Tigoodu isuga ee dunida. The nuclear-isuga ugu horeysay

Maanta, dalal badan ayaa ka qeyb qaadanaya cilmi-isuga. Madaxdii yihiin Midowga Yurub, Mareykanka, Russia iyo Japan, halka barnaamijka Shiinaha ee, Brazil, Canada iyo Korea si degdeg ah sii kordhaya. Markii hore, tigoodu isuga ee dalka Mareykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa lala horumarinta hub nuclear sii qarsoodi ah ilaa iyo shirka "atamka for Peace", kaas oo lagu qabtay Geneva ee 1958. Ka dib markii uu abuuray cilmi tokamak Soviet ee isuga nuclear ee 1970 waxaa uu noqday "sayniska weyn". Laakiin qiimaha iyo kakanaanta ee ay hindiseen ayaa kor u heer ah in iskaashi caalami ah uu ahaa fursad oo kaliya in uu horay u socdo.

tigoodu isuga ee dunida

Tan iyo 1970, bilowgii isticmaalka ganacsi tamarta isuga si joogto ah dib loo dhigay mudo 40 sano ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax badan ayaa ka dhacay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, samaynta muddo this waa la gaabin karaa.

tokamaks dhowr dhisay, oo ay ku jiraan JET Yurub, Ingiriiska iyo daqal Thermonuclear tijaabooyin nuclear-TFTR in Princeton, USA. Mashruuca ITER caalami ah ayaa hadda ka yar dhismaha Cadarache, France. Waxa uu noqon doonaa tokamak ugu weyn in shaqayn doonaa sannadihii 2020. In 2030, Shiinaha waa la dhisi doonaa CFETR, taas oo kor maraysa ITER ah. Dhanka kale, Shiinaha sameeyaa cilmi baaris ku ah BARI tokamak superconducting tijaabo ah.

tigoodu isuga nooc kale - stellarators - sidoo kale ka mid ah cilmi-popular. Mid ka mid ah LHD ugu weyn,, ayaa ku biiray Machadka Qaranka Japan Fusion 1998. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in la raadiyo qaabeynta sida ugu fiican ee gabbasho ku plasma magnetic. Jarmal Max Planck Institute for muddada u dhaxaysa 1988 ilaa 2002, cilmi baaris ku saabsan Wendelstein 7-AS nuclear ee Garching, iyo haatan - at Wendelstein 7-X, dhismaha oo socday in ka badan 19 sano. TJII kale stellarator ku shaqeeya ee Madrid, Spain. In United States Princeton shaybaarka physics plasma (PPPL), halkaas oo uu dhisay warshadan isuga nuclear ugu horeeyay ee noocan ah ee 1951, sanadkii 2008 waxaa joojiyay dhismaha NCSX sabab u overruns kharashka iyo maaliyad la'aan.

Intaa waxaa dheer, guulaha la taaban karo ee cilmi-baarista ee isuga latago. Dhismaha Qaranka Kicinta Facility (NIF) oo qiimihiisu yahay $ 7 billion ee Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), maalgelin ku sameeyay Administration Security nukliyeerka Qaranka, ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey bishii Maarso 2009, Laser Faransiis ah Mégajoule (LMJ) shaqo ka bilowdey October 2014. tigoodu isuga isticmaalaya laser samatabbixiyey dhowr billionths of a labaad qiyaastii 2 milyan oo joules tamarta iftiinka gudahood at size target of dhowr milimitir a si ay u bilaabaan isuga nuclear. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee NIF iyo LMJ waa cilmi si ay u taageeraan barnaamijyada hubka nuclear qaranka.

ITER

In 1985, Midowga Soviet la soo jeediyey in ay wada dhisato jiilka xiga tokamak la Europe, Japan iyo Mareykanka. Shaqada la sameeyay waxa taladoodu hoos IAEA ah. In muddo ah ka 1988 si ay u 1990 waxaa la abuuray Istimaalka ugu horeysay ee Caalamiga ah Thermonuclear tijaabooyin warshadan ITER ah, kaas oo sidoo kale ka dhigan tahay "jidka" ama "safarka" ee Laatiin, si ay u caddeeyaan isuga soo saari kara tamar ka badan waxaa nuugaya. Canada iyo Kazakhstan qaatay qayb ka dhex dhexaadin by Euratom iyo Russia, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Ka dib markii 6 sano Council ITER ansixiyey design nuclear-adag ugu horeeyay ee ku salaysan physics aasaasay iyo technology kacaya $ 6 billion. Markaas Maraykanka uga fogaatay dallad, kaas oo ah in cadeymihii la kharashka iyo bedesho mashruuca. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd ku-ITER feat ku kacaya $ 3 billion., Laakiin waxaadna ku gaari kartaa falcelin is-joogtaynta ah, iyo dheelitirka wanaagsan ee awoodda.

