Gerbert Guver (Herbert Hoover Clark), Madaxweynaha 31-aad ee Mareykanka: Biography, nolosha shakhsiga ah, khibradiisa siyaasadeed

Madaxweynaha Mustaqbalka US Gerbert Guver waxa uu ku dhashay on August 10, 1874tii ee West Branch. waxay ahaayeen labadiisii waalid Quakers ka Iowa gobolka xidid Jarmal. wiilka aabbihiis iibin qalabka beeraha iyo shaqeeyay sida tumaal ah. Waxa uu ku dhintay markii Herbert ahaa sano oo kaliya 6 jir. Hooyada ku dhintay 4 sano oo kale. Haray wiil oo agoon ah u dhaqaaqay adeerkiis ee Oregon. In 1891, Hoover dhallinyarada ahaa soo galeen ka hor furay Jaamacadda Stanford. By xirfad uu ahaa Injineer macdanta ah, iyo ma jiraan calaamado in khabiir this ka hawlgeli doonaan siyaasadda.

Career macdanta injineer

In 1895, Gerbert Guver helay shahaadada koowaad ee. Xirfadiisa ahaa mid aad u xiiso badan. Laakiin waxaa dhammaan yaase u bilaabay. graduate First Stanford helay shirkadaha macdanta dhagax weyn nadiifiye abaal Gold Mine. Markaas a professional dhallinyarada xiiso British ah. Ingiriisi Bewick, Moreing iyo Company, ku takhasusay oo dahab ah, ayaa kiraystay 23-sano jir ah Hoover oo isaga seconded in Australia. On the "qaaradda cagaaran" asxaabta American waxaa baray habka gaarka ah California ee macdanta birta qaaliga ah. In Australia, Gerbert Guver helay waayo-aragnimo qiimo badan ma aha oo kaliya sida geologist ah, laakiin sidoo kale tababare ah.

Markaas takhasuska heshay dalab lama filaan ah oo ka socda dawladda Shiinaha. In Shiinaha macdanta ahayd xaalad heer hoose ah. Shiinaha waxa uu doonayay inuu ka waayo-aragnimo Galbeedka casriga bartaan. Sidaas darteed waa ay awoodaan oo firfircoon Gerbert Guver ahaa musharaxa ugu wanaagsan ee iyaga u. American "Nasiib" in ay ku sugan China waqti marka ay jirto bilaabay faragelintii Boxer caasinimo. Waxa ay ahayd la ruxruxo ee dhinaca Oromada ee meelood shisheeye. Against saldanad ah ajaanibta oo inta badan ahaayeen yaroow. Oo iyana ma ay jeclaan waxqabadka adeegayaasha Christian.

Marka Tianjin, halkaas oo Hoover noolaa, hoos duqeyn yimid. Mucaaradka qolof ka dhacay dhismaha ku yaalla wadada guriga injineer American. Oo isla maalintaas, Herbert Hoover Clark, naftooda halis geliyey iyaga, loola cararay si uu guriga u baabbi'iyey oo badbaadiyay gabadh Shiinaha. Sannado badan ka dib, ee 1928, ayuu sida musharax madaxweynaha ee Mareykanka ka reebnay suxufiyiinta inay soo bandhigi sheekada inta lagu jiro ololaha doorashada. Inta lagu guda jiro caasinimo Boxer Mareykanka aan doonanayn kaliya in waajibaadka toos ah, laakiin sidoo kale soo celin tareenka baabbi'iyey.

nolosha Personal

Odoroska shaqo la yaabka leh ee Shiinaha ayaa lagu qasbay Hoover in aad ka fikirto qoyskooda mustaqbalka. Ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa ayaa horay dooqday ah oo weli ku nool yihiin California. In 1898, mustaqbalka Lou Genri Guver ayaa heshay telegraam aroos ee, kaas oo uu ku tilmaamay kulanka ay soo socda in ay Asia iyo iyada ku bixiyeen in ay guursadaan. Gabadha la isku raacay. Labada silsilado isku daro guurka February 10, 1899 magaalada Monterrey. Ka dib markii Tusaale ahaan ee ninkeeda Lu Genri qaaday iimaanka Quaker ah. newlyweds The dhoofnay doonni ah ee Shiinaha horeba waa maalinta ku xigta ka dib markii aroos ah. Xaaska ayaa had iyo jeer u dhow Herbert. Waxay ku dhintay sanadkii 1964.

