Avv isuga. dhibaatooyin isuga

mashaariic cusub oo la isticmaalayo superconductors casriga ah ee mustaqbalka dhow u oggolaan doona in ay fuliyaan isuga thermonuclear gacanta - saas ha odhan optimists qaar ka mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khubarada waxay saadaalinayaan in codsiga la taaban karo qaadan doonta dhawr sano ee.

Waa maxay sidaas u adag tahay?

tamarta isuga waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida il iman karta tamarta mustaqbalka. Waa tamarta saafi ah oo la eb ee. Laakiin waxa uu yahay iyo sababta ay sidaas u adag tahay si ay u gaadhaan? Si aad u bilaabaan si ay u fahmaan kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya classic qeybinta oo ka mid ah halyeeyada iyo isuga nuclear.

Qeybtu waxay la eb waa in isotopes shucaac - uranium ama plutonium - waa la dumiyey iyo diinta isotopes kale heer sare ah radioactive, oo markaas waa in la geeyaa ama dib loo.

reaction Thermonuclear ee Avv been in xaqiiqda ah in labada isotopes ah hydrogen - deuterium iyo tritium - midowdo hal unug, la xirrira kaliya helium aan sun iyo neutrons aan soo saara hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka.

dhibaatada ay gacanta ku

Falcelinta ka dhaca on qorraxda, ama in qarax hydrogen ah - Avv ah isuga ah, iyo injineero ka howl culus aya hortaala - sida loo xakameeyo nidaamka this ee warshad koronto ah?

Waa wixii saynisyahano ayaa ka shaqeynaya tan iyo 1960. Kale oo tijaabo thermonuclear nuclear- isuga yeedhay Wendelstein 7-X ayaa la bilaabay in magaalada waqooyi Jarmal ee Greifswald. Weli ma waxaa loogu talagalay si ay u abuuraan falcelin - waxa kaliya design gaar ah in la baaro (halkii tokamak stellarator).

plasma-tamar sare

Dhammaan goobaha thermonuclear waa muuqaal caadi ah - foomka giraan-qaabeeya ah. Waxay ku salaysan tahay fikradda ah la isticmaalayo electromagnets awood saarka beer xoog electromagnetic isagoo qaab torus a - baaskiil badbadiyay tube gudaha.

arimahan electromagnetic waa in ay ahaataa si cufan in, marka la kululeeyo ee microwave in a million sentigarade, plasma waa in u muuqdaan in xarunta ee giraanta. markaas iyadu gubta in isuga bilaaban karo.

tusidda

In Europe, hadda sameeyay laba tijaabo la mid ah. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waa Wendelstein 7-X, kaas oo dhawaan ahbaa ay plasma helium ugu horeysay. Kale - ITER - waa isuga weyn tijaabo ah loo xirxiro ee koonfurta of France, taas oo weli waa ka yar dhismaha iyo diyaar u bilaabay noqon doontaa in 2023.

Waxaa la filayaa in ITER mudo aan ka badnayn 60 daqiiqo noqon doonaa falcelinta nuclear dhabta ah, inkasta oo keliya muddo gaaban iyo hubaal. nuclear-Kani waa mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka badan oo ay jidka ku si loo xaqiijiyo in, dhab ahaan, si ay u fuliyaan isuga.

nuclear-isuga: yaryar iyo awood badan

Recently, dhowr samaynta ayaa ku dhawaaqday abuurista design a nuclear-cusub. Sida laga soo xigtay koox ka mid ah ardayda ka tirsan machadka Massachusetts of Technology, iyo sidoo kale wakiilo ka socda shirkadda - saaraha hub "Lockheed Martin", isuga nuclear la fulin karo in goobaha taas oo ka badan ayaa awood badan oo ka yar ITER yihiin, oo ay diyaar u this sameeyo muddo toban sanadood ah yihiin.

Fikradda ah design cusub waa in la isticmaalo electromagnets of superconductors casri-heerkulka sare, taas oo muujin guryaha marka la nitrogen dareere ah halkii caadiga ah ee la qaboojiyey, oo u baahan helium dareere ah. New, technology-bedbedel badan leh si buuxda u beddeli doonaa design ee nuclear-ka.

