Prince Dmitry Shemyaka: Biography. Gudaha iyo dibadda Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

In taariikhda Ruush, farac this of Moscow ee ugaasyadii grand lahaa sumcadda nin tamarta adeeein: isna wuxuu ahaa cynic ah oo aan joojiyo at wax si loo gaaro hadafka ah. Yuu yahay? Awow ee Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Dmitry Shemyaka. Waxaa lagu xasuustaa aan guulahaas hubka, iyo xaaladaha guulaystay in maamulka madax madax banaan, iyo in horseeday dagaalka aan dhammaadka lahayn, waayo, carshiga. Dmitry Shemyaka doonayay inuu u taliyo dowladda oo dhan Ruush, halkii ay qaybo ka mid shaqsi ay. Xaaladdan oo kale, sida horay u adkeeyay in warbaahinta, oo wuxuu ku qaadan carshiga isticmaalo, amiirku waa inuusan ahaa gaar ahaan picky. liddiga ah been in xaqiiqda ah in uu weli u suurtagashay in ay gaaraan goolkiisii oo noqday madaxa kibir Moscow ee. Sidee, ka dibna, Dmitri Shemyaka yaabaa qaadan carshiga ee caasimada Ruushka? Ka fiirso su'aashan si faahfaahsan.

Xaqiiqada ka Biography ah

Dmitry Shemyaka (sannadaha cimrigaaguna: 1420-1453) oo ahaa ina Prince Grand ee Moscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Horeba da 'yar, Prince lahaa fikirka ah in ay ku riday on a "cap Monomakh", inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in aabbihiis waa in caafimaad wanaagsan. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, taas oo ka kooban Biography kooban oo ku dhow buugaagta kasta oo ku saabsan taariikhda, waxay bilaabeen in ay ka qayb sannee saldanadii ka dhanka ah Basil II (Dark), oo taageero ka walaalkiis ka weyn Vasiliya Kosogo. oo amiir u yar yar ayaa la siiyaa taageero buuxda inuu aabbeheed Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, marka ay timaado in sheegashada carshiga. Waa in la ogaadaa in halganka xaq u leeyihiin inay maareeyaan gobolka dhexeeya tartamaya kor ku ahaa 'adag' oo waxay carshiga sidoo kale.

dhimasho aabbihiis

Marka Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich dhinto (waxaa dhacay 1434), carshiga ku fadhiya by wiilkiisii curadka ahaa - Vasily Diagon. Dmitry Shemyaka qaaday news this la mahayaan dobada; inuusan ka dhergiyey xaaladda noocan ah. Wada jir ah ula walaalkiis ka yar Dmitry Krasnov waxay kaa caawin ridaan Basil II iyo walaalkiis ka weyn in la qaato carshiga. In mahadnaq adeeggan Dmitry Shemyaka (boqornimadiisa: kibir ah Galich - (1433-1450), ee Monaco ee Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) wuxuu helayaa dhaxalka uu noqday taliyaha Uglich iyo Rzhev ..

Race for awoodda

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii qaar ka mid ah Shemyaka jirsado galay amiir hami ka dib: uu go'aansado inuu ku biiro dagaalka ee carshiga, ururinta isaga ku wareegsan mucaaradka badan ee boyars ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay ogaadaan riyooyinkooda haddii uu ma guulaysan, oo lagu qasbay in ay yimaadaan marka la eego wakhti kasta oo la Vasily II. Oo weliba, waayo, taariikhyahanadu badan, waxa uu ahaa dhameystiran lama filaan ah waa xaqiiqada ah in Dmitry Shemyaka markii qaar ka mid ah ahaa ee Moscow amiirka. Halkan sida ay u dhacday.

In 1445 waxaa lagu dhawaaqay soo ridayo oo ka dhan ah Horde Golden ah, kaas oo askari oo ku xadgudbay xuduudka reer Russia. Ka dib markii laga badiyay Battle of Suzdal, Basil II ayaa lagu qabtay iyo, hoos xeerarka isku xigta, uu, inkastoo ku meel gaar ah, wuxuu noqday Dmitry, maxaa yeelay, isagu wuxuu ahaa curadkii ah, oo durriyadii Ivan dalkaasi.

socda dalka

Ilaha ayaa tilmaamaya in Grand Duke of Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow ahaa tababaraha "karti". Dmitry Shemyaka, siyaasadaha gudaha iyo midda dibadda ah oo keliya ahaa si loo hubiyo in la xoojiyo boosaska iyaga u gaar ah oo awood ma u horseedi Aaminto isaga gobolka barwaaqo iyo baraare.

