Cilmi dhul Period. muddo Neogene. muddo Triassic. Jacka

Sida ay fikrado casri ah aqoonyahaniinta, taariikhda dhulka ee dhulkeenna waa 4,5-5 bilyan oo sano. In geeddi-socodka ah ee horumarinta, waa ku haboon si ay u qeexaan muddooyinka dhulka of Earth.

warbixin guud

Earth muddooyinka dhulka (Shaxda hoose) matalaan isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ka dhacay inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta caalamka tan iyo dhismaha ku dul of qolof ah. Iyada oo dhererka waqtiga dushiisa waxaa jira geedi socodka kala duwan sida abuurka iyo halaag , togaga meelaha dalka bilowga ka yar oo biyo ah iyo iyaga oo kor u, midda, iyo sidoo kale muuqaalka iyo ka lumay ee noocyada kala duwan ee dhirta iyo xoolaha, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. meeraha keligiis ayaa raad cad waxbarashadooda. Seynisyahanno ku andacoodaan in ay awoodaan in ay toosiyaan ay sax xisaabeed ee layers kala duwan oo dhagax ka waa.

Kooxaha waaweyn ee kayd

Haseyeeshee, isku dayayaan in ay dib taariikhda caalamka, barashada lakabyada dhagaxyada. data kayd ajiibay u qaybsan yahay shan kooxood oo waaweyn, muujinayo soo socda jireen waagii dhulka ee Dhulka: qadiimiga ah (Archean), hore (Proterozoic), qadiimiga (Paleozoic), celceliska (Mesozoic) oo cusub (Cenozoic). Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in xadka u dhexeeya iyaga waxaa la qabtaa by ifafaale ugu weyn evolutionary ku dhacda dhulkeenna. Saddexda jireen waagii la soo dhaafay, markeeda, qaybsan yihiin waqti, sida in korsiiya waxaa ugu cad u sii raagayaan hadhaagii dhirta iyo xayawaanka. heer kasta waxa lagu gartaa dhacdooyinkii lahaa saamayn qiyaano on muuqaalka guud ee dhulka la joogo dhulka.

marxaladda ugu horraysa

Zaman Archean ee Dhulka ayaa ah hababka Kobenhagen halkii qasan, taas oo keentay in dusha caalamka ayaa dhagaxyada dhagax adag igneous - aasaas u ah formation of taarikada qaaradda. Waagaas waxaa jiray oo kaliya sheyga in noolaan karaan oo aan ogsijiin. Waxaa la malaysan in lacag dhigaal ah ee cover gaashaan Archean shiidaa aagga oo idil gaar ah qaaradood ah, waxay leeyihiin wax badan oo bir ah, oo lacag ah, platina, dahab iyo senti kale.

stage hore

Zaman Proterozoic sidoo kale la mid ah hawlaha Kobenhagen sare. Muddadan buuraha la sameeyey wax-u-laabanto Baikal. Oo ilaa maantadan waxay ku dhow ma badbaadaan, hadda matalaan kaliya qaar ka mid kordhin aan qiimo lahayn bannaanka. Muddadan, Earth degganaa protozoa iyo algae buluug-cagaaran, multicellular ugu horeysay. ceegaagta Proterozoic dhagax weyn hodan ku ah macdanta: Miikaa, senti non-ferrous iyo senti bir ah.

stage qadiimiga ah

xilliga ugu horreeya ee xilligii Paleozoic ay astaan u formation of safafka buur ee orogeny Caledonian ah. Tani waxay keentay in ay hoos u muhiim ah in maddiibadihii badda, sidoo kale ah ee meelaha weyn ee dalka. Waxaan ka badbaaday tiixtiix gaarka ah ee mudada: in Urals ah, in Arabia, South-East Shiinaha iyo Central Europe. buurahayga oo dhan kuwanu waxay leeyihiin "daallanna" oo ku yar. Qeybtii labaad ee geedi socodka orogenic Paleozoic ayaa sidoo kale lagu gartaa. Halkan tiixtiix aasaasay laabanto Hercynian. Tani waxa ay ahayd xilligii awood badan, waxaa jiray buuraha badan ee Urals iyo Western Siberia, Manchuria iyo Mongolia, Central Europe, iyo sidoo kale Australia iyo North America. Maanta waxay wakiil ka Arrays blocky aad u yar yahay. Xayawaanka Zaman Paleozoic - xamaarato waxaa iyo lafdhabarka, iyo badaha iyo moolalka oo waa la dhex degay by kalluunka. Ka mid ah dunida geedka waxaa ku badan algae. Palaeozoic (muddo Carboniferous) waxa lagu gartaa kayd badan oo dhuxusha iyo saliid, taas oo ka dhalatey in Zaman this.