In 2003, Mareykanka ayaa mar kale ku biiray dallad ah, iyo Shiinaha ayaa ku dhawaaqay sida ay u doonayaan in ay ka qayb it in. Sidaas darteed, in bartamihii 2005-, wada-hawlgalayaasha isku raacay on dhismaha ITER at Cadarache koonfurta France. Midowga Yurub iyo France ayaa sameeyey nus ka mid ah 12.8 bilyan oo euro, halka Japan, China, South Korea, Mareykanka iyo Russia - 10% kasta. Japan waxay bixisaa qaybaha sare ku jira rakibo kici IFMIF 1 bilyan oo loogu talagalay qalabka baaritaanka iyo wuxuu lahaa xaq u leedahay inaad yeesho dehxdanada xidheen nuclear-ka soo socda baaritaan. Qiimaha guud ee ITER ka mid ah kharashka badh ka mid ah dhismaha 10-sano iyo badh - on 20 sano oo qaliin. India noqday xubin toddobaad ee ITER dabayaaqadii 2005

tijaabo waa in ay bilaabaan in 2018 iyadoo la isticmaalayo hydrogen si looga fogaado hawlgelinta magnet-ka. Isticmaalka plasma DT ah lama filayo ka hor 2026

ITER Ujeeddo - horumariyo 500 megawatt ah (ugu yaraan 400 oo ilbiriqsi) oo isticmaalaya awood talooyin ka yar 50 MW oo aan guud ahaan korontada.

Warshad bandhig Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo soo saari doonaa baaxad weyn oo -soo-saarka korontada si joogto ah. design fikradeed Demo la dhamaystiri doono 2017, iyo dhismaha bilaabi doonaa 2024. Start ka dhici doona 2033.

JET

In 1978, Midowga Yurub (Euratom, Sweden iyo Switzerland) ayaa bilaabay mashruuc si wadajir Yurub JET UK. JET haatan tokamak ugu weyn ee hawlgalka ee dunida. nuclear-noocan oo kale ah JT-60 ka hawlgasha Machadka Qaranka Japan ee isuga, laakiin JET oo keliya isticmaali karaan shidaalka deuterium-tritium ah.

warshadan la bilaabay in 1983 oo ahayd tijaabadii ugu horeysay ee kaas oo ay gacanta ku isuga thermonuclear ilaa 16 MW lagu qabtay November 1991 for labaad 5 MW iyo xoogga deggan si plasma deuterium-tritium ah. tijaabo badan ayaa la sameeyay si ay u bartaan duwan wareeggeedii kululaynta iyo farsamooyinka kale.

horumar dheeraad ah waxay khuseeyaan JET ka kordhiso awoodda. nuclear-is haysta ay daqal horumarsan la JET iyo ITER waa qayb ka mid ah mashruuca.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Machadka tokamak superconducting Korean Qaranka ee Daraasaadka Fusion (NFRI) ee Daejeon, kaas oo soo saaray ay plasma ugu horeysay ee bartamihii 2008-. Tani waa mashruuc tijaabo ah oo ITER, taas oo ah natiijada iskaashiga caalamiga ah. gacan Tokamak ee 1.8 m - nuclear ugu horeysay shaqaalaynta magnet superconducting Nb3Sn, isla waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa in ITER ah. Inta lagu guda jiro wajiga hore, taas oo ku dhamaatay 2012, K-STAR lahaa si ay u caddeeyaan meelmar ah ee farsamooyinka aasaasiga ah iyo in la gaaro mudada garaaca wadnaha plasma in 20 ilbiriqsi. In wajiga labaad (2013-2017) waxaa lagu fuliyaa si ay u bartaan oo ay casriyeynta karsado dheer oo ilaa 300 s hab H, iyo kala guurka si heer sare ah AT-mode. Ujeedada wajiga saddexaad (2018-2023) waa in la gaaro waxqabadka sare iyo hufnaan in hab garaaca wadnaha dheer. In talaabo 4 (2023-2025) waxaa lagu baari doonaa technology DEMO. Qalabka wuxuu u ma aha oo awood u leh DT tritium iyo shidaalka isticmaalka shaqeeya.