At Hoover wuxuu lahaa laba carruur ah. Herbert waxa uu ku dhashay 1903, wuxuu noqday injineer iyo diblomaasi. Like aabbihiis, uu ka qaatay Jaamacadda Stanford qalin. Shaqeeyay injineer berrinkii injineernimada diyaaradaha, Geophysics, iyo 50 ee ahaa Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee mas'uul ka ah isku xirka Bariga Dhexe. wiilkii yaraa Allan ayaa sidoo kale noqon injineer macdanta ah, iyo in ka badan mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed ku qaatay in California.

Kaganacsiga iyo deeqbixiye

In 1901, Gerbert Guver tagay Shiinaha. Waxa uu noqday co-milkiilaha Bewick, Moreing & Co, oo khaas ah in industry macdanta. Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah, uu si Australia ku soo laabtay. In 1908, Hoover uu bilaabay shaqada lataliye madax banaan. Ku xiga muddo ah la kaashanaya shirkadaha dunida oo dhan. takhasuska ka soo shaqeeyay San Francisco, London, New York, St. Petersburg, Paris, iyo xitaa in Burma, halkaas oo mar qandaraas duumada. Madaxweynaha Mustaqbalka US gacan saar la leeyihiin ganacsato taajiriin ah Ural. Gaar ahaan, waxa uu ka caawiyay horumarinta deebaajiga copper Kyshtym, ka dibna orday miinooyinka ee Mountains Altai ah. Thanks to maalgelinta guulaha 1914 Herbert Hoover noqday nin hodan ah. Xaalkiisu shakhsi ku saabsan tahay $ 4 million.

nolosha Hoover ayaa bedelay dartey ka dib markii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. In xagaagii 1914, wuxuu ahaa ee London. Qunsulka Maraykanka ee Britain ka codsaday Hoover inuu ka caawiyo abaabulka dib u celinta dadka Maraykanka ah isku arkaan in Europe ka hor khatarta dhimanaya. Waxay ahayd mass weyn oo qof - oo ku saabsan 120 kun oo qof.

Markaas, madaxweynaha mustaqbalka Gerbert Guver aasaasay guddi si ay u caawiyaan Belgium u qabsadeen. Jarmalka xitaa ku heshiiyeen inay noqotay sahayda gargaarka, taas oo waxaa loo soo dhiibay waynaha badda. Wakhtigan raxan Ingiriiska dhawray Germany ee go'doomin badda. British ayaa sidoo kale ma soo horjeeda bixinta alaabta dadka rayidka ah. Guddiga Hoover si deg deg ah u noqday saameyn khatar ah. Waxay iibsaday cuntada ee Australia iyo America, iyo raxan lacag ah maraakiibta dersin yar.

Mustaqbalka aad ee Madaxweynaha 31aad ee Mareykanka dhowr jeer u tallaabay safka hore iyo si joogto ah uu naftiisa halis. Its nabad firfircoon laga yaabaa in aan la iska indha tiray. In 1919, guulihii badan ee adeegga aadanaha iyo injineernimada Washington Award waxaa la guddoonsiiyey in Hoover.

Wasiirka ganacsiga

By dhamaadka dagaalka, Hoover noqday a si fiican u yaqaan oo caan ah. In 1918 by go'aanka Madaxweynaha Woodrow Wilson , wuxuu qabtay oo kaxeeyey Relief Maamulka American ah. Waxay la mid ah oo dhan wada qaatay, caawin ururka halaagnay Europe (alaabta ugu ayaa laga dhoofiyey in ay Poland iyo Czechoslovakia). In kasta oo dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka hore u talin jiray, a colaad cusub lagu hoobtay oo ka qarxay Russia, halkaas oo Dagaalkii Sokeeye bilaabay.