From ka dhasha go'aannada uu-arkay gaaban mararka qaarkood soo gaaray fasalada oo dhan, kuwii gobta ahaa, baayacmushtariyaasha, dagaal amiirradii. cadhadii kordhay dadka ku dhex yeedhay maxkamadaha loogu yeero Shemyaka. Prince upstart ahaa mid aad u qallafsan oo iskibriya nin, sidaas xukuntay in dhashay caddaalad ka abuuray isaga by, lahaa aad u yar ee caadi caddaalad.

About go'amada, taas oo ka shaqeeyey ka dibna wakiillo ka Themis, cod karnimo ah ku tilmaamay in garneel ah "The SHEEKADII maxkamadda Shemyakinsky." Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu jiro xilliga this, sida aan marnaba la Shafay ifafaale ah sida laaluushka, baadda, abuse of awoodooda ay xaakinnadii. Iska indho ku caadooyinka qaynuunnadii qadiimiga ah, go'aanada garsoorka inta badan ay ku soo rogeen ka dhanka ah dareen caadi ah. Taariikhyahan Karamzin rumeysan awow u xaaladda mujrim Dmitry Donskoy.

go'amada noocan oo kale ah oo dhan u abuurtay shuruudaha ee magaalada waxaa jiray dheecaanka weyn ee dadka. Tirada siyaasadda ku qanacsanayn Dmitry Yuryevich koray maalin ka maalin.

Siyaasadda Dibadda ee Russia inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Shemyaka sidoo kale ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha waqtiga. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow si uu u qabto carshiga, ma bixiyo madax furasho ah ee Basil II maxaabiis, iyo inay ceshato awood, inuu isku dayay inuu ka farxin ka khan of Horde Golden ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale diiwaan taageero ee uu brother-- Grand Duke of Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, iska indha-tiray danaha siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ah.

iswajahaya sii

markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib, Basil II maamushaa in ay jebiyaan oo lacag la'aan ah ka Tatar maxaabiis ahaan by bixinta madax furasho weyn. Barashada of this, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich Ma doonayo inaan qaato jagooyinka iyo dhaqsaday inuu horjoogsado jidka soo horjeeda ee ku sugan "dhagax cad". Wajahay Basil at Quduuska ah Trinity keniisad, Prince Great ee Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow isaga diiday awood u leh inay arkaan oo lagu fogeeyey in Uglich.

Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan Shemyaka sii daayay ina adeerkiis iyo isaga siiyey meel hanti ah Vologda. In magaaladan bilaabay imaanaya taageerayaasha iyo kuwa raacsan ee Basil II, kuwaas oo muddo ka dib ayaa laga soo ururiyey ciidan weyn oo socod on caasimada in uu iska guuleysan carshiga. Oo isna wuxuu ku guulaysto. Dmitry Yu dhiibay Grand Duke of Uglich iyo kaniisadda Rzhev Bezhetskaya. Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu balan qaaday inuu lacagta u soo noqdo khasnadda dawladda iyo hadda ma sheegan oo carshiga ku jiifay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu si joogta ah kala jejebiyey oo ballamo mustaqbalka.

Tron laga badiyay

Tan iyo 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich qaadataa gacanta ku Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod dalka, iyo in muddada u dhaxaysa 1451, in 1453 sano boqortooyada ee Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ah. Laakiin halkan ayuu joojiyey gaaban. Haddana wuxuu bilaabay inuu u kobcin qorshe han in ay ballaariso xuduudaha oo boqornimadiisa. Dmitry Yu iyo ciidankiisii ayaa hoos u socotay Dvina iyo qaatay Ustyug iyagoon wax iska caabin badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma deggan oo dhammu magaalada this ahaayeen faraxsanahay Duke Grand ah, isagoo garanaya si fiican oo buuxda in saameyn uu ku xoogga maalin walba dhinto. Shemyaka laakiin weli doonayay in dadka la xakameeyo, xitaa hal kibir ah, si waxashnimo ah dillaac hoos on ustyuzhanami Kii Darro xaggiisa.