K-DEMO

Loogu talagalay iyadoo la kaashanaysa Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy iyo Institute South Korean ah NFRI, K-DEMO waa in ay tallaabada xigta xagga abuurista tigoodu ganacsi ka dib markii ITER ah, oo waxay noqon doontaa geedka ugu horeysay xoog awood u leh awood guud ahaan xirneeyn qeybiyaha korontada, kuwaas oo, 1 million kilowatts in dhowr toddobaad. Its ballaciisu noqon doonaa US6.65 m, oo waxay yeelan doontaa module buste ee ay DEMO mashruuca a. The Ministry of Education, Science iyo Technology of Korea ayaa qorshaynaysa in ay maal waxa ku jira oo ku saabsan trillion won Korean ah ($ 941 milyan).

BARI

pilot Chinese tokamak hagaagtay superconducting (BARI) ee Institute of Physics ee Shiinaha Hefee abuuray hydrogen heerkulka plasma 50 million ° C iyo waxa hayo 102 ilbiriqsi.

TFTR

The PPPL shaybaarka TFTR nuclear-thermonuclear tijaabo American ka 1982 shaqeeyay in 1997. Bishii December 1993, wuxuu noqday TFTR tokamak ugu horeysay magnetic, taas oo ka dhigtay tijaabo ballaaran la plasma ah deuterium-tritium. In socda, nuclear-ka soo saaray diiwaanka halka ay gacanta ku xoog 10.7 MW, iyo in 1995, diiwaanka heerkulka ayaa lagu gaarey gaaska ionized 510 million ° C. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, rakibo ma guulaysan awood isuga breakeven, laakiin waxaa si guul leh rumoobay gool ee la dhigaayo hardware ah, samaynta gacan weyn ka ITER.

LHD

LHD ee Machadka Qaranka ee Japan isuga nuclear ee Toki, Gifu Prefecture, wuxuu ahaa stellarator ugu weyn dunida oo dhan. Laga bilaabo nuclear-isuga ka dhacay sanadkii 1998, waxaana uu soo bandhigay tayada gabbasho plasma, u dhigma goobaha kale ee waaweyn. Waxaa la gaaray 13.5 heerkulka ra'iyi keV (oo ku saabsan 160 milyan oo ° C) iyo tamarta ee 1.44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

sano ah oo ka mid ah imtixaanka, laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 2015 Ka dib, heerkulka helium in waqti gaaban uu ka soo gaadhay 1 million ° C. In 2016 nuclear The thermonuclear la plasma hydrogen isticmaalaya 2 MW ah, heerkulka gaarey 80 million ° C for rubuc ka mid ah labaad. W7-X stellarator waa weyn ee dunida oo la qorsheeyey in ay hawlgal joogto ah muddo 30 daqiiqo. Qiimaha nuclear-ka waxa ay ka € 1 billion.

NIF

National Facility Kicinta (NIF) ee lagu soo dhamaystay March 2009 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) sano,. Isticmaalka 192 alwaaxdii saqafka haysay laser, NIF waa awood xoogga tamarta 60 jeer ka badan nidaamka wax laser hore.

isuga Cold

Bishii Maarso 1989, laba cilmi, American Stenli Pons iyo Martin Fleischmann British ah, ayaa sheegay in ay bilowday desktop fudud nuclear-isuga qabow ah, ka hawlgala heerkulka qolka. Geedi socodka koobnaa ee electrolysis biyo culus isticmaalaya koronto palladium ah oo nuclei deuterium ayaa la joogaa cufnaanta sare. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa ku doodaya in ay soo saartaa kulaylka, taas oo lagu macnayn karaa oo kaliya marka la eego geedi socodka nuclear, iyo sidoo kale waxaa jiray waxyaabaha dhinac ee Avv, oo ay ku jiraan helium, tritium iyo neutrons. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, experimenters kale ku fashilantay in ay sii wadaan waayo-aragnimo this. Inta badan bulshada sayniska ma uu aaminsana in tigoodu isuga qabow yihiin dhab ah.

Low-tamarta reactions nuclear

Bilaabeen by sheegashada "isuga qabow" cilmi sii berrinkii tamarta yar reactions nuclear, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah taageerada taaban karo, laakiin waxaa guud ahaan aqbalin sharaxaad cilmiyaysan. Cad, isdhexgalka nuclear daciif ah (oo aan ciidan oo xoog leh, sida in fission nuclear ama Avv) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro iyo qabashadooda neutrons. Tijaabo waxaa ka mid ah wax lays of hydrogen ama deuterium iyada oo sariirta Hannaan iyo falcelinta la biraha. Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay sheegaan in la sii daayo tamarta arkay. Tusaale ugu weyn ee la taaban karo waa falcelinta ee hydrogen budada nickel kulaylka, tirada taas oo waa ka weyn yahay ayaa ku siin kara falcelin kasta oo kiimiko ah.