Xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee Russia ee qarnigii 20aad. Aasaasidda xisbiyada siyaasadda ee Russia

Erayga "Xisbiga" ka partio Giriigga, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in labada "qayb" iyo "kiiska" Waxaa laga yaabaa in qaar ka mid ah wax ka wadaagaan yimaado. Xisbiga Siyaasadda, sidaas, ka dhigan ururka dadka sida maskax fikrado iyo gool caadi ah in lagu xaqiijin karaa iyada oo ay helaan dhismayaasha xoogga si ay u matalaan danaha kooxo gaar ah. Xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee Russia ee qarnigii 20aad, horumariyo jawi kacsan oo boqornimadii Nicholas II. Tani KT Ruush badalay Alexander III, oo lagu yaqaan wax Wanaajiya maqnaanshaha dagaalka xilligii oo boqornimadiisa. goysiga The carshiga sida Nicholas II Ulasocto dhimashada kumanaan qof at Khodynka, sidaas oo boqornimadiisa guuldareysanay, laga bilaabo.

The shuruudaha taariikhiga ah ee hawshan ka mid ah dhinacyada kala duwan

On taliyihii sumcad Empire Ruush ee si xun u saameeyeen dagaal la Japan ee 1904-1905., Taasoo keentay in la taaban karo guul darrooyin iyo aadanaha. Against asalka ah wiiqday awoodda boqorkii wuxuu bilaabay inuu xoojin niyadda xagjirka ah in teedu laftiisa ugu horrayn SRS iyo Boqolaal Black. Nicholas II si loo hagaajiyo xaaladda ka dib markii kacaanka galay taxane ah oo dib u habaynta siyaasadeed, ka mid ah taas oo ahayd dhisidda Duma Gobolka. Ilaa wakhtigaas, jidhka wakiil oo dalka ma jirin. Aasaasidda xisbiyada siyaasadda ee Russia wakhtigaas ka dhacay seddex goobood: hantiwadaagga ah, monarchical oo deeqsi ah. Oo midkood kastaaba wuxuu lahaa sifooyin u gaar ah oo farqi weyn oo barnaamijyo siyaasadeed, sida loo gaaro himilooyinka.

Waddaniyadda ee siyaasadda ee ka dambeeya waqtiga

xisbiyada siyaasadda Ruush Monarchist ee qarnigii 20aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo ku badan. iyaga ka mid ahaa: "Collection Ruush", "Midowga Shaqaalaha ee Dadka", xisbiga Monarchist, "Midowga Ruush Dadka iyaga. Mihaila Arhangela "iyo kuwa kale. Kuwani dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadeed ma ahaayeen barnaamijyada uniform, laakiin wacdiyey fikrado pronatsionalisticheskie ahaayeen ilaalinta ee xeerka mulkiilaha dhulka. "Russia - waayo Ruush ah" - ahaa halku ee dhaqdhaqaaqa badan monarchist, doorbiday inuu ka tago awoodda boqorkii aan xad lahayn, iyo Empire Ruush ah - boqortooyada maroorsi. Laakiin sida dagaal ma ay dhammaan dhinacyada siyaasadda ee Russia. Shaxda waa qaab is barbardhig.

The Boqolaal Black ahaayeen monarchists

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in tirada monarchists inta badan ka mid ah ganacsatada yar yar, darawallada cab, in uu yahay, "dadka" magaalooyinka ka soo jeedo Ruush-ku hadla, sidoo kale way kula baayacmushtari jireen, dadka dhulka leh, farsamayaqaan, ganacsade waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar, Cossacks, iyo xitaa booliska, go'antahay gaar ah si ay Itobiya Saarka. Waayo, dadkan, dhigyo xisbiga, dhaqdhaqaaqa wacdiyey milmaan quruumaha kale, dib u celinta qasabka ah, rabshadaha abaabulka, falalka argagixisada. Maxaa kale oo la og yahay xisbi siyaasadeed monarchist of Russia? Si kooban - formation of kooxood oo ka mid ah Boqolaal Black, taasoo 1905-1914 GG. si firfircoon kexeeyey kor islawayni iyo siyaasadda, waddaniyadda Ruush iyo anti-Nacayb. tiradaasi A caanka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa monarchist ahaa Purishkevich, mulkiilaha deegaanka sii daayay.