In 1919, ururka waxay bilaabeen inay caawiyaan Hoover White Northwest Army. Maraykanka ayaa keenay sarreenkii iyo badarka bur, digir, digir, caanaha, subaga. In 1921, Hoover ahaa Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka ee Ganacsiga. Waxa uu loo magacaabay madaxweyne Uorren Garding, si caddaalad jaban waayo aragnimo badan qabanqaabiyaha u yiqiin.

Waxaa xusid mudan in this post Hoover ayaa door muhiim ah ka qaataan warshadaha ee radio American. Inkasta oo baahinta la isticmaalayo qalabka nidaaminaya Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Hoover shakhsi ahaan. Waxa uu ahaa sidaas u weyn, in Maxkamada Federaalka ayaa xadiday awoodaha madaxa waaxda. Taas darteed, dhowr sano, Americans ka cabanayeen total fowdo in idaacadaha iyaga u gaar ah, halkaas oo ay saldhigyo kala duwan oo u tegey on hawada at inta jeer ee isku mid ah.

Jahawareer deganaa ee 1927. Congress maray Xeerka caanka ah Radio, sida laga soo xigtay oo Commission gaar Federaalka Radio waxaa la abuuray.

Ka caawi Soviet Russia

In 1921 wuxuu bilaabay abaar daran ayaa ku dhuftay adkaa ee gobolka Volga ee Russia. Sababta in ay ahaayeen Dagaalkii Sokeeye, siyaasadda adag ee requisitioning oo dhamaystiran burburka tuulada. Ayaa saamayn badan qoraa dibadda Maxim Gorky ayaa ka codsaday dowladda Maraykanka ee gargaarka. Hoover ayaa lagu yaqaanaa booska uu anti-Bolshevik, laakiin isku raaceen si ay u taageeraan gaajaysan. Bishii Agoosto 1921, ee Riga, Relief Maamulka American iyo commissar Dadka ee Arrimaha Dibadda Maxim Litvinov saxiixday heshiis ku saabsan kaydka agabka bani'aadamnimada si Soviet Russia.

Markii hore, kaalmo waxaa si gaar ah la siiyo carruurta iyo kuwa buka. Maraykanka ayaa miiska soo abaabulay, kuwaas oo heli karaa oo keliya marka ugu baahan yihiin taageero gaajoonaya. Waxay heshay kaarka gaar ah la gelin.

In Petrograd oo keliya Americans furay 120 kantiinada, kaas oo la sii shiday ka badan 42 kun oo carruur ah. socodka aasaasiga ah ee cunto u soo diray inuu Volga ah: Samara, Kazan, Saratov iyo gobolka Simbirsk (ee waxaa u muuqday oo ku saabsan 7000 jikooyinka). Dhowr bilood ka dib bilowgii dhalmo Hoover ee Washington ku guuldareystay inuu ka dhaadhiciyo sharci-dajiyayaasha in la kordhiyo maalgelinta barnaamijka.

Dhibaatadu waxay ahayd in waqti in dawladda Mareykanka ma aqoonsana dowladda Soviet. Dhalmo ee Russia ka joogsadeen 1923. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, sida ay Commissariat ah, waxaa loo keeno ku saabsan 585,000 oo tan oo raashin ah, daawooyin iyo dhar.

