Secret "Southern Society" Decembrists: dokumenti siyaasad ahaan, ujeeddo iyo ka qaybgalayaasha

Taariikhda qarnigii XIX ee Russia waa cajiib hodan ku ah dhacdooyinka kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacdoonkii Decembrists 'at Senate Square degan iyaga ka mid ah meel aad u gaarka ah. Ka dib oo dhan, haddii ujeeddada oo dhan isku day guul iyo guul daraystay hore in ay awoodda ku qabsadaan dalka ay ahayd in la bedelo dadka kale mid ka mid ah KT, markaas wakhtigan waxay ahayd isbeddel lagu sameeyay qaabka bulshada iyo kala guurka ah in la helo geeddi xukunka gobolka Jamhuuriga. Fikrada ah kacdoonkii December waxay ahaayeen xubno ka mid ah "South" iyo "North" Ururada qarsoodiga ah, maamula nm Ants, Trubetskoy iyo PI Pestel.

prehistory

Sheekadu waxay ku saabsan kacdoonkii Decembrists 'badanaaba waa caado in la bilaabo aasaaskii Aleksandrom Muravevym ee St. Petersburg "Midowga of Salvation" - bulshada qarsoodi ah, kaas oo ku dhawaaqay in ay gool xoraynta yaroow iyo fulinta dib u habaynta xagjirka ah ee ka howgala of maamulka gobolka. Ururku wuxuu soconayay oo keliya hal sano ah, oo waxaa lagu kala diro ay sabab u tahay kala duwan ee views qaybgalayaasha on suurtagalnimada ee regicide. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo ka mid ah xubnaha sii hawlahooda, haatan ee "Midowga Welfare". Marka shirqoolkii ay ogaadeen in maamulka damacsan inay soo bandhigto in madaxda sare ee mucaaradka ah basaasyo ah, halkii uu sameeyey "Northern" (goor hore 1822) iyo "South" (1821), Ururada qarsoodiga ah. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ku shaqeeya ee caasimada waqooyiga, iyo tan labaad - in Kiev.

bulshada Southern

In kasta oo xaaladda dhowr gobol ee ururka of shirqoolkii hawlgala Ukraine, xubnaha ay ahaayeen set sii badan xagjirka badan "Waqooyiga". Tani waxa ay ahayd sababta ugu weynina xaqiiqada ah in "Koonfurta Society" koobnaa oo gebi ahaanba saraakiisha, kuwaas oo intooda badan u lahaa waayo-aragnimo ee dagaalka, iyo xubnaha ay doonayeen inay bedesho qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee dalka ay inqilaab militari oo regicide. Ujeedadu waxay ka leexdo iyo in uu shaqada bilaabay 1823. Waxay ahayd markaa in uu ka dhacay shir Kiev in la ansixiyay dukumiintiga siyaasadda "Southern Society" oo ay qoreen Pavla Pestelya, loo yaqaan "Ruush xaqa". Shaqada Tani, si wadajir ah ula dastuurka qabyada ah Murav'ev isku hallaysay by xubnaha "Northern Society", ciyaareen door weyn ee formation of views horumar ka mid aristocracy Ruushka ee qarnigii XIX ah, kuwaas oo, kadis ah, waxay keentay in la baabiiyo of serfdom.

document siyaasadda

"Xaq Ruush" Pestel ayaa lagu soo bandhigay iyaga on xubnaha maxkamadda, "Southern Society" 1823. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu la shaqeeyo waxaa ku yaala gadaasha dambe ee 1819kii bilaabay. Total loo qoray 5 cutub on dalka, fasalka iyo arrimaha qaranka. Pestel soo jeediyay in magaca Novgorod Nizhniy si Vladimir oo u guuray caasimadda ah ee Russia ee gobolka cusub ee midaysan oo leh qaab Jamhuuriga ee dawladda. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee "Xaq Ruush" kiciyey su'aasha ah ee la baabiiyo deg deg ah serfdom. The "Southern Society" Decembrists sidoo kale ka mid ahaa:

• sinaanta sharciga hortiisa, Muwaadin kasta;
• xaq u leeyahay inuu codeeyo "Popular Assembly" dadka oo dhan ka weyn da'da ah iyo labaatan,
• xorriyadda hadalka, diinta, fasalka, shirka, dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo saxaafadda ah,
• lama taabtaan ah oo guriga iyo qofka;
• sinnaanta hor caddaaladda.

gool

Sida la sheegay, "Southern Society" ka xagjirka badan "North." Ujeeddada ugu weyn waxay ahayd in:

• tirtiridda -Raaxaysta-, oo ay ku jiraan burburinta jidhka ee dhammaan xubnaha Golaha difaacaneysa ee Romanov;
• baabiiyo of serfdom, laakiin aan sheegin dalka ay u qastaan;
• sal-dhigida ee dastuurka;
• burburinta kala class;
• dhisayo dawlad wakiil.