Klaus Hash mas'uul ka technology isuga nuclear machadka tignoolojiga ee Karlsruhe ee koonfur-galbeed Germany, ka walaacsan. Waxa ay taageertaa isticmaalka superconductors-heerkulka sare cusub oo naqshado cusub nuclear. Laakiin, ayuu yiri, si ay u horumariyaan wax on computer ka, iyada oo la tixgelinayo shuruucda physics kuma filna. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah inay tixgeliyaan caqabadaha in kac tarjumaadda fikradaha dhaqan.

sheekooyin sayniska

Sida laga soo xigtay Hash, ardayda model MIT muujinaysaa oo keliya suurtagalnimada ee mashruuca. Laakiin dhab ahaantii waxaa jira wax badan oo sheekooyin sayniska. Mashruucu wuxuu ku xisaabtanay in cillado farsamo oo halis ah ayaa la xallin isuga. Laakiin sayniska casriga ah ayaa fikrad ah kama ku saabsan sida loo xaliyo.

Mid ka mid ah dhibaatada sida uu yahay fikradda ah gariiradda demountable. Si aad u hesho gudaha giraanta, confining plasma ee electromagnets design MIT-model lagu disassembled karaa.

Waxa ay noqon doontaa mid aad u faa'iido leh, sababtoo ah waxa uu noqon lahaa suurto gal ah in uu helo waxyaabaha ku jira nidaamka gudaha iyo inuu iyaga bedelo. Laakiin superconductors xaqiiqada ka sameeyey wax dhoobada. Boqolaal iyaga ka mid ah in la isku maran jidka casri ah, si ay u sameeyaan beerta saxda magnetic. Oo halkaas waa dhibaato dheeraad ah oo aasaasi ah: xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya iyaga ma aha mid fudud sida xiriir cable copper. mid ka mid No ayaa xitaa u maleeyay oo ku saabsan fikradaha kaa caawin lahaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinkan.

aad u kulul

Heat sidoo kale waa dhibaato. Heerkulka core plasma isuga gaadho 150 milyan oo sentigarade. kulaylka xad-dhaaf ah Tani ayaa weli ku jirta kaalinta - midig ee xarunta gaaska ionized. Laakiin xataa weli waa mid aad u kulul - ka 500 700 degrees ee muhiimka ah nuclear-ka, lakabka hoose isagoo tuubooyin bir ah, taas oo la "dib u soo ciyaaray" doonaa Tritium lagama maarmaanka u ah isuga nuclear ka dhacay.

ITER waa dhibaato ah xitaa ka weyn - arrinta ee loo yaqaan awoodda. Tani waxay qayb ka mid ah nidaamka, kaas oo la bixiyey ka shidaal nidaamka Avv isticmaalo, inta badan helium. The qayb horeysay bir, taas oo gaaska kulul dhaco, loo yaqaan "divertor". Waxaa laga yaabaa in hore loo kululayn jiray kor 2000 ° C.

dhibaatada divertor

Si dhirta adkeysan karaan heerkulka sida, injineerada ay isku dayayaan in ay isticmaalaan tungsten bir ah, loo isticmaalo in ay nalalka beryihii hore ee incandescent. tungsten heerkulka barafku ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 3000 degrees. Laakiin waxaa jira xadeynta kale.

ITER The waxaa la samayn karaa, sababtoo ah waxa ay kulaylinta ma waqtiga oo dhan ma dhicin. Waxaa la malaysan in nuclear-ka shaqayn doonaan% wakhtiga oo kaliya 1-3. Laakiin tani ma aha doorasho ah warshad koronto ka, kaas oo ku shaqeeyaan waa in on 24/7 ah. Iyo, haddii qof ayaa sheegay in si ay u awoodaan si ay u dhisaan nuclear-yar oo leh xoog la mid ah sida ITER ah, waxaan si kalsooni leh u odhan kartaa in uu leeyahay wax dhibaato xal divertor.