madaxtooyada

In 1928, Hoover (sida xubin ka mid ah xisbiga Jamhuuriga ee Maraykanka) soo gashay tartanka soo socda madaxtooyada. Uu iska soo horjeeda ugu weyn uu ahaa xisbiga Alfred Smith. Hoover ahaa awoodaan in ay mahad ku guuleysan in uu sumcad. isaga Behind ahaa guul shakhsi sida nin ganacsade ah oo caawin Europe intii lagu jiray dagaalka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Americans tixgeliyo mudnaanta gaarka ah ee Wasiirka Ganacsiga yaab leh 20 kaca dhaqaale.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagoo on xafiiska dadweynaha Hoover ugu weyn ee ay astaan u bilowgii Depression Great ah. dhibaatooyinka suuqa Stock sababay burburkii dhaqaalaha. Hoover lahaa si ay ula qabsadaan duufaanka dhaqaale, kooxaha taas oo aan ku jirtay ka mid ah Mareykanka ama Europe. siyaasadda la-dagaallanka dhibaatada Madaxweynaha ayaa hoos u dhigay a ugu muhiimsan ee yar. First, inuu isku dayay inuu siiyo horumarinta dheeraad ah oo ganacsiga yar yar ee gaarka loo leeyahay. Marka labaad, Hoover isku dayay in uu ku qanciyo shaqeeyayaasha ma si loo yareeyo wax soo saarka gaar ah. irritant halis ah in bulshada ahayd khilaafka u dhexeeya ururada shaqaalaha iyo loo shaqeeyaha. Madaxweynaha ayaa isku dayay si aad u jilciso mucaaradka this.

Intaa waxaa dheer, Hoover soo jeediyay barnaamij Hawlaha guud weyn, taas oo ahayd si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada shaqo la'aanta sii kordhaysa. In 1930, Congress ansixiyay qorshaha iyo qoondeeyay hirgelintiisa 750 million. Laakiin, inkastoo uu isku dayo ee gobolka in ay soo fara in xaaladda, xaaladda sii xumaaday. In xagaagii 1930, loo shaqeeyayaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ballaaran u yareeyaan wax soo saarka.

At soo jeedin ee Hoover, Congress abuuray fund ah, waxaa maalgelin ku sameeyey hab oo ay jidadka tareenka ee ugu muhiimsan, iyo sidoo kale credit iyo bangiyada hay'adaha. Isla mar ahaantaana, Madaxweynaha sharciga diiday on gargaarka dhaqaale si toos ah shaqo la'aan ah, ka fiirsaneysa in galiyey lacag caddaan ah xad-dhaaf ah, kuwaas oo dadka ka mid ah initiative jiraaye in shaqo cusub helo. By 1932, ay tirada gaadhay arag 12 milyan oo qof, oo dhan wax soo saarka Maraykanka intii lagu jiray xiisadda by 50% dhacay.

dib u habaynta xaqiiqsan

Waxaa cajiib ah in horraantii 1929 Hoover in ay awood u yimid, uu u socday si ay u fuliyaan dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha, kaas oo ku jiray in ay sii wiiqi saamaynta gobolka ee dhaqaalaha. Waxay ahayd dabcan horusocod ah libertarianism, ama mabda 'waxa loogu yeero ee noninterference. Samaynta barnaamijka dhaqaale, Hoover isku hallaysay waayo-aragnimo u gaar ah ganacsade, oo uu ka shaqeeyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah dalalka adduunka oo dhan.

horumar kale oo muhiim ah in siyaasadda gudaha ee 1929-1933. ahaa abuuritaanka Bureau Federaalka ah ee Xabsiyada iyo habeynta ee Xafiiska Arrimaha Hindida. Hoover sidoo kale si adag u difaacay dibuhabaynta hawlgabka, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo American kasta oo ka weyn da'da 65 waa in ay helaan $ 50 bishiiba. Sababtoo ah Depression Great ah , hindise la marna ogaaday.

siyaasadda dibadda

In 1928, Gerbert Guver lahaa safar aan horay loo arag oo ah toban dal ee Latin America. Intii lagu guda jiray safarka, ayuu yiri 25 khudbado iyo booqashooyinka isu keentay in dheecaan ee xiriirka la leedahay dalalka qaarada. Intii uu joogay Argentina, Hoover u dhawaadeen inay dhibane dilkii qaswadayaasha ah ee degaanka.

