Nidaamka waarin. burburkii nidaamka waarin iyo formation of amar dunida cusub

nidaamka waarin - qaab ay ku dhaqanka siyaasadda caalamiga ah, aasaasay in Europe qarnigii XVII ah. Waxaa la dhigay aasaaska xiriirka casriga ah ee u dhexeeya labada dal iyo dar dar geliyay in formation of cusub dawladaha.

War DULUCDA Soddon Sanno '

Xukunka waarin waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo ay sabab u Soddon Sanno Ka War 1618-1648 GG ah., Inta lagu jiro taas oo baabbi'iyey aasaaskii si dunida hore. In khilaafka this waxaa la barbaro ku dhowaad dhammaan dalalka Yurub, laakiin waxaa ku saleysan iska hor imaad u dhexeeya Protestant iyo Catholic ciqaab ee Germany Quduuska Roman Empire, oo ay taageerayaan qayb kale oo ah amiirradii dalka Jarmalka. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XVI ka, wada ee laamaha Austria iyo Spain oo ka mid ah Golaha Habsburg abuuray shuruud u ah dib u soo celinta ee boqortooyada ee Charles V. laakiin waxaa caqabad ku yahay madaxbannaanida amiirradii Protestant Jarmal ansixiyey dunida Ausburgskim. In 1608 ciqaab ku abuuray Protestant urur shaqaale, oo ay taageerayaan Britain iyo France. Marka la barbardhigo iyadii ee 1609 Catholic League waxaa la abuuray - xulafo la ah Spain iyo Pope ka.

Course dagaalka 1618-1648 GG ah.

Ka dib markii Habsburgs ku xoojiyo saamayn ku Czech Republic, taas oo dhab ahaantii ay keenaysaa in ay xad gudub ku ah xuquuqda Brotestanka in kacdoonkii dalka. Friedrich Palatinate - oo taageero ka ah Midowga boqorka cusub ee Protestant loo doortay ee dalka. Laga soo bilaabo ka bilaabmayaa xilliga ugu horreeya ee dagaalka - Czech. Waxaa lagu gartaa guuldarada ciidanka Protestant, lala wareego dalalka boqorka, guurka ka amar of Palatinate Sare ee Bavaria, iyo sidoo kale dib u soo celinta ee galaya dalka.

muddo Second - deenishka, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa-gelinta ah ee dalalka deriska la ah in koorsada ee colaadaha. Denmark ugu horeysay dagaalka u baxay si uu u soo qabto xeebaha bari. Muddadan, ciidanka isbahaysiga anti-Habsburg guul darro weyn oo Catholic League ah, iyo Denmark ayaa lagu qasbay in ay ka baxaan dagaalka. Iyada oo duulaankii ee waqooyiga Germany Gustavian ciidamada Swedish bilaabmaa ololaha. isbedelka xagjirka bilaabataa marxalad la soo dhaafay - the-Franco Swedish.

nabad of Westphalia

Ka dib markii France galeen dagaalka, faa'iido ah ee ururka Protestant ku caddaatay, taas ayaa keentay in baahida loo qabo in ay raadsadaan tanaasul ah oo u dhexeeya labada dhinac. In 1648 waxaa la saxiixay Peace ee Westphalia, kaas oo ka koobnaa laba heshiisyada, diyaarisay at the Congress of Engadin iyo Osnabrück. Waxa uu diiwaan dheelitirka cusub oo awood adduunka iyo idman daraawiishi ay of Roman Quduuska ah Empire galay dalalka madax banaan (in ka badan 300).

Intaa waxaa dheer, tan iyo Nabadda ee Westphalia foomka aasaasiga ah ee urur siyaasadeedka ee bulshada u noqdaa "state - quruunta", iyo mabda'a adag ee xiriirka caalamiga ah - Xukunka dal. Dhinaca diinta heshiiska waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida soo socota: in Germany waxaa jiray xuquuq siman Kaalfiniintu, Lutherans iyo Catholics.

Xukunka waarin

Its mabaadiida aasaasiga ah ayaa noqday sidaas vvyglyadet:

1. Foomka urur siyaasadeedka ee bulshada - state qaranka.

2. sinnaan geopolitical madaxda cad awoodaha - ka awood badan si ay u taagta daran ee.

3. mabda'a ugu weyn ee xiriirka ee dunida - Xukunka dawladaha.