Warshad awood labaatan sano gudahood

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saynisyahano waa rajo ah oo ku saabsan horumarinta tigoodu isuga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma noqon doonaa sidii si degdeg ah sida qaar ka mid ah saadaalin dunida.

ITER waa in ay muujiyaan in isuga thermonuclear gacanta run ahaantii soo saari karaan tamar badan ku dhammaatay on kululaynta ee plasma ah. Tallaabada xigta waa dhismaha warshadda bandhig hybrid cusub ah, taas oo run ahaantii ay abuuri lahaa korontada.

Injineerada ayaa hadda ka shaqeeya ay design. Waxay u baahan doonaan si ay u bartaan casharada ka mid ah ITER, kaas oo la qorsheeyay in la bilaabay in 2023 Qaadashada tixgeliyaan waqtiga loo baahan yahay design, qorshaynta iyo dhismaha, waxa ay u muuqataa uma badna in idaacadi ugu horeysay oo isuga xoogga la bilaabi doonaa ka badan sidii hore ka badan bartamihii qarnigii XXI ah.

isuga qabow Rossi ayaa

In 2014, ka madax banaan nuclear test E-Cat soo gabagabeeyey in qalab ah ee 32 maalmood laga soo saaro ah awoodda wax soo saarka ee 2800 W celcelis at a baabbi'iyey 900 watts. Tani waa in ka badan ay awoodaan in ay aqoonsadaan reaction kiimikada kasta. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay soo jeedisay labada horumar degdeg ah a ah ee isuga nuclear ama khayaano Cade. Warbixinta ayaa niyad fallaagadii kuwa shakiya in baaristu waxay ahayd si dhab ah oo madax banaan oo soo jeediyay been macquulka ah ee natiijada imtixaanka. Qaar kale waxay samayn aayahiisu ee "waxyaabaha qarsoon" oo u oggolaan isuga ku Rossi in ay soo saari technology this.

Rossi - laabka ah?

Andrea impozanten. Wuxuu daabacdaa gaadhsiiyey naado ogeysiis ah dunida on Ingiriisi gaarka ah ee qaybta comments ay website, pretentiously loo yaqaan "Journal of nukliyeerka Physics". Laakiin uu isku dayo hore lagu guuleysan ka mid ah mashruuca Talyaani diinta qashinka ee shidaalka iyo matoor thermoelectric. Petroldragon, mashruuca daryeelka qashinka oo il tamar, ayaa ku guuldareystay qayb ahaan sababtoo ah dhiigmiiradka sharci-darrada ah ee qashinka waxaa gacanta ku dambiyada abaabulan Talyaani, taas oo kiis dambi furay isaga ka gees ah ku xadgudubka xeerarka qashinka. Waxa uu sidoo kale abuuray qalab thermoelectric ee Ciidamada Ururka Dhismaha Maraykanka, laakiin halka tijaabinta qalab soo saaray qayb ka keliya ee awooda ku dhawaaqay.

Qaar badan oo ha isku hallaynina Russia, iyo editor sare ee New Energy Times kaliya u yeedhay dambi ah, ka danbeeya oo taxane ah oo searchlights xoog ku guuldareystay.

xaqiijinta madax banaan

Rossi ayaa heshiis kula saxiixatay shirkadda American Industrial Heat in ay sameeyaan baaritaanka sanadlaha ah ee xogo rakibo 1-megawatt oo isuga qabow. qalab waxay ahayd weel maraakiibta ah, buuxiyey oo ku yaal tobanaan E-Cat. Tijaabada lahaa in lala socdo by dhinac saddexaad, kaas oo noqon lahaa awoodin in ay xaqiijiso in runtii yahay kiiskaaga qarnigan kulaylka. Rossi ayaa sheegay in uu inta badan sanadkii la soo dhaafay ku qaatay, ku dhawaad ku nool weel, oo daawaday hawlgallada muddo ka badan 16 saacadood maalintii si ay u caddeeyaan meelmar ah ee ganacsiga ka mid ah E-Cat.

