Uighur Khanate: taariikhda, muddada jiritaanka, daraawiishi ay

Qarniyo badan, taariikh ayaa loo yaqaan badan oo gobolada, kala duwanaayeen in waynaanta ay ka talinaysay iyo awood milatari, laakiin waa la mid ah masraxa caalamka by Samo falku inaad kuwii ama sababo kale oo ujeeddada. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dheceen horaba lagay, ka tago raad lahayn xasuusta kale waa la ilaaliyay in qoraalka ah ee qoraal gacmeedyada hore. Mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo ahaa Khanate Uighur ah, oo jiray qarniyo VIII-IX gayiga Central Asia.

Dadka ku saabsan "gaariyo sare"

Long ka hor in Central Asia u muuqday Uighur Khanate, wuxuu galay isbahaysiga qabaa'ilka ayaa waxaa si fiican u yaqaan in Shiinaha. Xusuuso waxay marka hore waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga helaa diiwaanka qoran ee Empire Murashax ah, abuuray qarnigii IV ah. Waxay yihiin Uyghurs muddada loo qoondeeyey, siduu "gaogyuy", taas oo macnaheedu yahay "baabuur dheer".

Magaca Tani waxay heshay ay caado ka ah guud steppe ee gaadhi la giraangiraha sare. chroniclers Shiinaha ku tilmaamay Uighurs sida dad undersized, laakiin mid aad u xoog badan iyo Hardy, kala duwanaayeen cadaawadda xad-dhaaf ah iyo damac. Waxaa sidoo kale xusay in ay xirfad in horsemanship iyo haysashada qaanso.

Formation of Khanate cusub

Dalka deggan qabiilooyinka reer Khanate Uighur ah, ama, in si kale loo dhigo, Khanate, kaas oo u muuqday in bartamihii qarnigii VIII ah, ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jiray saddex kale ee waxbarashada hore-guuraaga ah. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ahaa Khanate, aasaasay sannaddii 323 ee kala duwan ee buurta Khangai, waxaa ku taal dalka ka tirsan Mongolia casriga ah.

Markuu jiray, waayo, wax ka badan 200 sano jir, wuxuu siiyey jidka labaad Kaganate sidoo kale ma joogaan masraxa taariikhiga ah, iyo in 603 qabiilooyinka halaagnay Turkiga, oo uu hoggaaminayo hoggaamiyaha panulirus ku Ashinov. Waxay ka kooban yahay saddex waxbarashada qabiil - Basmil, Karluk iyo Uighurs. In xiriir joogto ah la Shiinaha, waxay ma aha oo kaliya noqday sokeeye uu, laakiin sidoo kale amaahday uu ugu fiican, waqtiga, nidaamka maamul.

Bilowgii taariikhda Khanate Uighur ee waxaa loo arkaa inay 745 sano jir, iyadoo ay sabab u halganka intertribal ba'an qabtay hoggaamiye qabiil awoodda panulirus ku Yaglakar magacaabay Bilge (uu image hoose). Isaguna wuxuu joogay Uighur ah, iyo sabab this, gobolka abuuray si aad u hesho iyaga u gaar ah, dhaadhacay ee taariikhda magaca.

Qaab-dhismeedka gudaha ee Uighur State

Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay bixiyaan cashuur oo taliye ahaa, Uyghur Khaganate wuxuu abuuray on mabaadi'da dimuqraadi ah oo ku filan iyo aasaas ahaan waa ka duwan caadooyinkii wuxuushnimada ah ee xilligii. Bilge hawlaha maamulka asaasiga ah aaminay in ay wakiillo ka socda toban genera, aasaasay qabiil toguz Oguz, taas oo uu noqday hoggaamineed a, laakiin aan ku xukuma ee gobolka.

qasbi Basmil inay burburin iska caabin ah, oo wuxuu siiyey xuquuq la mid ah Qaraabada isirka. Xitaa quruun yar sida KIBI Tongra, hun, xumad iyo dhowr kale, ayaa la geeyay deegaanka guud ahaan wey siman. Markii ay ahayd in ka badan labaatan sano oo halgan ka dhan ah Uyghur Karluk ku Khanate, taas oo kolba socday Bilge dhintay ka dib, oo waxay u barbareeyay la toguz-Oguz, isu raadinta ee jaranjarada isla bulshada.