stage Dhexe

Laga bilaabo Mesozoic lagu gartaa muddo halligaadda xasilloon oo si tartiib ah qof qaraabo ah nidaamka macdanta horumariyo hore, meelaha guri lagu boodo (qayb Western Siberia). qeybtii labaad ee muddo this, by formation of Oo tiixtiix laabanto Mesozoic calaamadeeyay. Waxaa jiray dalka buuraleyda aad u ballaaran, oo xataa maanta waxay leeyihiin qaab la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, buuraha reer Eastern Siberia, Cordillera ah, qaybo ka mid ah Indo-China iyo Tibet. dalkiina wuxuu dadku ku daboolay Dhirta xaqse, kaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah u dhintaan iyo qudhmi. Sababo la xiriira cimilada kulul oo qoyan waa formation firfircoon ee bogs Peat iyo meelaheeda dhoobada. Waxay ahayd xilligii of mulacyada Rafaa - dinosaurs ah. The deggan oo xilligii Mesozoic (geedo daaq iyo carnivores) ayaa ku faafay dunida oo dhan. Isla mar ahaantaana ay u muuqato iyo nuujiya marka hore.

marxaladda cusub

Cenozoic Era, kaas oo bedelay marxaladda dhexe, sii ilaa maantadan la joogo. bilowga muddada this ay astaan u kordhiyo waxqabadka ciidamada gudaha ee caalamka, taas oo keentay in ururinta guud ee goobaha weyn ee dalka. Epoch Tani waxa lagu gartaa muuqaalka kore ee buurta u dhaxeysa laabanto Alpine gudahood suunka Alpine Hamalayan. Muddadan, waxa uu helay dulmari casriga ah ee qaaradda Eurasian. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray isbedel la taaban karo oo ka mid ah massifs qadiimiga ah Urals, Tien Shan iyo buuraha Altai ah Appalachia. U xuub bedelay cimilada on Earth, waxay bilaabeen in muddo ah glaciation xoog leh. Movement of tacsida baraf bedelay muuqaalka guud ee dhulka ka mid ah qaaradaha of Northern Hemisphere ee. Sidaas darteed, waxay la sameeyay bannaanka buur ah badan ee harooyinka. Xayawaanka Zaman Cenozoic - waa Naasley, xamaarato iyo lafdhabarka, qaar badan oo ka mid ah xilliyada ugu horeeyo oo waxay gaadhay ilaa maantadan la joogo, halka qaar kalena noqday bakhtiyeen (mammoths, rhinoceroses oo dhogor, shabeelka Saber-waayihiisa, orso oo godkii, iwm) hal sabab ama mid kale.

Waa maxay muddada dhulka ee?

wajiga Geological sida unit ee qiyaasta waqtiga dhulka ee dhulkeenna loo qaybin karaa waqti. Aan aragno waxa uu sheegay oo ku saabsan ereygan in encyclopedia ah. Period (cilmi dhul) - waa bareeg badan oo waqti dhulka taas oo dhagaxyada la sameeyey. Taa baddalkeeda, waxa ay u qaybsan yahay unugyo yar yar, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan xilliyo.

Wejiga kowaad (Archean iyo Proterozoic) ay sabab u tahay maqnaanshaha complete ama tiro yar oo iyaga ka mid ah oo dufanku xoolaha iyo nooca cuntada kala qaybiyey goobo dheeraad ah oo la sugayo. Palaeozoic ka mid ah Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, muddo karbonsky iyo Perm. Heerkan waxa lagu gartaa tirada ugu weyn ee-dura sub, kuwa kale ayaa ku koobnayn kaliya seddex. Zaman Mesozoic ka mid ah Triassic, marxaladaha Jacka oo aan nuurad lahayn. Zaman Cainozoic halkaas oo muddooyinka ugu bartay, wakiil Paleogene, Neogene iyo subintervals quaternary. Ha ka fikiro si aynu qaar ka mid ah.

