on meel Fadli, xaaladahan waxaa kaabaya. Sida xaalad gaar ah oo dheeraad ah in kiisaska noocaas ah waa xaalad shucaaca. Sababo la xiriira waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday dhaqanka "sax" duurka at xad la'aan.

Tariikhda daraasadda

Corpuscular-ogeed aragti Lomonosov in qaar ka mid ah ay ka yaabaynin caqiidada qaar ka mid ah aragtida ah electromagnetic beerta .. "caaradda" (wareeg) mooshin qayb ka, "zyblyuschayasya" (ruxruxo) aragtida iftiinka, iyada wadaagis la leh dabiiciga ah ee korontada, iwm qulqulka infrared ayaa la ogaado in 1800 by Herschel (saynisyahan British), iyo in soo socda, 1801 m ee, Ritter lagu tilmaamay ultraviolet. Shucaaca gaaban ultraviolet, kala duwan oo la furay Roentgen in 1895 sano, 8 November. Ka dibna, waxaa noqday kuwa loo yaqaan X-ray.

Influence ee hirarka electromagnetic ayaa bartay by saynisyahano badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horeysay si ay u sahamiyaan fursadaha durdurro, oo ay baaxadda uu noqday Narkevitch-Iodko (tiradaasi sayniska Belarus). Wuxuu bartay sifooyinka socodka ee la xiriirta dhaqanka ee dawada. shucaaca gamma la ogaaday by Paul Villard ee 1900. Isla muddadaas Planck sameeyay waxbarashada afka baarkiisa ka mid ah guryaha ee jirka madow. Inta lagu guda jiro daraasadda waxay ahaayeen habka galmada furan. Shuqulkiisa ahaa bilowgii horumarinta of physics galmada. Ka dibna, dhowr Planck iyo Einstein waxaa la daabacay. Waxa ay cilmi keentay in formation of wax caynkaas ah sida photon ah. Tani, markeeda, calaamadsan bilowgii abuurniinta ee aragtida ah galmada socodka electromagnetic. Its horumarinta sii shuqullada tirooyinka sayniska ee qarnigii labaatanaad keentay.

cilmi baaris dheeraad ah iyo shaqo ku aragtida ah galmada ee shucaaca electromagnetic iyo is dhexgalka arrinta ayaa ugu danbeyn keentay in formation of electrodynamics galmada ee foomka ah oo maanta ka jirta. Waxaa ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo aad u fiican kuwaas oo qaatay arrintan, waa in aan soo magacawnay, marka lagu daro Einstein iyo Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

gunaanad

Qiimaha dunida casriga ah ee physics waa ku filan oo waaweyn. Ku dhawaad wax walba oo la isticmaalo maanta ee nolosha aadanaha, u muuqday mahad isticmaalka wax ku ool ah oo cilmi ah cilmibaadhe oo weyn. helitaanka hirarka electromagnetic iyo waxbarasho, gaar ahaan, waxay keentay in horumarinta telefoonada, laliska idaacadda caadiga ah iyo ka dib mobile. Muhiimad gaar ah codsiga wax ku ool ah sida aqoon afka baarkiisa oo duurka ku ah daawada, warshadaha, iyo technology.

Tan waxa u sabab isticmaalka baahsan ee sayniska taranta. All tijaabo jireed oo ku salaysan cabbirka, isbarbardhigga of sifooyinka ifafaale la bartay heerarka jira. Waa ujeeddo this gudahood alaabtii qiyaaseed adag anshaxa horumariyo iyo unugyada. astaamo dhowr ah waa wax caadi ah in dhammaan hababka wax jira. Tusaale ahaan, sharciyada ilaalinta tamar waxaa loo arkaa sharciyada caadiga ah jirka.

Science oo dhan waxaa la yiraahdaa in kiisas badan oo aasaasi ah. Tan waxa u sabab ugu horrayn si ay xaqiiqada ah in nidaamo kale siin sharaxaada oo, ee jeedo, adeeco shuruucda physics. Sidaas darteed, Chemistry bartay atamka, walax laga dheefayo iyaga ka, iyo isbadal. Laakiin kiimikaad ee jirka go'aamiyo sifooyinka jirka ah ee u taagoo iyo atamka. guryaha waxay sheegayaan qaybaha sida of physics, sida electromagnetism, thermodynamics, iyo kuwa kale.