Vasily Dark 2: Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada, Biography

Moscow Prince Vasily ku Dark 2 xeerarka waqti marka uu kibir si tartiib tartiib ah u noqday muhimka ah ee gobolka midaysan Ruush. Wixii muddadaas oo boqornimadii Rurik sidoo kale lagu tiriyaa dagaal weyn sokeeye oo u dhexeeya isaga iyo qaraabada - tartamaya awoodda in Kremlin. Xiisadda dhulgoosadka ahaa kii ugu dambeeyay ee taariikhda Russia.

qoyska

Future Prince Vasili 2 Dark ahaa wiil shanaad ee Basil aniga iyo Sophia Vitovtovna. ilmaha Maternally ahaa wakiil ah guri ammaan talada haya Lithuanian. Ka hor dhimashadiisa, Basil anigu waxaan u diray warqad uu Vytautas aabbihiis-in, kaas oo uu ka codsaday in la ilaaliyo adeer dhallaanka.

The afartiisii wiil ugu horeeyay ee Grand Duke ku dhintay carruurnimada ama dhalinyarada ka soo noqnoqda marka cudurka, oo loo yaqaan a ee taariikhda "cudurku." Sayidka, kii dhaxalka lahaa ee Basil aan joogay 2 Basil Madow. Laga soo bilaabo barta ee gobolka of view, joogitaanka hal Farac oo kaliya ahaa oo lagu daray ah, maxaa yeelay, waxay u saamaxdaa taliye ay u qaybsadaan awoodda uu carruur tiro badan. Taas darteed caadadii gaar ah ayaa ku dhintay Kievan rus iyo sanado badan ka soo gaaray ee dalka Vladimir-Suzdal.

Xaaladda siyaasadeed

madax Moscow ahaa laab loo baahan yahay inuu ku sii negaado hal sababta oo ah hanjabaad shisheeye. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in awoowe Basil II ee Dmitry Donskoy adkaaday ciidanka on Tatar-Mongol Kulikovo Field ee 1380, Russia hadhay tiirsan Horde Golden ah. Moscow ayaa sidoo kale xarunta siyaasadeed weyn Slavic Orthodox. taliyayaashii ay ahaayeen kuwa kor u taagnaan kari waayeen inay Khan ah, haddii aan dagaalka, iyadoo la kaashanayo diblomaasiyadda tanaasul.

Xagga galbeed, madaxda East Slavic hanjabay Lithuania. Ilaa 1430 waxaa xeerarka Vytautas - awoowe Basil II. In ka badan labaatan sano ah, kala qaybsanaanta reer Russia taliyayaashii Lithuanian ay awoodaan in ay lifaaq alaabtiisii Ruush galbeedka kibir (Polotsk, Galich, Volyn, Kyiv). Marka Basil waxaan dhumiyay xornimada Smolensk. Lithuania laftiisa waxaa sii kordheysa diiradda on Catholic Poland taas oo horseeday in colaadda lama huraan aqlabiyad Orthodox iyo Moscow. Basil II ahayd lagama maarmaan in ay miisaamaan deriska khatar ah oo aan nabadda ilaalino, in ay gobolka u gaar ah. Time ayaa muujisay in uu had iyo jeer ma ku guulaysteen.

Iskahorimaadka la adeerkiis

In 1425, Prince Vasili Dmitrievich dhintay, tegaayo carshiga wiil jir ah toban sano. amiirradii Ruush waxa uu qiray in ay taliye sare ee Russia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo uu taageero lagu qeexaayo booska uu ka Basil yar ahaa mid aad u gariir. Sababta kaliya in ninna kuma dhicin inuu taabto, uu awoowe - a awood Qaranimo Lithuanian Vytautas. Laakiin waxa uu ahaa mid aad u gaboobay oo ku dhintay 1430.