Qaabkan qalab gudaha bixiyo isaga ugu xasilooni ugu horeysay ku filan. Jinsiyadaha Small waqti isku mid ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq la mid ah sida qabiilka reer Khanate Uighur ugu horeeysa. Dagaalka Turks, hay'adaha kale ee reer guuraaga keliya xoogaystay ururka this.

site Waayo, bet Bilge Khan ayaa doortay waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa cagta ee Sur iyo webiga Orkhon. Guud ahaan, oo uu hantidiisa, oo xuduud la leh dalka Shiinaha, iyo ilaa dhankeeda galbeed ku qariyeen Dzungaria - taaban karo ee ay bedka dhulka of Central Asia, iyo xagga bari - qayb ka mid ah Manchuria. Waayo, dhul dheeraad ah Uighurs ma uu doonin. By bartamihii qarnigii VIII dadka steppe ku lahaa daal naxdin leh ee la soo dhaafay.

kii dhaxalka lahaa si ay awood ugu sarreeya

dhimashada Bilge Khan Ka dib, waxay raaceen in 747 sano, awoodda wayn ee Khaganate Uyghur in uu ina Mayanchuru maray, laakiin ay xaq u dhaxlo uu lahaa si ay u difaacaan dagaal lagu hoobtay. Muddada la soo dhaafay oo boqortooyadii aabbihiis ay astaan u ah ee u dhow si ay wareegyada mucaaradka uu ku qanacsanayn habka aasaasay oo sugayay fursad in ay sameeyaan kacdoon.

Ka faa'iidaysanaya dhimashada taliyihii, waxay ka xanaajiyeen caasinimo ka mid ah madaxda iyo Basmil Kurluk, oon dabarka dagaal sokeeye. Adigoo aan macquul ah oo aad u burburin iska caabin ah, Mayanchur ayaa lagu qasbay in ay door biday in ay gargaar ka shisheeyayaal - ee tataarka iyo kidonyan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhyahanadu ku xusay in door muhiim ah ka soo gunaanaday guulaha dagaalka ciyaaray awooda uu si aad u hesho dhammaan kiisaska tanaasul adag.

Ansixiyay sidaas ay sarraynta, Mayanchur ku daray inuu heshiis ee gobolka. Waxa uu bilaabay abuuridda ciidanka mobile iyo si fiican u tababaran. Waa lagama maarmaan aasaasiga ah sida Uighur Khanate jiray intii lagu jiray dagaalka, si joogto ah dhinaca hoose oo dhan Central Asia. Laakiin, ka duwan aabbihiis, oo taliye ahaa dhallinyarada sameeyey dadaal kasta si loo ballaariyo tirada ay.

ololaha Military Mayanchura

Sidaas darteed, in hore 750, ayuu qabsaday madax of River Yenisei ah, ka guulaystay qabiilka ku nool WSH waxaa, iyo dayrta adkaaday ee tataarka, selivshimsya ee Western Manchuria. sanadka soo socda, conquests uu lagu daray dalka Kyrgyz, xuduud on xuduudaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Khanate ah. Sii xeerkii aabbihiis, Mayanchur siiyey wakiillo ka socda dadyowga sakhiray xuquuqdooda siman muwaadiniinta kale ee Qaranka.

stage muhiim ah in taariikhda Khanate Uighur la siinayo wakiilka gargaarka military in ay Shiinaha ee Tang qoyskii. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in 755, mid ka mid ah taliyayaasha caan ah Chinese Army-An Lushan ka fallaagoobay oo keentay askartii badan, sameeyay inta badan ee Turkigu, qabsaday labada caasimadda ah ee Empire ah Murashax - Chang'an iyo Luoyang. Sidaas darteed, Emperor ka lahayn doorasho laakiin in ay caawimaad weydiiso saaxiibadaa ay Uighurs.

Mayanchur ka jawaabay baaqa, laba jeer soo diray in Shiinaha ciidan of 5 kun. Xirfadlayaasha iyo Ciidamada ku dhawaad 10000th kaabayaal ah. Tani badbaadiyey guri ammaan Tang ah, oo ka caawiyey iyada si uu u qabto si xoog, laakiin adeega ay bixiyaan Uighurs ah, lahaa in ay bixiyaan in dahab.

wadarta More weyn oo lacag Emperor si daafacyada uu ka soohdinta reer China bax, iyo joojiyaan bililiqeysi. Hawlgalka ayaa ciidamada si loo soo celiyo si ay dalka deriska la ah waa mid aad u qani Khanate iyo saamaynta togan ee ay dhaqaalaha.