Triassic

muddo Triassic - taasi waa ka-bareeg sub ugu horeysay ee xilligii Mesozoic. Its duration ahaa oo ku saabsan 50 milyan oo sano jir ah (hore - 251-199 milyan oo sano ka hor). Waxaa lagu gartaa xariirta badda iyo dubato jidhadhka dhulka. Isla mar ahaantaana ay sii wadaan in ay jiraan dhowr wakiilada Paleozoic ah, sida spiriferid, shax, qaar ka mid ah elasmobranch iyo kuwo kale. Waxaa ka mid ah xawayaanka waa reer Cammoon badan, kaas oo siiyey wax badan oo noocyo cusub, oo muhiim u ah stratigraphy. Ka mid ah shacaab lixdii-rayed intaba foomka of Brachiopod - terebratulidy iyo rinhonelidy, echinoderms group - urchins badda. Vertebrates waxaa intooda badan wakiil xamaarato - dinosaurs weyn Saurischia. thecodonts baahsan - dhulka gurguurta xawaare sare ku soconaya. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee noolaha biyaha weyn u horeeyay ee muddo Triassic ah - ichthyosaurs iyo plesiosaurs, laakiin ay height ay gaaraan kaliya in muddada Jacka. Sidoo kale wakhtigan iyo nuujiya marka hore u muuqday, taas oo la soo bandhigay noocyo yar.

Flora in muddo Triassic ah (dhulka) lumiyo xubno Paleozoic iyo keensataa Halabuurka gaar Mesozoic. Waxaa Dadwaynaha Fern noocyada dhirta, sagovoobraznye, fiiqfiiqan iyo Ginkgo. cimilada waxaa lagu gartaa kululaaneysa weyn. Tani waxay keenaysaa in ay kor u qalajiyo of badan oo ka mid ah badaha gudaha ah, iyo in ay ka harsan tahay heerarka salinity si weyn kor ugu. Intaa waxaa dheer, meel aad hoos meydadka biyaha gudaha, taasoo keentay in horumarinta Bbc cidlada. Tusaale ahaan, in muddo this ka mid ah formation of Tauride Jasiiradda Crimean.

Jacka

muddo Jacka ay magaca ka yimid xagga buuraha Jura galbeedka Europe helay. Waxa uu ka qayb dhexe ee Mesozoic iyo ugu dadku ka tarjumaysaa qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka organic Zaman this. Taa baddalkeeda, waxa loo qaybin karaa saddex qaybood: ka, dhexe hoose iyo tan sareba.

The dubato muddada this ka wakiil yahay xawayaanka aan si weyn loo qaybiyey - cephalopods (reer Cammoon, wakiil noocyada badan iyo genera). Waxay farshaxan iyo dabeecadda qolofka aad u kala duwan oo ka mid ah wakiilada Triassic yihiin. Intaa waxaa dheer, in muddada Jacka waxaa ku nasanayay koox kale oo molluscs - belemnite. Wakhtigan, horumarka la taaban karo gaadheen a shacaab lix jabalo-dhisidda, buushka badda, ubaxyada iyo urchins badda, iyo sidoo kale elasmobranch badan. Laakiin gebi ahaan ku ba'aan noocyada brachiopod Paleozoic. noocyada dubato laf Marine si weyn u kala duwan ka Triassic ah, oo waxay gaadhaysaa xataa kala duwan oo aad u weyn. In muddo ah Jacka kalluunka baahsan iyo xamaarato biyaha - ichthyosaurs iyo plesiosaurs. Wakhtigan la joogo ma jiro kala-guurka ah oo ka dhulka iyo qabsashada deegaanka badda, Yaxaasyada iyo qoolley. kala duwan A weyn ee noocyada kala duwan ee ka gaaro vertebrates jidhadhka dhulka - xamaarato. iyaga ka mid ah in ay ubaxu iman dinosaurs, kuwaas oo wakiil geedo daaq, ugaadhsiga iyo qaabab kale. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ilaa 23 mitir oo dherer ah, sida Diplodocus yihiin. The lacag dhigaal ah ee xilligan ka helay noocyada cusub ee xamaarato - ka mulacyada duulaya, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan "pterodactyls". Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa shimbirraha ugu horeysay. flora Jacka gaadho koritaanka barwaaqaysan: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, fiiqfiiqan (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye iyo, ee Muuse Dabcan, ferns, horsetails, iyo kooxda.

Neogene

muddo Neogene - qeybtii labaad ee Zaman Cenozoic ah. Waxaa bilaabay 25 milyan oo sano ka hor iyo dhamaaday 1.8 milyan oo sano ka hor. Wakhtigan, waxaa dhacay isbadalo muhiim ah in dubato ah. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo badan oo gastropods iyo bivalves, shacaab, foraminifera iyo coccolithophorids. Si weyn loo horumariyo lafdhabarka, qoolley oo kalluunka lafaha. In muddo ah Neogene, noocyo kala duwan oo gaari iyo dalka vertebrates sameeyaan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa si degdeg ah ay ahaayeen noocyada hipparion horusocod ah: hipparions, fardo, rhinoceroses, midii, oo geel ah, Hobotova, deerada, Hippos, gariga, jiirka, shabeelka Saber-waayihiisa, waraabe, iyo foolmaroodi kale oo waa weyn.