Taasi waxaa xigay silsilad oo dhan dhacdooyinka taas oo horseeday in dagaal sokeeye weyn. mujrim ugu muhiimsan ee isku dhaca ahaa Basil II Adeer Yuri Dmitrievich - ina halyeeyga Dmitry Donskoy. Ka hor geeridiisii, guusha ee Mamaia on dhaqanka ay dardaarmeen in wiilkiisa yaru dhaxli doonaan. Ogaaday khatarta ah ee dhaqankan, Dmitry Donskoy waxaa xadiday xaqiiqda ah in Yuri magaalada yar siiyey: Zvenigorod, Galich iyo Vyatka Ruza.

Banii dhintay amiir u ku noolaa nabadda iyo midba midka kale caawiyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Yuri ayaa lagu yaqaanaa inuu doonayo iyo jacaylka awoodda. In doonistii aabbihiis, oo wuxuu lahaa oo si aan ku dhaxlo oo dhan ee Muscovy ay dhacdo dhimashada dhicis ah ee walaalkiis weynaa Basil I. Laakiin lahaa shantii wiil, kii ugu yaraa oo ka mid ah oo noqday taliyaha Kremlin ee 1425.

waagaas oo dhan, Yuri Dmitrievich hadhay Zvenigorod amiir minimis. taliyayaashii Moscow u suurtagashay in ay ilaashadaan gobolka iyo waxay kordhin ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in si ee isku xigta ayaa la sharciyeeyay, sida ay ahayd oo carshiga ka aabbihiis maray in wiilkiisii weynaa, Goldogob walaalaha ee yar yar. Qarnigii XV ah, hawlgalkan waa cusub. Ka hor inta in, in Russia, sida ay xoogga Seniority agnatic dhaxlay, ama xaq u of Seniority (ie Eedadaa qaaday hormariyaan adeerka ah).

Dabcan, Yuri ahaa taageere u ahaa taliskii jir ah, tan iyo markii ay u ogolaadeen in ay noqoto in Moscow taliye sharci ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, xuquuqda uu la taageerey lagu burburin karo ee ah doonista aabbihiis. Haddii aad ka saarto shakhsiyaad gaar ah iyo, in madax Moscow hoostiisa Basil II wajahday labo nidaam dhaxal, mid ka mid ah taas oo ay sabab u ahayd xaaqi kale ah. Yuri sugayay oo kaliya fursad ay ku caddayn sheegashada ay. Iyada oo dhimashada Vytautas, fursaddan hor taageen isagii.

Maxkamadda ayaa ku Horde ah

Inta lagu guda jiro Mongol ku Khan xukunka saaray sumadaha si aad u xukumaan, oo siiyey Rurikovich saxda ah ama carshiga in mashquulin. Sida caadiga ah, caado this aan faragalin ku xigta ee caadiga ah, haddii codsaduhu uusan dhicin reer guuraa. go'aamada Cameroon Khan ayaa la ciqaabay by xaqiiqada ah in ay dhaxal si ay u weeraraan guutooyinkiisii dhiigyacabka ah.

Faracoodii Dmitry Donskoy weli heli sumadaha si boqor noqday, oo baad u bixisay, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in Mongols ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay inuu xanuunsado tan uu dirir u gaar ah. In 1431, ku koray 2 Basil Dark u tageen inay Horde Golden ah, si aad u hesho fasax si ay u koraan. Isla waxay kula steppe eryay Yuri Dmitrievich. Waxa uu doonayay inuu cadeeyo in ay Khan in uu xaq u leeyahay wax dheeraad ah oo carshiga ku badan uu adeer.