Ansaxinta iimaanka Manichaean

stage muhiim kale ee taariikhda Khanate Uighur u yimaadeen, sida ay taariikhda Shiinaha isla, in 762, oo uu ku xiran oo aan la guulo militari iyo dadka uu la xiriiro iimaanka Manichaean. Her wacdiya noqday adeegayaashii in ay ku hadlaan in cad afka Uighurs Sogdian waxay ku wada kulmeen intii lagu jiray tug ah Empire Murashax ah.

Diinta of Mani, ama haddii kale Manichaeism asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee III qarnigii Baabuloon, si deg deg ah ka helay kuwa uu dunida ku baahsan. Aan u socday galay faahfaahinta iyada cilmiga, waxaan la soco oo kaliya in North Africa ka hor ansaxinta Masiixiga ah, Manichaeism wacdiyey mustaqbalka Saint Augustine, Yurub waxa uu siiyey kor u qaada faasiqnimo ka Albigensian, oo mar adduunka Iran, ayaa u dhaqaaqday Bariga Fog.

Noqoshada diinta gobolka Uighurs ah, Manichaeism iyaga dar dar geliyay awood leh si loo horumariyo dhinaca ilbaxnimada. Sababtoo ah si dhow waxaa la lala dhaqanka, iska lahaa dalalka Sogd badan oo horumarsan oo ku yaalla bartamaha Asia, afka Sogdian galay isticmaalka on par leh Uighurs Turkic iyo siiyey fursad ay ku abuuraan ay suugaanta qaranka u gaar ah. Waxa uu ogol yahay barbariyiintiina shalay si ay ugu biiraan dhaqanka ee Iran, ka dibna dhan ah Mediterranean.

Dhanka kale, ka jeer oo ka mid ah caadooyinka qalaad ee Uighur Khanate dhaxlay, in kasta oo ay saamaynta faa'iido ah diin cusub oo xidhiidhka dhinaca dhaqanka aasaasay, inta hadhay isku mid, iyo rabshad waa habka ay u xalliyaan masalooyin badan. Waxaa la og yahay in si gaar ah in laba waqti oo kala duwan oo taliye waqti ka killers dhacay, iyo mid ismiidaamin ah, oo lagu hareereysan dad ka mid ah dibad.

Tuva waa qayb ka mid ah Khanate Uighur ah

In bartamihii qarnigii VIII ee Uighurs jeer isku dayeen inay qabsadaan dhul ka tirsan Tuva, oo isku dayay inuu hoosaysiiyo qabiilooyinka kuwaas oo ku noolaa WSH waxaa. Waxa ay ahayd mid aad u adag, maxaa yeelay, iyagu waxay ahaayeen isbahaysi la dariska waqooyiga - Kyrgyz - oo ku tiirsan taageerada ay. Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi badan, in gargaar deriska ayaa sababay fashilaad ah Uighurs iyo hogaamiyaha Moyun-Chura xilli ciyaareedkii ugu horeysay.

sano oo keliya mid ka mid ah ka dib, iyadoo ay sabab u guul ee Battle of Bolchu Webiga, ciidanka Uighur u suurtagashay in ay ka gudbaan iska caabin ah oo ka mid ah WSH Kyrgyz iyo xulafadooda. Si aad ugu dambeyntii soo galaan ah ee dhulka ka guulaystay, Moyun-Chura amartay in la dhiso taxane ah oo qalcad ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka daafaca, iyo sidoo kale abuuritaanka degsiimooyinka military halkaas. Iyadoo qayb ka ah Khanate Uighur ee Tuva waxaa ilaa dhici jiray, sida duleedka waqooyi-galbeed ee gobolka ah.