In kasta oo dhammaan badnida madaxweynaha aysan awoodin in ay iska jiifsaday aasaaska siyaasadda cusub ee "jaar wanaagsan", kaas oo bedelay badan "Dagaallada muuska". hadal haynta ugu baaqay falalka ka dhanka ah Maraykanka Caribbean iyo badhtamaha America, Maraykanka, gaar ahaan, ay gacanta ku Puerto Rico iyo Cuba. siyaasad ah "jaar wanaagsan" ayaa lagu sii hoos Roosevelt. Waxaa markaas ahaa, in 1934, ciidamada Mareykanka ka tagay Haiti.

failure oo ka mid ah dib-u-doorashada

xaaladda musiibada ah ee dhaqaalaha ayaa hoos u sumcadda Hoover ah. -Dhowaaday doorashada madaxtinimada ee 1932, iyo heerka taageerada ahaa deh hooseeyo. Inta lagu guda jiro hadalka pre-doorashada dhaqanka in codbixiyayaasha Hoover wajahay dhagaystayaasha colaadeed ugu direen. Soo horjeeda madaxweynaha ahaa Franklin Roosevelt. Waxa uu ku guuleystay doorashada, isagoo noqday madaxa soo socda ee United States.

musharaxa Jamhuuriga guuldarro dabiici ah. saffarro Hoover lagu eedeeyay in ay ku guul darreysatay in ay qaataan barnaamijka anti-dhibaatada, oo ay dajiyaan yaabaa duufaanka dhaqaale. Roosevelt, tegey inay tallaabooyin xad-dhaaf ah iyo soo jeedinta hal koorso oo cusub, xaaladda toosan baxay. Isla mar ahaantaana, xataa maanta, taariikhyahanadu la soco in Hoover noqday xaaladda afduub ah. Waxa uu ahaa nasiib darro in ay noqdaan madaxweynaha ka hor xiisadda aan ka qarxay oo canaano, oo sababo Ujeedada, kopivshimsya muddo tobannaan sano. Taageerayaasha Hoover xusay oo tilmaamay in at height of Depression Great ah, tallaabooyin lahayn si ay u caawiyaan madaxweynaha America kari waayeen.

sano ka dib iyo dhaxalka

Xagjirnimada Roosevelt waxay ahayd in uu kor u qaadeen si xad-dhaaf ah ee doorka dawladda ee dhaqaalaha, liddi ku ah suuqa caadiga ah model Maraykanka.

Hoover, inuu noqdo muwaadin gaar ah, oo sannado badan loo dhaleeceeyay siyaasadda ee uu. Markii dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, wuxuu ku dooday in aan in faragelin arrimaha Yurub.

Hoover celiyo adeegii dawladda hoos Madaxweynaha Truman iyo Eisenhower. Tababaraha la kulmay madax ka ah guddiga, taasoo keentay dib u habaynta hay'adaha dawladda. Waxa uu ku qoran articles iyo buugaag badan, oo ay ku jiraan qorkiisa, kuwaas oo ku tilmaamay in uu u quudhin dhalinyarada dhalaalaya. Hoover ahaa Madaxweynihii hore inta lagu guda jiro rikoorka ay mar, muddo 31-sano. Wuxuu on October 20 ku dhintay, 1964 ee New York. qofka hore ee kowaad wuxuu ahaa 90 sano jir. Meeshiisa final nasto waxa uu noqday hooyo Iowa ah.

United States ay xumme tahay xusuusta reer madaxweynaha 31-kii, kuwaas oo, inkasta oo oo dhan Gudigga of Depression Great ee da 'weyn loo dayactirey karaan indhaha muwaadiniinta. Magaciisa walxaha iyo meelo badan. Ugu fiican ee la yaqaan waa Dam Hoover ah (AZ). xidheenka wabiga Colorado, iyo maanta waxaa loo arkaa inay u gaar ah. Its dhismaha bilaabay inta lagu jiro Madaxweynaha Hoover ee 1931, oo soo afjari doona Roosevelt ee 1936. The Istimaalka koowaad ee xidheenka muuqday 1920. Hoover markaas ahaa wasiirka ganacsiga iyo u noqday xubin ka mid ah Guddiga ayaa mas'uul ka ah mashruuca xidheenka. Thanks iyada, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay biyo marin xagga koonfureed oo dalka California iyo horumarinta beeraha maxalliga ah, iyo sidoo kale si loo yareeyo webiga buurta caasi ah.