Ee ah Eebaha Golden Horde Ulugh Muhammad go'aansaday ay guushu ku Vasily. Yuri uu daayeen in khasaaraha ugu horeysay, laakiin ma doonayo in ay ka tanaasusho. In erayadii uu aqoonsan yahay ee uu adeer "walaalka ka weyn" iyo in uu dhaxalka hooyo ku soo laabtay, si ay u sugaan fursad cusub oo ay ku dhufan. Our taariikhda leedahay tusaalayaal badan oo been, iyo dareen this, Yuri Dmitrievich ma aha badan oo kala duwan badan oo saffarro iyo horreeyay ka. Isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku jejebiyey Ballamay iyo Basil. Maxkamada Khan ee uu u ballanqaaday iyada adeer in la siiyo magdhow magaalada Dmitrov, laakiin sidaas kuma aydnaan samayn.

Muranka bilowgiisu

In 1433, siddeed iyo toban sano jir Prince of Moscow ciyaaray aroos. Basil II iyo xaaskiisa ahayd Maria - gabadhii taliyihii Yaroslava ku Borovskogo gaar ah (oo sidoo kale ka guri ammaan Moscow). The dabaal qaraabada badan oo la marti qaaday in, amiirka oo ay ku jiraan carruur Yuri Dmitrievich (ma uusan soo xaadirin, laakiin ay weli tahay in uu Galicia). Dmitriy Shemyaka iyo Vasily Diagon kaalin weyn ka dagaalkii sokeeye weli ciyaari doono. Iyadoo ay ahaayeen dadka Martidii Duke Grand ah. In ku dhex arooska fadeexadii. Hooyo Basil II Sofia Vitovtovna arkay in suunka Basil Koos in la filayo ayaa waxaa iska lahaa Dmitry Donskoy, oo la xaday by gabadh. Waxay ka jeexeen goosin ka mid ah dharka ilmaha, taas oo sababtay khilaaf halis ah oo u dhexeeya qaraabada. Wiilashii dhaawacmay Yuri Dmitrievich isla markiiba ku noqday, oo wuxuu tegey aabbihiis jidka ku burburiyay in Yaroslavl. qaybtii ugu xidhka xaday noqday hantida hiddaha iyo maaddo caan ah in warkii ka.

muran Domestic sidaas noqday sababta in Zvenigorod Prince sugayay inuu ku soo bilowdo dagaal weyn oo ka dhan ah uu adeer. Barashada ku saabsan wixii dhacay wakhtigii iidda ah, wuxuu soo wada urursaday ciidankiisii aaminka ah oo u tegey inuu Moscow. amiirradii Ruush mar kale diyaar u ah inay ku shub dhiigga maadooyinka ay aawadood oo ah dano gaar ah.

ciidanka reer Grand Duke of Moscow, Yuri ahayd la jebiyey xeebta ee Klyazma ah. Soon adeerkay oo wuxuu qabsaday caasimadda. Basil heshay magdhow Kolomna, halkaas oo, dhab ahaantii, halaagsameen dibedda. Ugu dambeyntii, Yuri rumoobay riyadiisii carshigii aabbihiis ku saabsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu gaadhi karay la doonayo, wuxuu u sameeyey dhowr qaladaad dilaa. New Prince u baxay inuu ka hor imanayn boyars Moscow, kuwaas oo saameyn ku magaaladii jidkeediina wuxuu ahaa mid aad u ballaaran. Support for class this iyo lacag ka dibna waa sifooyinka aad u muhiim ah awoodda.

Marka aristocracy Moscow ay xaqiiqsadeen in taliyayaasha cusub bilaabay inuu tuuji dadka jir ka soo baxay xafiiska laguna beddelayo musharax iyaga u gaar ah, daraasiin taageerayaasha fure u cararay Kolomna. Yuri jiray go'doon iyo ka go'ay ciidanka caasimadda. Markaas ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu dunida aado Shaam oo isku raacay in la iska noqdo oo carshiga ku dhawr bilood oo boqornimadii ka dib.

