Qoondaynta ee arrinta organic - saleysan waxbarasho ee kimistari organic

Waxaad ka arki kartaa sida kala soocidda ee walxaha organic iyo imanba kala duwan ee guurka ka imanba si chemistry organic. dunida waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo xeryahooda organic iyo tirada badan oo kala duwanaansho oo dhanba. Qoondaynta oo ah walxaha organic ma aha oo kaliya ka caawisaa si ay u fahmaan oo faro badan, laakiin sidoo kale keentaa saldhig cilmiyeed cad oo ay waxbarasho.

Saldhig ahaan qaybinta xeryahooda organic fasalada aragti ah ee qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada doortay. waxbarasho ku salaysan Organic waa shuqulkii fasalka ugu weyn, oo la yidhaahdo hoose si walxaha organic - Consort. wakiillo kale oo dunida ka mid ah organics ula dhaqmo inay yihiin taagayo. Indeed, daraasadda ay qaab-dhismeedka ma aha wax adag in la arko in synthesize walxahan waxay dhacdaa iyada oo la bedelay ka (bedelka) dhisme hydrocarbon ah oo mararka qaarkood dhowr atamka hydrogen on unugyada canaasiirta kale, oo mararka qaarkood ku xag threads oo dhan.

Qoondaynta oo ah walxaha organic qaaday saldhig ahaan Consort oo dheeraad ah sababta oo ah xog ah ee ay qaab-dhismeedka, iyo qayb hydrocarbon waa qaybta ugu weyn oo inta badan xeryahooda organic yaqaan. Si aad u taariikhda, dhammaan loo yaqaan kiimikada, la xiriira dunida xeryahooda organic in ku salaysan yihiin bond carbon-hydrogen ah, waxay leeyihiin badan yihiin muhiim ah. Dhamaan waxyaabaha kale ama waa in laga tirada badan yahay, taasoo u ogolaatay in ay ku qaadi galay category ee ka reeban xeerka guud, si aan degganayn in ay adag tahay in la helo, xataa in waqtigeena.

Qoondaynta oo ah walxaha organic qeybi kooxo gaar ah oo fasalada u ogolaanaya in ay doortaan laba class badan oo acyclic organic iyo xeryahooda xilliile ah. Magacooda aad ka dhigayaa suurto gal ah inay biyo dhaansato oo gabagabo ku saabsan nooca dhismaha taagoo. In kiiska hore ee links silsilad shidaalka, iyo labaad - Britain waa giraan ah.

xeryahooda Acyclic noqon kartaa jahaysteen oo ka kooban laga yaabaa silsilad fudud. Waxaa ka mid ah magacyada walxaha waxaa laga heli karaa hadal ah "dufan, ama Consort aliphatic." Waxaa dhici karta in la yareeyo (ethane, isobutane, khamriga ethyl) ama roodhida (ethylene, alxamaad, isoprene), taas oo ku xidhan nooca xidhiidh ee unugyada carbon qaar ka mid ah.

Qoondaynta oo ah walxaha organic ay leeyihiin xeryahooda xilliile ah, isa-soociddiisa oo dheeraad ah waxaa loola jeedaa marka ay koox carbocyclic iyo kooxda hydrocarbon heterocyclic.

Carbocyclic "giraanta" kooban oo kaliya ee atamka carbon. Waxaa laga yaabaa alicyclic (cokan iyo roodhida), iyo sidoo kale ah xeryahooda carbocyclic leedahay beduliyum. The xeryahooda alicyclic dhacdaa si fudud ku xidhi labadiisa daraf oo silsilad carbon ah, laakiin dhismayaasha leedahay beduliyum ku jira ay wax-u giraanta benzene taas oo uu leeyahay saamayn wayn ku xoolahooda.

Walxaha heterocyclic kulmi kartaa atamka walxaha kale, inta badan waa shaqo ee nitrogen.

element xigta dastuurka oo saamayn ku sifooyinka walxaha organic, ay joogaan kooxo functional.

Waayo, hydrocarbon ah halogenated sida koox functional keli noqon kara, iyo atamka halogeen xitaa ka sii badan. Alcohols hesho guryaha ay sabab u tahay gidroksogrupp joogaan. Waayo, aldehydes feature caan ku yahay jiritaanka kooxo aldehyde in ketones - kooxaha carbonyl. acids Carboxylic waxaa lagu gartaa in ay ka kooban yihiin kooxaha carboxyl iyo amines hantidaan group amino ah. Waayo, xeryahooda Nitro lagu gartaa joogitaanka kooxda Nitro ah.

kala duwan ee noocyada kala duwan ee Consort, iyo sidoo kale xoolahooda, ku salaysan tahay nooca kala duwan ee isku jira. Tusaale ahaan, oo sideeda oo ka kooban karaa hal Britain ayaa laba ama ka badan oo isku mid ah, koox functional mararka qaar kala duwan by go'aaminta guryaha gaarka ah oo ah walaxda (aminoacetic acid, glycerol).

Sii aragti weyn si ay u eegaan (qoondaynta ee organic walxaha) miiska, taas oo si fudud la abuuri karaa iyada oo ku saleysan macluumaadka ku jira qoraalka ah ee qodobkan.