Magacaabay in sharaf of document taariikhiga

Xisbiyada Liberal siyaasadeed Russia ee qarnigii 20aad, inta badan wakiil ka ah arday iyo Octobrists (Union of October wakiilada 17). Bishii Oktoobar 1905, waxa uu ahaa toddoba iyo reer Nicholas II helay manifesto a on horumar ah ee si guud, kuwaas oo la wadaago boqorka ee xaq u leh inay xukumaan (oo horay kaliya) la Duma Gobolka. Shirweynaha koowaad ee arday ee (dimuqraadiga Dastuurka) ka dhacay isla ee 1905, markii la go'an koorsada ugu weyn ee dhaqdhaqaaqa xisbiga this.

Dawladdu waxay sida maamulaha in ay bilaabaan dib u habaynta

Arday bidix deeqsi ah (hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Miliukov) koobnaa aqoonyahano, zemstvos, ganacsatada, saynisyahano iyo rumeysan yahay in Russia waa in ay leeyihiin dhaqaalaha suuqa, xaaladda ku dhaqanka sharciga, dimuqraadiyad marka la eego xuquuqda shakhsiga ee hab guud ee dowladda in boqortooyo baarlamaani ah. su'aasha soo ridayeen Complex ay la soo jeediyey si ay u xalliyaan by dalka wareejinta ka kireeya ee (inuu iyaga ka tago shan boqol meeltobnaadyada) loo isticmaalo (ha) qastaan madax furasho, kaas oo la sugayo in ay bixiyaan gobolka. In tuulada ceshan bulshada ridayeen ah. Features ee xisbiyada siyaasadda ee Russia for garabka this ka koobnaa ee xaqiiqda ah in arday ku aragnay channel ugu weyn ee dib u habaynta ku, dhab ahaantii, gobolka oo aad rabto in la hagaajiyo xaaladda xoogsatada by hordhaca ah ee shaqada 8-saac ah, horumarinta ururada shaqaalaha iyo suurtagalnimada weerarada. Wakiilada ee xisbiga ahayn ka dhanka ah ballaarinta madaxbanaanida ee Finland iyo Poland, iyo sidoo kale ka mid ah dadka Russia xaq u leeyahay inuu qeexidda dhaqanka.

Waxay ma doonayaan in la yareeyo maalintii shaqeeya

Taariikhda xisbiyada siyaasadda Ruush waxaa ka mid ah magaca in sida Guchkov, oo ku hogaamiyay ka Octobrists xisbiga. dhaqdhaqaaqa Tani waxa ay ahayd deeqsi ah laakiin muxaafidka ah, xarunta-midig. At ay wadnaha ahaayeen wakiillo ka bourgeoisie ah (union of bourgeoisie ganacsiga iyo warshadaha ee magaalooyinka waaweyn) iyo garabka qunyar socodka ah ee mucaaradka Zemstvo soo jeediyay si ay u fuliyaan dib u habaynta baarlamaanka oo aan halganka hubaysan. Octo waxa uu ahaa for indivisibility ee Russia, ilaalinta ee si qaab boqortooyo Duma ah, xalka of su'aal soo ridayeen ah taasoo lid ku ah kuwa u baahan ee dalka Siberia, wuxuuna siiyey beeralayda xuquuq la mid ah fasalada kale ee bulshada, ilaalinta ee dalka mulkiilayaasha 'ee ay madax furashada suuragal ah in lacag aad u badan, iibinta yaroow dalalkan dadweynaha . Tan iyo xisbiga waxaa madax saarka, waxay ahaayeen 8-saac maalintii shaqada (halkii 11-12 saacadood) ka, sababtoo ah waxaa la rumeysan yahay in dadka nasasho ku filan ay sabab u tahay ciidaha diiniga ah.

SRS rabto si ay u sameeyaan xiriirka ka mid ah dadyowgii

xisbiga Socialist siyaasadeed ee Russia ee qarnigii 20aad, ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in ay kacaan Bulshada iyo xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga (RSDLP). First uu by Chernov V. M. SRS inta badan ka mid ah neopopulists iyo muhaajiriinta shisheeye, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay in dadka u baahan tahay kacaan oo la baabiiyo of -Raaxaysta- sameeyay keentay. Waxay la filayaa in ay qarka u saaran xoogga dadka, si ay isugu a Golaha Wakiillada, si ay u qalabayn Russia sida xiriirka ah dadyowga xaq quruumaha in ay is-xalliyaan arrimaha qaar ka mid ah. mulkiilayaasha The qaadan lahaa dhicin dalkii, u gudbin galay isticmaalka dadweynaha ee bulshooyinka soo ridayeen ah. SRS doorbiday xeeladaha argagixiso, jiitay in safafka waxgaradka ay -. Ardayda, macalimiinta, dhakhaatiirta, iwm xisbiga wuxuu ahaa ugu dhex qastaan caan ah.