Laakiin Basil ma ahayn wax badan ka xigmad in adeerkiis. Back ee caasimada, wuxuu bilaabay inuu cadaadis bashaash kuwa boyars kuwaas oo ay taageerayaan George in sheegashadii awood. Dadka ka soo horjeeda sameeyay qalad la mid ah, ma tixgelinayo waayo-aragnimo naxdinta leh ee ka soo horjeeda. Markaas Vasili dhawaaqay wiilashii dagaalka Yuri. Grand Duke ayaa waxaa mar kale laga adkaaday dhow Rostov. Adeerkiis mar kale noqday taliyaha Moscow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa dhawr bilood ka dib markii isku shaandhaynta kale Yuri dhintay (June 5, 1434). In caasimadda, waxaa jiray warar xan joogto ah in uu ku sumoobay mid ka mid ah ka timi uu. Under doonista George, Duke noqday wiilkiisii curadka ahaa Basil Diagon.

Uugu Basil ee Moscow

boqortooyada oo dhan ee Yuri ee Moscow Vasily 2 jiray baxsad, dagaal ku guulaysan wiilashiisa ka dhanka ah. Marka Diagon u sheegay walaalkiis Shemyaka in uu hadda wuxuu xukumaa Moscow, Dmitry ayaa aqbalay isbedelka this. Nabad buu la dhigtay Basil, on taas, hadii ay ku guulaystaan, isbahaysiga helay Shemyaka Uglich iyo Rzhev. Haddaba labadii amiir, kuwaas oo horey u ahaayeen cadaawayaashayda, biiray ciidanka inuu ka eryo of wiilkiisii weynaa oo Moscow ee, Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo.

Uugu Basil, barashada hab ciidamada cadowga cararay caasimadda ee Novgorod, ka dib markii isaga la qaato khasnadda aabbihiis. Wuxuu proknyazhil ee Moscow bishii hal xagaaga ee 1434. In baxsad-Hijrooday ee ah in la qaato lacagta soo wada urursaday ciidankiisii oo soo raacay iyadii, iyo ilaa dhinaca reer Kostroma. Marka hore, wuxuu ahaa adkaaday at webiga Kotorosl dhow Yaroslavl, ka dibna mar kale ugu Battle of chereh River ee May 1436. Vasily ay qabsadeen uu samigiisa iyo barbarously tiray. Waa sababtoo ah dhaawac, uu naaneeso squint. hore ee Prince ayaa ku dhintay xabsi ku yaala 1448.

War la Kazan Khanate

Wakhti ka mid ah Russia nabad. Grand Prince of Moskovskiy Vasily II isku dayay in ay ka fogaadaan dagaal la dariska, laakiinse ma uu guulaysto. Keeni dhiig cusub ahaa Khanate of Kazan. Waqtigaa, hal Zolotaya Orda waxaa loo kala qaybiyey dhowr ulus madax banaan. The ugu weyn oo ugu awooda badan ahaa Khanate Kazan ah. Tataarka dilay baayacmushtariyaasha Ruush iyo si joogto ah u abaabulan safarada meelaha soohdinta.

In 1445 dhexeeya amiirradii Slavic iyo Kazan Khan Mahmoud dagaal siibay furan. July 7 dhow dagaal Suzdal ka dhacay, kaas oo xulka Ruushka ayaa guuldarro burburiyo. maxbuus ayaa lagu qaatay Michael Verey iyo ina adeerkiis Vasily Dark 2. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada amiir this (1425-1462) waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka buuxa dhacdooyin marka si buuxda uu lumiyo awoodda. Halkan iyo hadda, isagoo ku sugan Khan ayaa maxaabiis ahaan, uu si kooban uga wada gooyo dhacdooyinka guriga.

tataarka afduub

Iyadoo Basil hadhay afduub ay u tataarka ah, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa taliyihii Moscow Dmitry Shemyaka - wiilkii labaad ee dabayaaqadii Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, ayuu qoray taageerayaasha badan ee magaalada. Dhanka kale Vasily aaminsiiyey Kazan Khan wuuna sii daayay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagu wuxuu lahaa inuu lasoo saxiixdo heshiis hal dhinac oo uu lahaa in ay bixiyaan qaansiin weyn iyo, xitaa ka sii daran, si loo siiyo qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka uu tataarka ee quudinta.