Khilaafaadka la Empire Murashax ah

In qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii VIII ah, si weyn u sii xumaatay xiriirka Shiinaha Khanate. Gaar ahaan dareemi ahaa mar 778 sano si ay awood waxaa si Detszun Emperor ah (oo uu image hoose) u yimid, waa mid aad u cadowga ku ah Uighurs ah oo uusan ka fiirsan ma waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u qariyaan ay kanligiis. Xuquuqda in sano ee kaganate Idigan Khan kuwa, oo raba in uu isaga ku qasbi galay soo gudbinta, soo wada urursaday ciidankiisii oo weeraray gobollada waqooyi ee dalka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uu ogayn in sanadihii tan iyo markaas, sida Uighurs xuquuqda badbaadiyey ee Shiinaha Tang qoyskii, dadka Shiinaha ayaa kor u kacay ku dhowaad hal milyan oo qof, oo sidaas daraaddeed, oo kordhay iyo size ciidanka. Sidaas darteed ay u quudhin military ku dhammaaday fashil iyo waxa ay uga sii dari doontaa oo keliya Colnimo labada dhinac.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar ka dib dagaal la Tibet qasbay gooyo Chinese inay weydiistaan caawimaad si ay Uighur ee kolkaasay nebcaadeen isagii, iyo kuwa lacag ah si ay isaga u siiyaan la socda ku filan xoogan oo ciidamada. Reining in ciidanka muddo saddex sano ah ee Tibet iyo faragelinta ay weerar on North Shiinaha, Uighurs ka iyada u shaqayso helay lacagta cadaalad ah oo dahab ah, laakiin markii uu guriga ku soo laabtay ka dib markii dagaalka, wajahay dhibaato lama filaan ah.

Start Muranka gudaha

By gudbisatay olole, ciidamada Idigan Khan ma uu ogayn in qabiilooyinka in kor u sameeyey dadka reer Khanate ka mid ah, dad badan ma aha oo kaliya ka nixi Tibetans, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin xiriir dhiig iyaga la. Sidaas darteed, soo laabtay guul dalalka shisheeye, ay Uighurs qasbay guriga si loo xakameeyo rabshadaha ka qarxay oo dhan kor fidiyeen meeshii, haddadan by Karluk iyo Turgish.

No si degdeg ah lahaa Warriors Khanate burburin ay iska caabin ah, sida xaggiisa dambe iyaga ku caasiyowdeen Kyrgyz kor ku kaydiso waqti madaxbannaani in, laakiin ka faa'ideystay xasillooni siyaasadeed, si ay u dhamaystiraan-soociddiisa. In 816, xaaladda abuuray sabab u ah hor imaad gudaha ah, ka faa'ideystay Tibetans ah, ka baxo rajo lahayn si ay ugu aargudaan kulankii ugu danbeeyay ee Uighurs ah. Si beego waqtiga marka ciidamada ugu weyn ee Khanate, ka qayb xakamaynta ee kacdoonka, ku taal soohdinta waqooyi ee gobolka, ay weeraray caasimadda ah ee Karakorum Uighuria iyo boob wax kasta oo ay qaadan karaan, iyo waxa ay gubay.

Dagaallada Diinta xaaqan Khanate

burbur ku xiga ee Khanate Uighur ah, u yimid in bartamihii qarnigii IX ah, ka qayb qaatay sii kordhaysa sanad walba dareen gooni ka mid ah qabiilooyinka lahaayeen isaga. door muhiim ah dheecaan ah ee kala duwan waxa ay diinta ka ciyaaro, iyadoo keliya Uighurs noqday shayga ugu muhiimsan ee nacayb universal.

Waxa muhiimka ah waa in ay ku haay maanka in Khanate Uighur jirin inta lagu jiro mudada goorta dadyowga steppe of Central Asia ka mid ah uu ahaa hannaan isbedelka of iimaanka. Reer guuraa amaahatay aragti diimeed inta badan ka Iran, Suuriya iyo Arabia, laakiin ay dhacdo aad u tartiib ah, oo aan wax cadaadis dibadda. Sidaas daraaddeed, si tartiib ah u qaaday xidid iyaga ka mid ah Nestorian Masiixiyada, Islam, Budhiism iyo theistic (ee Budiiska, kaas oo ay aqoonsan tahay wax abuura ee caalamka oo dhan). Mararka ay qabiilooyinka reer guuraaga ah shaqsi noqday deriska oo awood badan ku tiirsan, waxay si fudud u dalbadeen lacag bixinta ee ka go'dayna, oo aysan isku dayin in la beddelo kala duwan oo dhan ay aragtida.