P. Pestel: sawir kooban taariikh nololeedkooda

Sidaas oo ahaa xulka Argentina "Southern Society" oo abuuray mid ka mid ah waraaqaha ugu muhiimsan ee la xiriira qorshaha of Russia, iyadoo ay ku saleysan mabaadi'da kutub ah? oo ninkaasuna wuxuu ahaa Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, kaasoo ku dhashay 1793 in Moscow, in qoys Jarmal, halkaasoo qirashadeeda Lutheranism. At 12 jir, wiilka loo diray dhaw, halkaas oo uu ka bartay at mid ka mid ah dugsiyada u xiran yihiin. waxbarasho dheeraad ah Pavel Pestel ahaa ee Corps of Pages, iyo ay dhamaystirka ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa oo lagu tilmaamay inay ku ciidankii Lithuanian. xirfadiisa Milatariga ee shirqoolkii mustaqbalka waxaa jiray in ka badan guul. Gaar ahaan, Pestel tusay mucjisada geesinimada inta lagu guda jiro Battle of Borodino iyo dagaalo kale oo ka mid ah dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka ee 1812, ayaa la gudoonsiiyay abaalmarinta noocyo kala duwan oo Ruush ah iyo kooxaha raacsan.

dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadda Pavla Pestelya

Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen Napoleon ee deegaanka oo ka mid ah saraakiisha Ruush isagoo ururada siyaasadeed, ee ujeedadu tahay wanaajinta xaaladda yaroow iyo xaddido ama xataa Boqortooyada baabbi'iyaan. Mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo ahaa military iyo Pavel Pestel, kuwaas oo noqday xubin ka mid ah "Midowga of Salvation", ka dib "Midowga Welfare," iyo ugu dambeyntii keentay in 1821 "bulshada Southern qarsoodi ah." yaraysi ugu weyn sameeyey Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, waxa uu ahaa isaga oo soo jeedinaya in, haddii ay dhacdo guul ah markii fidmaddu dhacday dalka aan xad lahayn u taliyo Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah. fikrad Tani ayaa sababay inuu walaac ka mid ah xubnaha "Northern Society", sida ka mid ah mucaaradka waxaa jiray kuwo badan oo ah kuwa ku arkay uu falalka iyo rabitaanka in ay noqdaan kaligii taliye ah, iyo hamiga Napoleonic. Taasi waa sababta ay "Waqooyiga" dhaqso u lahayn in ay u midoobaan la "koonfureed", taas oo ugu dambeyntii ay yaraynaysaa awoodooda guud. Siidi ka dukumentiyada, inta lagu guda jiro 1824 Pestel, isaga qudhiisu ka fiirsaneysa fahmay by asxaabta, uu la kulmay niyad jab aad u daran oo xataa markii qaar ka mid ah xiiso waayay hawlaha "Southern Society".

"Society Southern": ka qaybgalayaashu

Ka sokow P. Pestel, xubno ka mid ah bulshada qarsoodi ah, ka mid ah saraakiishii ciidan ee xaruntoodu gayiga Ukraine casri ah oo abaabulan, waxay ahaayeen darsin dhowr ciidan si fiican u yaqaan waqtiga. Gaar ahaan, ka mid ah madaxda ka mid ah "koonfureed" awood gaar ah ku riyaaqay S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov iyo geesiga of War ka Patriotic ee 1812, sanadka S. Volkonsky. Waayo, maamulka ee ururka ayaa loo doortay agaasimaha a, taas oo, ka Pestel iyo gooni Nikita Muraviev, ayaa sidoo kale soo galay AP Yushnevsky quartermaster-guud.

Waxqabadka xukumada u soo bandhigaan hawlaha Ururada qarsoodiga ah

In taariikhda dhaqdhaqaaqa Decembrist, sida marka ay wax ka bulshooyinka kale conspiratorial, waxaa jiray khiyaanada provocateurs. Gaar ahaan, qalad ugu dilaa ah ayuu ka sameeyey Pestel, kaasoo sameeyey qarsoodi ah "Southern Society" oo uu darajada hoose - Captain Arkady Mayboroda. Last ma lahayn waxbarasho, sida laga arday qalad naxwaha badan in ay joogaan in denunciation qoran iyaga on Pestel, waxaan ahaa daacad ahayn. In dayrta ee 1825 Mayboroda cidla weyn oo lacag ah askartii. Ka baqaya cawaaqibka, ayuu u sheegay masuuliyiinta ku saabsan dhirifka sugayo. denunciation Xitaa hore ee shirqoolkii la sameeyay sarkaal a non-wakiishay Sherwood, taas oo xitaa ugu baaqay in ay Alexander horreeyay ku marag furo oo soo diray si ay u meel adeegga u bahal Saddexaad Ciidankii, oo uu sidaas ku sii socon karaa si aad u sheegto oo ku saabsan ujeeddooyinka iyo ujeedooyinka ka mid ah mucaaradka.