Tani waxay sababtay la ruxruxo ee cadhada ee Russia. Inkastoo gunuusaysaan dadka badan ee dalka, ayaan bilaabay inuu boqor ee Moscow Vasily Dark 2 mar kale. tanaasulaad Policy Horde ma laakiin waxay keeni kartaa in ay cawaaqib xun. Intaa waxaa dheer, amiirka in Kremlin uu hoggaaminayo ciidamada Khan, kuwaas oo la siiyey isaga inay by tataarka ku yimid, si ay dib u carshiga hubaal.

Dmitry Shemyaka ka dib markii uu soo horjeeda laabtay fariistay Uglich. Aad ugu dhakhsaha badan u bilaabay inuu ido in taageerayaasha Moscow, dhex jirtay gobta ahaa iyo baayacmushtariyaasha, faraxsanayn dhaqanka Basil. Iyadoo ay gargaar, oo amiir u Uglich abaabulay inqilaab, ka dib markii taas oo mar kale bilaabay inuu boqor ee Kremlin.

Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu diiwaan taageero qaar ka mid ah amiirradii, kaasoo markii hore ka aamusay dagaalka. oo iyaga ku dhex jiray oo taliye Mozhajskij Ivan A. iyo Boris Tverskoy. Labadan amiirradii caawiyay Shemyaka been Calamooyin Vasily ee maka Reebay ka Lavra Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos. February 16, 1446 uu indho tiray. xasuuqii xaq ku xaqiiqada ah in Basil u tageen inay heshiis la faraha lagu Neceb yahay. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu mar la amray in ay cadowga ma indha la. Sayidka Shemyaka aarguday qaddar ee walaalkiis ka weyn Vasiliya Kosogo.

ka dib markii tiray

Ka dib markii dhacdo taas, markii ugu danbeysay waxaa la musaafuriyay 2 Basil Madow. Marka la soo koobo, uu qaddar naxdin leh ayaa ku daray taageerayaashiisa ku dhex wareeri aristocracy ah. Tiray sida ay u fikiraan soo baxay inta badan oo ah amiirradii dadka State Moscow, kuwaas oo u noqday horjeeda sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda Shemyaka. Waxaan ka faa'ideystay Vasily Dark 2. Maxaad Dark helay naanaysta, waxaan ka ogahay xagga taariikhda in sharax indho epithet this. In kasta oo dhaawac ah, oo amiir u hadhay firfircoon. Wiilkiisii Ivan (ka dib Ivan iii) indhaha iyo dhegaha u noqday, gacan ka dhammaan arrimaha gobolka.

By si Shemyaka Vasily iyo xaaskiisa oo lagu qabtay Uglich. Mariya Yaroslavna, sida ninkeeda, waxaa lagama badin wadnaha. amiir ah loo musaafuriyay Marka bilaabay laabtay taageerayaasha baabiiyo qorshe lagu qabsaday Moscow. Bishii December 1446 Basil ciidan ka qaadeen magaalada, waxaa dhacay waqti ay Dmitry Shemyaka iska ahaa. Haddaba amiirka ugu dambeyntii si uu u dhinto ayaa xaqiijiyay in Kremlin.

Our taariikhda ayaa loo yaqaan badan oo dirir. More inta badan waxay ku dhamaatay in tanaasul, iyo guusha dhamaystiran oo mid ka mid ah labada dhinac. In bartamihii qarnigii XV ah, wax la mid ah ka dhacay. Shemyaka soo wada urursaday ciidankiisii oo diyaar u yihiin inay sii wadaan dagaalka ay kula Duke Grand ah. A dhowr sano ka dib soo celinta Basil ee Moscow, January 27, 1450, waxaa jiray dagaal ah Galich, oo taariikhyahanadu fiirsan dagaalka ee la soo dhaafay internecine ee Russia. Shemyaka guuldarro shuruud la'aan iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan u cararay Novgorod. magaalada Tan waxaa badanaa noqday marsada ah ee dadkii maxaabiisnimada ka soo guri ammaan Rurik ah. Dadka deegaanka ma soo saari Shemyaka, oo wuxuu u dhintay sababaha dabiiciga ah ee 1453. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa macquul ah in uu si qarsoodi ah ku sumoobay wakiilada Basil. Sayidka dhamaaday dirir ee la soo dhaafay sokeeye ee Russia. Tan iyo markaas, amiirradii reer unit ma haysan ama hamiga ay iska caabin ah dawlad dhexe.