4. Nidaamka of hoganaya siyaasadeed.

5. Dawladdu waxay waxaa ku waajib ah in ay la simi soo baxay khilaafka u dhexeeya dhaqaale maadooyinka uu.

6. Non-faragelin ugu hayso arrimaha gudaha ee dalalka midba midka kale.

7. urur oo cad cad ee xuduudaha deggan inta u dhaxaysa dalalka Yurub.

8. non-caalamiga ah ee dabiiciga ah. Markii hore, xeerarka in aasaasay nidaamka waarin, ku simaha kaliya gayiga Europe. Waqti ka, waxay soo biiray Bariga Yurub, North America iyo Mediterranean-ka.

Nidaamka cusub ee xiriirka caalamiga ah galbiyey ee adduunka iyo is-dhexgalka dhaqanka, calaamad u ahayd dhammaadkii go'doon ah wadamadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ay keentay in la aasaaso horumarinta deg deg ah oo shuuciyad ee Europe.

horumarinta nidaamka waarin. stage 1aad

Si cad u ogan multipolarity nidaamka waarin, ku dheehan yahay mid ka mid ahaa dalalka aan ku gaari doono guulaha buuxda, iyo halganka ugu wayn ee faa'iido siyaasadeed waxaa la diriray dhexeeya France, England iyo Netherlands.
Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada "Sun King" Louis XIV, France xoojin doontaa siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda. Waxaa lagu gartaa ujeedka lagu doonayo in la helo dhul cusub iyo faragelinta joogtada ah ee arrimaha dalalka deriska ah.

In 1688, waxa loogu yeero Grand Alliance, booska ugu muhiimsan kaas oo degan Holland iyo England waxaa la aasaasay. ururka Tani waxay si toos ah hawlaheeda si loo yareeyo saamaynta France ee dunida. Wax yar ka dib, si ay Netherlands iyo England, ayaa ku biiray by horjeeda kale ee Louis XIV - Savoie, Spain iyo Sweden. Waxay abuuray Augsburg League. Sidaas darteed dagaallo, way bogsatay mid ka mid ah mabaadiida ugu weyn, oo wuxuu naadiyey nidaamka waarin - dheelitirka awoodda ee xiriirka caalamiga ah.

horumar ah ee nidaamka waarin. stage 2aad

Waxaa jira saamaynta sii kordhaysa ee Prussia. Dalkan waxa uu ku yaalaa wadnaha ee Europe, uu ku biiray halganka xoojinta ka mid ah dhulalka Jarmal. Haddii qorshaha Prussian noqday mid dhab ah, waxa ay yeeli karaa aasaaska on taas oo nastay Xukunka waarin. At initiative ee Prussia ayaa oodda iyo Dagaalkii toddobadii sannadood ay dhaxalka Austria. Labada isku dhacyada ayaa hoos u mabaadii'da xeerka nabad, la aasaasay ka dib markii dhamaadkii dagaalkii Soddon Sanno '.
Ka sokow xoojinta Prussia, Russia kordhay door dunida oo dhan. Waxaa lagu muujiyey dagaalka Ruush-Swedish.

Guud ahaan, muddo cusub oo aan nidaamka waarin ayaa soo galay dhammaadkii dagaalkii toddobadii sannadood ay bilaabmaa.

stage saddexaad ee jiritaanka nidaamka waarin

dhismaha maamul goboleedyada qaranka bilaabmaysa ka dib Faransiis Weyn Kacaanka. Muddadan, gobolka waa damiin ah xuquuqda muwaadiniinta, waxaa ku dooday aragtida ah ee "sharciyad siyaasadeed". Its sha ugu weyn waa in qaranka ee dalka xaq u leeyahay inuu ka jira oo kaliya in kiiska halkaas oo xuduudaha ay la kulmaan dhulalka qowmiyadeed.

Ka dib dhammaadka Wars Napoleonic ah, ee Congress of Vienna ee 1815 ayaa markii ugu horeysay ka hadlay baahida loo qabo in la baabi'iyo addoonsiga, marka lagu daro, arrimaha la xiriira dulqaadasho diinta iyo xoriyada.

Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa run ahaantii waa mabda'a shilka, go'aansado in wax yihiin muwaadiniinta gobolka - tani waa dhibaato Gaarna gudaha ee dalka. Tan waxaa lagu muujiyey Shirka Berlin on Africa iyo miyi ah ee Brussels, Geneva iyo Hague.

nidaamka Versailles-Washington ee xiriirka caalamiga ah

Nidaamkan waxaa la aasaasay ka dib markii Dagaalkii Adduunka First iyo urursadaan ciidamada saaxadda caalamka. The salaysan si dunida cusub gaaray heshiis soo gabagabeeyey iyadoo ay sabab u ah shirwaynayaasha Paris iyo Washington. Bishii Janaayo 1919, bilowgii hawsheeda Shirkii Paris ee. The salaysan wadahadalo u dhexeeya Mareykanka, France, Britain, Italy iyo Japan ayaa la dhigay "14 dhibcood" Woodrow Wilson. Waa in la ogaadaa in qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Versailles la abuuray sarkhaansan yihiin ujeedooyin siyaasadeed iyo ciidan-istiraatiijiga ah ee ku guuleysatay State ee World koowaad. Isla mar ahaantaana iska indha danaha dalalka adkaaday iyo kuwa u muuqday oo kaliya on map siyaasadeed ee dunida (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, iwm). Number of heshiisyada la oggol yahay burbur ah Rayaale Austro-Hungarian, Ruush, Jarmal iyo urub, iyo qeexayaa qaab dhismeedka ah si a dunida cusub.

Washington Shirka

Versailles Act iyo heshiisyada la Germany, Xulafada ayaa inta badan la xiriira dal oo Yurub ah. In 1921-1922, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay sidii Shirka Washington, kaas oo xalin dhibaatadda of dejinta post-dagaal ee Bariga Fog. doorka muhiimka ah ee shaqada ee Congress this ciyaaray Maraykanka iyo Japan, sidoo kale tixgeliyaan danaha England iyo France. Shirka, waxaan saxiixay tiro ka mid ah heshiisyada in la qeexo saleysan jimaynta Far Bari. falimihiisii kale iyo Kuwani dhisay qaybta labaad ee si dunida cusub ee magaca nidaamka Washington ee xiriirka caalamiga ah.

Ujeedada ugu weyn ee Maraykanka ahaa "albaab furan" Japan iyo Shiinaha. Waxay ku guulaysteen in ay koorsada shirka for tirtiridda ururka ee Britain iyo Japan. Iyadoo dhamaadka Congress Washington ku dhamaatay wajiga of formation of amar dunida cusub. Lahaanshaha xarumaha awoodda, kaas oo awooday in la sameeyo qaab yara deggan xiriirka.

mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah iyo sifooyinka of xiriirka caalamiga ah

1. Xoojinta hoggaanka, Maraykanka Britain iyo France on goobta caalamiga ah iyo takoorka ee Germany, Russia, Turkey iyo Bulgaria. Qanacsanayn natiijada dagaalka, dalalka shaqsi guul. Tani Fundka suurtagalnimada ee aargoosiga.

2. Ka kaxaynta US siyaasadda Yurub. Dhab ahaantii, koorso ku saabsan is-go'doomin wacdiyey ka dib markii failure barnaamijka B. Wilson "14 dhibcood".

3. Isbadal ayaa ka mid ah dalalka ku waajib US Yurub ee amaahiya ugu weyn. degree gaalda balwada dalal kale oo ka Maraykanka muujisay qorshaha Dawes iyo Young.

4. Samaynta ku League of Nations ee 1919, kaas oo ahaa qalab wax ku ool ah si ay u taageeraan nidaamka Versailles-Washington. Aasaasayaasha Its eryadeen dano gaar ah ee xiriirka caalamiga ah (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo France ayaa isku dayay inuu soo xerogeliyo naftooda meel adag siyaasada dunida). Guud ahaan, ku League of Nations waxaa jiray qaab lahayn si ay ula socdaan fulinta go'aannada ay.

5. Nidaamka Versailles ee xiriirka caalamiga ahaa ee dabiiciga ah ee caalamka.

The dhibaatada iyo burburkii

Xiisadda of jimaynta Washington ay horey u soo baxday in 20 ka, iyo waxaa sabab u ahaa siyaasadda gardaraale ee Japan dhinaca Shiinaha. In hore 30-mada ay u heystey Manchuria, taasoo la abuuray by puppet Gobolka. The League of Nations cambaareeyay gardarada Japan ee, iyo in ka soo baxay ururka this.

Xiisadda nidaamka Versailles ayaa loo dejiyay sidii loo xoojin ee Italy iyo Germany, maamulka, taas oo fashiistaha iyo naasiga u yimid. Horumarinta nidaamka xiriirka caalamiga ah ee 30-ka muujisay in nidaamka ammaanka dhisay hareeraha League of Nations, gebi ahaanba waa natiijo la'aan.