Sida Uighurs ah, waxay isku dayeen in ay ku qasbi quruumaha in ay bixiyaan, waxay qayb ka mid ah gobolka ahaayeen, Manichaeism, waayo, qaar badan la yaab leh oo aan la fahmi karin sabab u filnayn wakhtiga horumarinta. The siyaasadaha ayay isla fuliyay ixtiraam qabiilooyinka, kuwaas oo dhibane u ahaa weerarka ah, helay naftooda saamayn iyaga by. Qanacsaneyn kaliya heshay ka go'dayna waxay Uighurs ku qasbay inay ka tanaasulaan habka caadiga ah ee nolosha, oo waxay qaadan Manichaeism, soo saara oon ku jabiyay gunaanadeen ee vassals uu.

Bilowgii dhimashada ee gobolka

Taasi waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in aan kaliya daacadnimada laakiin sidoo kale jiritaanka aad u of Uighuria si joogto ah ugu hanjabay by tiro sii kordhaysa oo cadawga gudaha iyo dibadda. Aad ugu dhaqsiyaha badan dagaallo sita Kyrgyz Karluk iyo xataa Tibetans qaaday on dabeecadda dagaallo diimeed. All this keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay bartamihii qarnigii IX ah waynaanta Uighur Khanate ee la soo dhaafay.

daciifisa of State mar awood faa'iideystey Kyrgyz qabtay 841, uu magaalada Karakorum oo xadday khasnadda oo dhan waa in. cilmi badan oo ay xoogga saaraan in ay guuldarada of koobsaday ku saabsan muhiimadda ay leedahay iyo saamaynta ahaa u dhigma dayrta ee Constantinople ee 1453.

Ugu dambeyntii Uighur Khanate burburay hoos ciribtir ee guutooyinkiisii ee Shiinaha, kuwaas oo isaga weeraray 842 oo lagu qasbay inuu sokeeye dhoocil u Dumayn ilaa soohdimaha Manchuria. Laakiin sida diyaarad dheer ma badbaadin Ciidamada hayaa. Kyrgyz khan, si ay u bartaan in Uighurs ayaa magan helay dalalka ka tirsan tataarka, wuxuu yimid isagoo wata ciidan aad u weyn oo ay u dilaan, kuwaas oo weli wada qaadi karin hubka oo dhan.

gardarada lama filaan ah ka soo Shiinaha eryadeen hawlaha mileteri iyo kuwa siyaasadeed oo keliya ma aha, laakiin sidoo kale loogu talagalay in laga adkaado Manichaeism, taas oo sii qorhsaynta ah, waayo faafidda Budhiism. Mukhtar Maniyev dhan buugaag diinta waxaa lagu halligay, iyo hantida wareejiyo adeega oo nidaam ah meeshii khasnaddu tiil Imperial.

fal la soo dhaafay of Riwaayadda

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sheeko ayaa ku dhamaaday iyadoo Uighurs ah. Ka dib markii guuldarro ay gobolka mar awood badan ay weli u suurtagashay in 861, midoobeen ku wareegsan ee la soo dhaafay guri ammaan ah, taas oo meesha ka hore Yaglakara, abuuro kibir yar ee waqooyi-galbeed Shiinaha, dhulka gobolkii Gansu. Tani waxbarashada cusub ee abuuray qayb ka mid ah xuquuqda wiilkaagiiba Murashax Empire noqday.

Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah xiriir Uighurs la sayid cusub waxay ahaayeen deji ku filan, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii ay si joogto ah u bixisay set gabbaro. Waxay xitaa loo ogolaaday in ay sii ciidanka ma fara badan si kada ah weeraro deriska dagaal - qabiilooyinka Karluk, iyo Chigils yagmy.

Marka aad xoogga u gaar ah kuma filna in uu yimaado gargaarka ah ee ciidamada dowladda. Laakiin markii danbe ku Emperor ee Shiinaha, ku eedeeyay Uighurs ee dhac iyo rabshado, iyaga diiday ilaalintooda. Tani ee 1028 ka faa'iideystey u dhow Tunguses Tibetans iyo Uighurs u hantidaan dalkii, joojiyo in ay boqortooyada. Tani ayaa dhameystiraya sheekada Uighur Khanate, sida lagu soo koobay in this article.