Peace la Poland iyo Lithuania

Da 'yar, Prince Vasily Dark 2 ma kala duwan yihiin soo beegtay. Wuxuu uma u tudhin maadooyinka uu ka dhacaan dagaallo iyo inta badan sameeyaan qaladaad istiraatiiji ah, noqdaan dhiig sabab. Tiray si weyn u bedelay qof. Wuxuu noqday kuwa is-hoosaysiiya, deji, oo laga yaabaa xataa kuwa caqliga leh. Ugu danbeyn lagu ansixiyay in Moscow, Vasily kor u qaadatay nabadda qalab la dariska ah.

Khatarta ugu weyn ee King of Poland iyo Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV. In 1449 dhexeeya taliyayaashii waxaa lagu abaalmariyey heshiis kaas oo ay aqoonsan soohdimaha la aasaasay oo ku ballan qaaday in aan taageero guriga deriskaaga u tartamaya ee. Kazimierz, iyo sidoo kale Basil, wajahay khatar ah oo dagaal sokeeye ah. Oo uu soo horjeeda ugu weyn ahaa Mihail Sigizmundovich, ku tiirsan qayb Orthodox bulshada Lithuanian.

Heshiiskii aan la galnay Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod

guddiga dibna Basil 2 Dark sii si la mid ah. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in dadka da'da ah Shemyaka Novgorod, Republic laftiisa laga helay go'doon, taas oo, hoos heshiiska, oo ay taageerayaan boqorka Polish by. Iyada oo dhimashada mucaaradka amiirka gaaray Moscow danjirayaasha si aad u joojiso xayiraadda ganacsiga iyo xalalka kale Prince, maxaa yeelay, taas oo nolosha muwaadiniinta badan ka adag noqdo.

In 1456 heshiiskii of yazhelbitsy lagu soo gabogabeeyey u dhexeeya labada dhinac. Waxa uu xaqiijistay booska uu ka wiilkaagiiba a Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ka Moscow. mar dokumentiga Haartz Daily ayaa xaqiijiyay booska ugu horeeysa ee Duke Grand ee Russia. Later, heshiis waxa loo adeegsaday by ina Ivan III ee Basil inuu ku biiro magaalooyinka hodan iyo ku laayeen oo dhan waqooyi ee Moscow.

Natiijada Guddiga

sano ee la soo dhaafay nolosha Vasiliy Temny qabtay nabad iyo shanqar la'aan. Wuxuu ku geeriyooday 1462 ka daaweynta qaaxada iyo khaldan ee karbaash this. Waxa uu ahaa 47 sano, 37 ka mid ah oo uu (la biririf) ahaa ee Moscow amiirka.

Basil u suurtagashay in ay la baabi'iyo xer xeran yar awoodaha ay gudahood. Waxa uu carabka ku tiirsanaanta Moscow si ay dalalka kale Ruush. Marka lagu qabtay munaasabad ecclesial muhiim ah. By amar of Prince Bishop ee Metropolitan Jonah loo doortay. Dhacdadani waxa ay ahayd bilowga dhamaadka ku xiran Church Moscow ee Constantinople. In 1453 caasimada Byzantine loo qaaday by ee Turkiga, ka dib markii taas xarunta dhabta ah ee Asalraacnimadu dhaqaaqay Moscow.