Ciidamada wadista ee kacaanka - waa proletariat ah

Xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee Russia ee 1905 ka mid ahaa laba u samayso "laamo" ah ee xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga. Aasaasidda ee xisbiga ayaa waxaa rasmi ah ee 1903, dibada, ee Brussels, halkaas oo xeerka la ansixiyay, barnaamijka ugu badnaan iyo yaraan xisbiga laftiisa. Xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga ayaa isku hallaysay xoogsatada, ma qastaan (ka mid ah taas oo wakhtigaas ahaa 80% waxna qorin). Waxay doonayaan inay ridaan Boqortooyada ee, inay soo bandhigto xaq u leeyihiin inay codeeyaan, in la kala kaniisadda ka gobolka. Waayo, shaqaalaha la filayaa inay soo galaan waqtiga wax ka badan siddeed saacadood hawlgabka, caymiska la qorsheeyay, joojin lahaa shaqaalaha ee caruurta iyo in la yareeyo isticmaalka awooda dhaddig. yaroow The ahaayeen si ay u helaan ugu qaybiyey, oo ay tilmaamay inay ku jiraan dabcan ka mid ah dib u habaynta ee 1861. Intii lagu guda jiray wada hadal ku saabsan arrimaha ugu muhiimsan ee xisbiga baxay khilaafka, iyo xubin ka bilaabay inuu xisbiga Bolshevik (hoggaamiye - V. I. Lenin) iyo Mensheviks xisbiga (madax Chaposhinkov).

Mensheviks rumaystay xisbiga in la heli doono in dadweynaha guud, habka kacaan waa in horseedi bourgeoisie ee isbahaysiga la proletariat ah. isku duba riday Mensheviks tixgeliyo relic la soo dhaafay, loo bixiyey inuu dalka ka kireeya ay qaataan iyo wareejiyo lahaanshaha degmada, iyadoo la sii sirqoollada yar ee ka shaqeeya dhulka.

qarsoodiga ah ee ururka iyo xiritaanka ee xisbiga

Xisbiga Bolshevik ayaa sidoo kale dareemay in ururka waa in la xiray urur conspiratorial. Ciidamada wadista kacaanka taageerayaasha Lenin ahaayeen proletariat ee isbahaysiga la isku duba riday oo bourgeoisie ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay relic la soo dhaafay. Beddelidda si ay u rajeeyay in ay fuliyaan hab rabsho iyo waxay keeni in isbedel ah ee kali taliska Saarka ee proletariat ah. barnaamijka xisbiga Deedna ka mid ah tirtiridda kiniisadda, landlordism iyo kala iibsiga ee dalka gobolka. Waa in la sheegay in fikradaha sida xisbiga Bolshevik ee 1917 (April - dhawaaqay of Lenin ee "April theses") ma ahaa caanka ah ee jawiga siyaasadeed iyo dadka. Sidaa darteed, wakiilada xisbiga bilaabay olole dacaayad ballaadhan ka mid ah ciidamada, yaroow, shaqaalaha, iyo wixii la mid ah., In la kordhiyo tirada taageerayaasha. Oo iyana waxay ku guulaysteen, maadaama ay tahay taasi xoog siyaasadeed oo ay qabatay ku Great October Socialist Kacaanka. Wakiilada dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadeed sameeyay xisbiga shuuciga ah.

Waa in la sheegay in barnaamijyada oo ka mid ah xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee ka dambeeya waqtiga ahaayeen xoogaa la mid ah midba midka kale. Tusaale ahaan, arday la soo jeediyey in la kordhiyo madaxbannaanida oo ka mid ah laba dhulal, halka Bolsheviks uu rabay inuu quruumaha oo dhan la siiyo xaq u leedahay in aayo-ka, oo ay ku jiraan suurtogalnimada-soociddiisa. Laakiin, sida taariikhda ayaa muujisay, xisbiga shuuciga ee bedelka si Bolsheviks ah, on lid ku ah, isku keenay dhow dhulka oo dhan Empire Ruush galay hal unug, laakiin ka duwan nidaamka bulshada.