Under saameynta ay arrimo kala duwan waqtigan si degdeg ah guuxayay dunida organic: waxaa jira kaynta-steppe, taiga, buur iyo steppe Caraabaah. Gobollada kulaylaha - ee Utah iyo asked. cimilada u dhow casriga yihiin.

Cilmi dhul sida sayniska

muddooyinka Geological ee barashada cilmiga sayniska Earth - cilmi dhul. Waxaa muuqatay xad dhawaan - in qarnigii 20aad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay dhalinyarada, waa cusbi Hoosada iftiin on arrimo badan oo muran on formation of dhulkeenna, iyo sidoo kale asalka ah ee xayawaanka in ay degi doonaan. In this mala sayniska yar, kaliya natiijooyinka indhaynta iyo xaqiiqooyinka waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa. Shaki kuma jiro in waxa lagu kaydiyaa lakabyada raad dhulka ee caalamka ay dhacdo in kasta oo, ku siin doonaa sawirka badan oo sax ah ee la soo dhaafay, ka badan kitaabada ku duugay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay u awoodaan inay akhriyaan xaqiiqooyinka iyo inay fahmaan si sax ah lama siiyo qof kasta, sidaas darteed xitaa in this sayniska saxda ah, waqti ka waqti waxaa laga yaabaa in fasiraadda khaladka ah ee dhacdooyinka qaarkood. Xaggee jiraan raadad dabka, waxaa lagu sheegi karaa iyadoo la hubo in dabka uu ahaa; iyo halka ay jiraan raadad oo biyo ah, si kalsooni leh isku lagu murmi karaa in biyaha ahayd, iyo wixii la mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee qaladaad sidoo kale dhacaan. Ma aha in ay sal lahayn, ha ka fikiro si aynu hal tusaale oo kale.

"Frosting"

In 1973 majaladda "Aqoonta - xoog" daabacday maqaal by nin cilmiga nafleyda barta caanka AA Lyubimtseva "nidaamyada qabow on galaaska." Qoraaga barbaro in la mid ah weeraryahan ee nidaamyada baraf leh qaab-dhismeedka geedka dareenka akhristayaasha. Sida tijaabo ah, uu sawiro hannaankii on galaas oo tusay sawirka saaxiib botanist ah. Iyo in aan dib u dhac aqoonsan yahay in sawir fossilized yamaaruggii ku raad. Eegaysana ee kiimikada ah ee nidaamyada dhacaan sabab u crystallization wajiga gaaska uumiga biyaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax la mid ah ka dhacaya diyaarinta graphite pyrolytic by pyrolysis of methane qasi jiray hydrogen. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la ogaaday in ka daadanayo this gooni ahaan foomamka dendritic la mid ah ku beeri harta yihiin. Tan waxaa loo sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in ay jiraan sharciyo guud xukuma formation of foomamka ka imanba ee arrinta iyo dabeecadda.

Inta lagu guda jiro Haseyeeshee taariikhaysan muddo dheer dhulka ee kasta, oo ku salaysan raad dhirta iyo xayawaanka foomamka laga helay kayd dhuxusha. Oo kaliya dhawr sano ka hor, waxaa jiray sheegashooyin by saynisyahano qaar ka mid ah in habkan waa sax ahayn iyo in fossils oo dhan - wax kale ma aha, sida byproduct ka mid ah formation of layers dhulka. Shaki kuma jiro, waa mid aan macquul ah inay ku qiyaasto isku wada mid, laakiin waa inay noqdaan hab more taxadir arrimaha shukaansi.

Oo haddii glaciation caalami ah?