Oo buu u codsatay tallaabooyinka ugu daran ee cabsi, qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay, isagoo on qoorta of dhagax dhigay oo waxay ku tuurtay webiga. dadka deegaanka ayaa ma doonayaan in ay dhulka ay samaynayaan go'amada sida, oo la weydiiyay caawimaad ka vymechey iyo vychegzhan sida dhulka, taas oo ay ku noolaayeen, maamul ahaan iska Ustyug. Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin Dmitry Yuryevich ugu dambeyntii ku guuleysan karo magaalada qadiimiga Ruush. Ka dib guushii this, wuxuu ku amray vyatchan dhacayay kaniisadda ee grand, oo ku yaalla dhulka Vychegda-Vym dhulka.

anathematization

Xadgudba iyo gumaadka ku dhici doona Emaraadka ee Prince weyn ee Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow, dhibin laga yaabaa sheekh ah. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo qaar ka mid ah, in 1450, Prince Dmitry Shemyaka waxaa excommunicated, "diblooma mid Caayan," taas oo ku qoran xaqiijin ahaa. Qoraalkan waxa la saxiixay by Bishop Pitirim Permian. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilaa hadda, taariikhyahanadu yihiin doodo ku saabsan in awow Dmitry Donskoy runtii ahaa inkaarnaado, tan iyo ilo ee arrintaan waa ay iska hor imanayaan. Gaar ahaan, Metropolitan Jonah in warqaddiisii uu u Efrim Archbishop qoray in amiirka "qudhiisa excommunicated."

Maxaad Shemyaka?

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan is tusay sida u yahay xoogga yimid, Dmitry Shemyaka. Maxaad wadata magac noocan oo kale ah waxaa ku lifaaqan Grand Duke of Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow? Su'aashani waa aan ka yarayn si akhristaha xiiso leh.

On account this, waxaa jira dhowr qeybood. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxay ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in erayga "Shemyaka" ka dhigan tahay Tatar-Mongol "Chimek" ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay dharka ama decoration. fasiraad kale oo erayga ayaa sheegay in "Shemyaka" - gaabiyay for "Sheemyaki" (yeedhay mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo uu leeyahay awood weyn). Laakiin awow u ahaa Dmitry "caan" Don sabab u ah tayada kale, lagu daabacay, cadaawadda, iyo khiyaanada iyo jacaylka awoodda. Aawadood danahooda u gaar ah ee ku jiray oo dhan diyaar Dmitry Shemyaka. naanaysta uu ka helay ee dadka, waxaa la faafin in dalka amar weyn lahaa amiir Galician. Waxaa macquul ah in Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky amiirka bilaabay waxaa xirnaa ka dib markii xidhiidh buuna la yeeshay Shemyaka. Ilaha ayaa tilmaamaya in in 1538 uu ku noolaa Ivan Shemyaka deynta-Saburov, geedaha qoyska kuwaas oo xididdada ka bilaabay in Kostroma. In 1562, waxaa sheegaye Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: awowayaashiis ahaayeen Vologda. In 1550 waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Russia Vasily Shemyaka, kaas oo sameeyey shuqullo cusbo u gaar ah. In qarnigii XVI ka, sida ay sheegayaan ilo dhulka Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod waa sidoo kale hoy u tahay dadka qaba magaca Shemyaka.

Xaaska iyo caruurta

Prince weyn ee Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow guursaday Sophia Dmitrievna, kuwaas oo ahaa gabadha reer Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Dmitry Shemyaka oo Muuse soddog u ahaa farcankii ee St. Prince Fedor Black. documents Historical ayaa tilmaamaya in awow Dmitriya Donskogo arooska la Sofey Dmitrievnoy qabtay ma hore ka badan 1436. In guurka, waxay lahaayeen wiil, Ivan Dmitrievich. Oo waxay noqotay in Uglich aan ka horeyn 1437. 12 sano ka dib farcankii noolaa soddohdiis la St. George keniisad.