Baaritaanku wuxuu ku dhamaaday March. Taageerayaasha Rossi hayaa ay sheegayaan wararka observer, ayaa rajeynaya inuu xaq yahay oo uu geesiga. Laakiinse aakhirkeedu wuxuu waxay heshay dacwad.

maxkamad

In uu qoraal maxkamadda ee Florida Rossi ayaa sheegay in baaritaanka lagu guulaystay iyo dhexdhexaadiye madax banaan ayaa xaqiijiyay in nuclear-E-Cat ka soo saarta lix jeer tamar badan u gubtay. Waxa uu sidoo kale sheegay in shirkadda warshadaha Heat ku heshiiyeen in ay isaga bixiyaan $ 100 million - 11.5 million ka hor baaritaanka 24-ka saac ah ka dib oo kale 89 million (lagu eedeeyay ay u xuquuqda shatiga shirkadda ee technology this ee Maraykanka iibin karin) marka ay dhamaystaan imtixaanka la dheereeyey 350 maalmood gudahood ah. Russia ku eedeeyay ih qabanayo "nidaamka been abuur", ujeedada taas oo ahayd xatooyo ee ay hantida aqooneed. Waxa uu sidoo kale ku eedeeyay shirkadda ee sharci daradda ah ee nuclear-E-Cat, koobiyeynta sharci-darrada ah ee teknoolajiyada cusub iyo wax soo saarka, qaababka, iyo dhismayaasha iyo isku day sharci darada ah si aad u hesho patent ah ay hantida aqooneed.

goldmine

Dhanka kale Rossi doodaysaa in la tixraacayo ka mid ah dibad shirkadiisa ih ka maal-of $ 50-60 milyan oo helay 200 milyan oo ka Shiinaha ka dib markii madaxda Chinese ciyaaro ah saraakiisha sare ee. Haddii ay taasi waa run, oo khatar ku jirta waa wax badan ka badan boqol milyan oo doolar. Industrial Heat diiday kuwan sheegashada sida aan sal lahayn oo ay doonayaan inay si firfircoon uga difaacaan. More muhiimsan, ayay tidhi, "in muddo ka badan saddex sano ka shaqeeya xaqiijinta natiijooyinka, kaas oo sida la sheegay ka dhigay Rossi iyo E-Cat-technology, oo dhan si kama taro."

Ih aan rumeynin oolnimada ee E-Cat, iyo inaysan jirin sabab ay u this shaki New Energy Times Magazine. In edition June 2011 ee wakiilka uu booqday Italy, Rossi waraystay oo laga duubay bandhig ah oo uu E-Cat. Ka dib markii hal maalin, ayuu u sheegay oo ku saabsan uu walaac daran ka qabo jidka ku cabir awood kaamerada. 6 maalmood ka dib, wariye posted uu video on YouTube. Khubaro ka socota daafaha dunida u soo diray isagii lafaguraa, kaas oo la daabacay ee July. Waxaa caddaatay in ay ahayd been ah.

xaqiijinta tijaabo ah

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah cilmi - Aleksandru Parhomovu of University Saaxiibnimada Peoples Ruush iyo xasuusta mashruuca Martina Fleyshmana (MFPM) - suurtagashay in ay soo saari isuga qabow Rossi. Warbixin MFPM loo yaqaan "The End of Zaman carbon waa soo dhow dahay." Sababta jaceylka sida ay ahayd helitaanka inay Cadha daraadeed gamma-ray, taas oo aan la macnayn karaa marka laga reebo by reaction isuga ah. Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi, ka Russia waa dhab ahaan waxa uu sheegay in.

recipe macne qabow tamarta isuga nuclear dibadda keeni kartaa "Gold Rush". habab kale oo garab doonaa patent ee Russia iyo ka tago dhinaca ganacsiga tamarta Balaayiin Dollar ah waxaa laga heli karaa.

Sidaas daraaddeed, laga yaabee, Rossi ka jeclaan lahaa inuu ka fogaado xaqiijin this.