Diyaarinta kacdoonkii ah

In xilliga dayrta ee 1825, ee uu kulan la qaatay General S. Volkonsky, Pestel la ogaaday bartilmaameedyada "Southern Society" bilaha soo socda, waxa ugu muhiimsan kuwaas oo ahayd Maalintii Diyaargarayskii kacdoonkii, qorsheeyay January 1, 1826. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in maanta iyagii ku hor kacay si Vyatka Ciidankii loo moodayay in ay ku fuliyo hawlahan oo ahaa madaxa waardiyayaasha xarunta Ciidanka 2aad ee Tulchin. Shirqoolkii waxaa loogu tala galay wadada qasbay March si St. Petersburg, sahayda cuntada lagama maarmaanka ah. Waxaa loo maleeyey in la xiri doono taliyaha iyo madax ka mid ah shaqaalaha ciidanka iyo u dhaqaaqay St. Petersburg, halkaas oo ay ku taageerayaan by cutubyo ciidanka hogaaminayo saraakiisha Dawladaha xubinta ka ah "Northern Society".

Cawaaqibka fallaago reer Decembrists ee xubno ka mid ah "Southern Society"

Dad yar ogahay in Pestel Pavel Ivanovich la xiray xitaa ka hor inta dhacdooyinka ee Square Senate, iyo in ka badan gaar ahaan, December 13, 1825, iyadoo ay sabab u denunciation Mayboroda. Mar dambe waxaa la xiray iyo wareejiyay maxkamadda 37 xubnood oo ka mid ah "Society of South ah", iyo sidoo kale 61 xubnood oo ka mid ah "Northern Society" iyo 26 qof oo la xiriira "Society of South Slavs ah". Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu xukumay noocyada kala duwan ee dhimashada laakiin markaas ka saamaxay, marka laga reebo shan: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka iyo Muraviev-Apostol.

kacdoonkii ee Ciidankii Chernigov ah

Ka dib markii uu noqday ka war dhacdooyinka ee Square Senate, iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah madaxda "Southern Society" ayaa la qabtay, ka hartay asxaabtii ay lacag la'aan ah ay go'aansadeen in ay hor jeesteen. Gaar ahaan, December 29 askari oo ka mid ah Ciidankii Chernigov ah Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev iyo Schepillo weeraray dalkooda regimental oo sii daayay Muraviev-Apostol, kii loo xiray tuulada Trilesy. Maalintii xigtay, mucaaradka qabsadeen magaalada cornflowers iyo Motovilovka, oo ku dhawaaqay "Orthodox miyeesan", kaas oo, by racfaan u dareenka diinta askartii isku dayeen in ay u sharax iyaga in ay eedaymo ilaahnimadiisa ee xoogga Imperial - sheekooyin, iyo dadka Ruush waa in addeeca oo kaliya ay doonista Rabbigu ah, oo aan KT.

Dhowr maalmood ka dib, tuulada lagu qabtay kulanka Ustymivka u dhexeeya mucaaradka iyo ciidamada dowlada. Waxaa intaa dheer, S. Muraviev-Rasuulkiisa ka reebnay wax askari ah inay dab, ayaa rajeynaya in si doono taliyayaasha kuwaas oo naftooda u hesho dhinaca kale. Sidaas darteed of xasuuqii waxaa isaga loo dhaawacay, walaalkiis ka go'an ismiidaamin ah, iyo 6 askari oo 895 oo askari ayaa la xiray. Sidaas darteed, "ayuu Southern Society" ayaa guntiga u, iyo xubnaha ay ahaayeen labada halaagnay jidh ahaan ama celiyay oo loo musaafuriyay Siberia ama ciidanka, dagaalka ka socda Caucasus.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in fallaago reer Decembrists ku lahaa guusha jirin, waxa la tilmaamay ee sovereigns Ruush on baahida loo qabo in dib u habaynta, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka falcelinta ee Nicholas II aan la sameeyay. Isla mar ahaantaana, barnaamijka "Southern Society" iyo "Dastuurka" Muravyov dar dar geliyay horumarinta qorshaha Ruushka inay u beddesho ururada kacaan, oo, mabda ', oo horseeday in 1917 kacaanka.