Saamaynta gaarka ah ee dhibaatada ka noqday ee Anschluss ee Austria ee March 1938 iyo heshiiska Munich bishii September ee isla sannadkaas. Tan iyo waqti in bilaabay burburkii reaction silsilad nidaamka ah. 1939 muujisay in siyaasadda appeasement gebi ahaanba waa natiijo la'aan.

nidaamka Versailles-Washington ee xiriirka caalamiga ah, kaas oo ku jiray qaladaad badan oo ahaa gabi ahaanba aan degganayn, dumay la dillaacay of dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka.

Nidaamka of xiriirka ka dhexeeya dalalka ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XX ah

Foundations of si dunida cusub ka dib markii dagaalka ee 1939-1945 Waxaa la soo saaray ee shirarka Yalta iyo aabbo. shirweynaha qaatay madaxda wadamada isbahaysiga anti-Hitler, Stalin, Churchill iyo Roosevelt (ka dib Truman).
Guud ahaan, nidaamka Yalta-aabbo ee xiriirka caalamiga ah lagu gartaa bipolarity, sida booska keentay degan Maraykanka iyo USSR. Tani waxay keentay in formation of xarumaha qaar ka mid ah xoogga ugu saamayn dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah.

Shirka Yalta The

Ka qaybgalayaasha shirka Yalta ah, ujeedada ugu weyn waa in la burburiyo militarism Jarmal iyo abuuridda of damaanado nabadda, sida doodi lagu qabtay xaaladaha dagaalka. Ugu kulan this aasaasay soohdimaha cusub ee USSR ee (at line Curzon) iyo Poland. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu qaybiyey zone of shaqo ee Germany, oo u dhexeeya dalalka isbahaysiga anti-Hitler. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in dalka uu leeyahay 45 sano ka koobnaa laba qaybood - West iyo East Germany. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray oo qeyb ka ah goobo saamayneed ee gobolka Balkan. Greece ay gacanta ugu jiraan England u yimid, taliskii communist I. B. Tito la aasaasay Yugoslavia.

Shirka aabbo The

Ugu kulan this, waxaa la go'aamiyay ku-saarku iyo baahinta ee Germany. Guriga iyo siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda gacanta Guddiga, ka kooban oo ka mid ah taliyayaasha ka mid ah afarta dalalka-ku guuleysatay in dagaalka. nidaamka aabbo xiriirka caalamiga ah ee ku salaysan mabaadi'da cusub ee iskaashiga u dhaxeeya dalalka Yurub. Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda ee la aasaasay. natiijada ugu weyn ee shirka waxay ahayd in la dalban is dhiibin ee Japan.

Mabaadiida iyo muuqaalada nidaamka cusub

1. bipolarity qaab hor imaad siyaasad iyo fikradeed u dhexeeya "dunida free" hogaaminayo Maraykanka iyo dalalka hantiwadaagga.

2. hor imaad. Mucaaradka nidaamsan ee wadamada horseedka u ah siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha, military iyo beeraha kale. iska hor imaad Tani yimid inuu madaxa a xilligii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa.

3. Nidaamka Yalta ee xiriirka caalamiga ah ma lahayn a sal sharci oo gaar ah.

4. Order New la asaasay muddada kororka hubka nuclear. Tani waxay keentay in formation of farsamo ammaanka ah. Waxaa jiray fikirka ah dheehan waano nuclear ku salaysan cabsida dagaal cusub.

5. The abuurka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay, kaas oo go'aankii uu ku salaysan yahay iyo dhammaan nidaamka Yalta-aabbo ee xiriirka caalamiga ah. Laakiin in muddada post-dagaal, ururka jiray ka hortagga isku dhacyada hubeysan ee u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ee heerarka gobolka iyo caalamkaba.

natiijooyinka

In times casriga ah, waxaa jira dhowr nidaamyada xiriirka caalamiga ah. Nidaamka waarin ahaa ugu hufan iyo macne. nidaamyada Xiga ahaayeen hor imaad, kaas oo sharxaya ay suuska degdeg ah. nidaamka casriga ah ee xiriirka caalamiga ah oo ku salaysan mabda'a dheelitirka awoodda, taas oo ah natiijada danaha ammaanka gaarka ah ee gobolada oo dhan.