Sidoo kale Sophia D. dhashay gabadhii Maria. Later, waxa ay guursatay Alexander iyo Czartoryski joogay Velikiy Novgorod. Her dhimasho yimid sida la yaab leh, waayo, iyadu waxaa lagu aasay qaboobaha 1456 ee George St. ka keniisad.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

heerka ugu dambeeya ee awow muddo nolosha Dmitry Donskoy aan la bartay si fiican, sida taariikhda ma ku qoran macluumaad dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan arrintan. Uu qorshaha hami aan la Qaddarray in la gaadho ilaa xadka ugu weyn: in ay sii joogaan carshiga, wuuna kari waayay in Moscow, iyo isku dayaan in ay noqdaan taliyaha madax adag oo madax bannaan, kuwaas oo magaalada waa in ay ahaataa Ustyug, ayaa sidoo kale ku guuldareystay. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow waa mid aad u cabsadeen reer aargoosi falalkooda on qayb ka mid ah Basil II, in dulli ay ahaayeen macaamiisha iyo Novgorod Dmitry Yuryevich. Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah, ay "indhaha ka indha la '" si ay u gaystaan awow badan Dmitry Donskoy, oo doorbiday in ay ka qayb qaataan in iska hor imaad u dhexeeya Moscow iyo Ustyug. Isla Shemyaka maayo inaan aniga qudhaydu joojiyo fikirka ku saabsan sida loo mar kale noqday taliyaha kaliya ee Russia, laakiin dadku waa horeba ka daaleen dagaallo internecine iyo dirir, oo dhan nabad iyo shanqar doonayay. Metropolitan Jonah ahaa in warqadihiisa la Bishop Euphemia, kaas oo ay dhowr jeer codsatay in Dmitry Yuryevich tagay oo dhan isku dayo in dib carshiga gacmihiisa mar oo dhan la soo heshii la Basil II. Laakiin, nasiib daro, natiijooyinka wanaagsan ayay u dhacday: Shemyaka ma doonayaan in ay wax tanaasulaad. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan uu la ahaa ciqaabay Dambigooda Dartiis.

dhimashada

warka ah in uu u dhintay awow Dmitry Donskoy "yimaadeen" ka caasimadda ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ee "dhagax cad" xagaagii 1453. In qorna qoraal yidhi karaaniga news magacaabay Basil, kuwaas oo u dhashay naaneesta ah "dhibaato." Xusid mudan waa xaqiiqada ah in ka dib markii uu salaan karaaniyaal ah. Sababtan qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay Dmitry Shemyaka? Tiro ka mid ah waraaqaha muujinaysaa in Duke Grand la sumeeyay. Maxaa la og yahay oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada? Ilaha ayaa sheegaya in qurub ah sun ah caasimadda keenay, sida ay yidhaahdaan, "wakiilka Basil II" - karaaniga Stepan la laalo. Wuxuu ahaa nin xariif ah oo si fiican u dhammaysteen howlgalka. Ilo Qaar waxay yidhaahdaan in sun ah oo gadh wareejiyay Boyar Ivan Kotov, dadka kale: Duqa Boretsky. Next lagu arkay kuugga Dmitry, kan sunta lagu wareejiyey. Waxaa hadhay kiiska for yar, si ay u soo bandhigaan qurub Shemyaka, wixii la sameeyey. Pischevar gudbiyay sayidkiisa digaag. Laba iyo toban maalmood oo ah Grand Duke adkaaday "hvoroba", ka dib markii taas oo uu ugu dambeyntii u dhintay. Daraasad ee haray ee Dmitriya Shemyaki Xaqiijiyay in u dhintay sumowga.

Qayb ka mid ah taariikhyahanadu ka dhaadhiciyay in dhimashada uu awow Dmitry Donskoy - taasi waa shaqada oo ka mid ah boyars Novgorod, kuwaas oo in qiimo kasta rabay si ay u degaan colaadda ay la Basil II. Waayo, abtirsan Novgorod Grand Prince of Uglich, Galich iyo Moscow, kuwaas oo bilaabay in ay lumiyaan awoodda iyo jagooyinka awoodda, ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday kuwa sharka leh.

Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin dhimashada lama filaan ah oo uu awow Dmitry Donskoy su'aalo badan ee bulshada. Xaqiiqada ah in uu ku sumoobay sidan fulaynimo ah, keena rabshad. Prince of usurper ee Dmitry Shemyaka dhow isla beddelay shahiid ah, oo cadaawayaashaadii ku adkaaday dagaal aan daacad ahayn.

Later, la mahayaan dobada rabshadaha ka dhanka ah dulmi Duke Grand ku qori doonaa oo uu adeer fog - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.