Tixgeli hadal kale soodajiyo of saynisyahano, iyo ma aha oo kaliya in ay Haseyeeshee. All oo naga mid ah, laga bilaabo dugsiga, u waxyoonay glaciation Adduunka in daboolay dhulkeenna, keenaya noocyada badan ee xoolaha noqday bakhtiyeen: mammoths, wiyisha oo dhogor iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Oo qarniga casriga yar soo bixiyey on Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Seynisyahanno ka mid cod sheegaya in cilmi dhul ah - sayniska sax ah, ma jidaynayey aragtiyaha iyo la xaqiijiyey oo keliya xaqiiqooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha sidaas waa. Halkan, sida meelo badan oo sayniska (taariikh, cilmi akeoloji, iyo kuwo kale), mid ka mid arki karaan rigidity oo ka mid ah aragtiyaha iyo adkaanta of amar. Tusaale ahaan, tan iyo qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad ku maqnaa of Science sameeyay dood kulul oo ku saabsan in ama aan midda. Qarnigii bartamihii labaatanaad, caanka ah saynisyahan-geologist IG Pidoplichko waxaa la daabacay shaqada afar mugga "On da'da barafka." In warqad this, qoraaga si tartiib tartiib ah caddaynaya version muranada of glaciation caalamka. Isagu ma ku tiirsan shuqullada culimada kale, oo uu shakhsi ahaan sameeyay excavations dhulka (qaar ka mid ah oo uu qaado sida askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Cas ku qaatay, ka qayb dagaalka ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta Jarmal) territory ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Western Europe oo dhan. Wuxuu ku doodayaa in sitoos ah ma bixin kartaa qaaradda oo dhan, oo soo xirtay kaliya qof degaanka ah, iyo in uusan ka dhigay eynu ee noocyada badan xayawaan, iyo arrimo kala yara duwan yihiin - iyo dhacdooyinkii musiibo taas oo horseeday in barakaca ah ee ulaha laga gelin lahaa ( "taariikhda cajiib ah oo ka mid ah Earth" A Skliarov);. iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee qofka.

Mysticism, ama sababta saynisyahano ma dareemaan wax iska cad ah

In kasta oo caddayn u baaxad weyn soo bandhigay Pidoplichko, saynisyahano waa degdeg ugu jirin inay ka tanaasulaan version la ansixiyay ee glaciation ah. Oo markaas xataa u xiiso badan. shuqullada qoraaga lagu daabacay in 50s hore, laakiin dhimashadii Stalin, dhammaan xaaladaha oo ka mid ah afar muda ayaa laga saaray maktabadaha iyo jaamacadaha dalka, raagayaan kaliya ee booska ka mid ah maktabada, iyo iyaga oo ka soo baxa waxaa aad u ma fududa. In times Soofiyeeti, qof kasta oo qaado buugga this maktabadda qaaday on account oo ka mid ah adeegyada gaarka ah. Oo xataa maanta waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ka jira qoraalkan la helo, taas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay Internet mahad, qof walba ka heli kartaa qof aqoon u leh shuqullada qoraaga, taasoo baarayaa si faahfaahsan muddooyinka taariikhda geologic ee caalamka, sharxayaa asalka ah ee kuwan raadkaygay qaarkood.

Cilmi dhul - sayniska sax ah?

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in cilmi dhul - saynis ah Gaarna tijaabo ah, kaas oo la soo gabagabeeyey oo kaliya waxa uu u arko. Haddii ay dhacdo waa su'aal, waxa aanu waxba kuma uu hadlin, waxaa la dareemay, waxaa ka wada xaajoon kari lahaa, oo dib u dhigay go'aan kama dambays ah, inta laga gaadhayo ilaa aad heshay dhawrid dirayaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida dhaqanka shows, cilmiga ah, sidoo kale, qaladaad samayso (tusaale ahaan, physics ama xisaabta). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khaladaad ma yihiin musiibo, haddii ay qaataan waqti ah oo sax ah. waxay inta badan caalamka ee dabiiciga ah, oo ay leeyihiin qiimaha degaanka ah, waxa kaliya ee aad u baahan tahay inaad leedahay geesinimo ah in ay aqbalaan cad ee, sawiri gabagabadii xaq iyo guurto on in ay la kulmaan ikhtiraac cusub. saynisyahano casriga ah ayaa muujisay dhaqanka qoto dheer ka soo hor jeedda, maxaa yeelay, inta badan iftiinka sayniska in uu waqti helay horyaal, abaalmarinta iyo aqoonsiga ay shaqada, iyo haatan oo ay u doonayaan inay iyaga la. Iyo dabeecada sida la arko ma aha oo kaliya in cilmi dhul, laakiin sidoo kale in dhinacyo kale oo waxqabad. dadka xoogga Kaliya ma ka baqaysid inaad ku galin qaladaad ay, waxay ku raaxaysan fursad ay ku sii horumariyo, sababta oo ah ogaanshaha qalad - ma aha musiibo, laakiin halkii ay fursad cusub.