Monomers borotiinada yihiin waxa macno ah? Maxay yihiin monomers borotiinada?

Borotiin waa polymers noolaha la dhismeedka kakan. Waxay leeyihiin miisaanka sare kelli oo ka kooban amino acid kooxaha bedalay wakiil vitamins, la egyahay iyo inclusions carbohydrate. Borotiin kooban carbohydrates, fitamiino, subaga ama biraha, loo yaqaan xarunta. Kaliya borotiinada fudud oo ka kooban acids amino isku xidhay by bonds peptide.

peptides

Waxba ma ahan wixii dhismeedka leedahay walax of monomers protein yihiin acids amino. Kuwani waxay u sameeyaan silsiladda polypeptide aasaasiga ah, taas oo ka dibna waa qaab-dhismeedka fibril protein u qaabeysan ama globular. Marka protein this la samaysan karin kaliya ee unugyada nool - warshad, bakteeriyada, fangas, xoolaha iyo unugyada kale.

The noolaha kaliya oo aan ku xidhi kartaa monomers borotiinada, fayrusyada iyo protozoa waa bakteeriya. Dhammaan dadka kale waa awood u sameynta ee borotiinada dhismaha. Laakiin waxa walxaha waa monomers, borotiinada, iyo sida ay u qabanqaabiyey? Tani iyo biosynthesis protein, polypeptide ah, iyo formation of qaab protein adag oo acids amino iyo xoolahoodii, eeg hoos.

monomer Single ee Britain protein waa wax acid Alfa-amino. Xaaladdan oo kale, protein ah - silsilad polypeptide ee acids amino lala a. Iyadoo ku xiran tirada acids amino ku lug leh ay formation waxaa dipeptides go'doon (laba harta), tripeptide ah (3), oligopeptides (oo ay ku jiraan ka 2-10 acids amino) iyo polypeptides (hannaanka ah acids amino).

Dulmarka guud ee qaab dhismeedka of borotiinada

Qaab dhismeedka aasaasiga ah protein waxaa laga yaabaa in wax yar ka badan oo adag - quaternary - sare, more dhismaha - jaamacadda, iyo ugu adag.

Qaab-dhismeedka hoose - waa circuit fudud oo via bond peptide ah (CO-NH) monomers xiran borotiinada (acids amino). Qaab dhismeedka Secondary - waa ah Alfa-galool ama beta-sheet. Tertiary - taasi waa ka sii adag qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah oo borotiin ah, kaas oo la sameeyay ka dib loo sabab u formation of covalent, Madbacada qaranka oo dhaaraheedii ay hydrogen iyo isdhexgalka hydrophobic.

Dhismaha quaternary waa borotiinada receptor aad u adag iyo hanti ku taalla xuubka unug. supramolecular (domain) Qaab-dhismeedka Tani sameeyay ay sabab u tahay ururka dhowr taagoo qaab jaamacadda, dhamaystirayaa kooxaha carbohydrate, la egyahay, ama vitamin. Xaaladdan oo kale, sida in dhismeedka hoose, Sare iyo Jaamacadaha ee borotiinada monomers yihiin acids Alfa-amino. Waxay sidoo kale ku biiray by bonds peptide. Faraqa kaliya ee waa in kakanaanta qaab-dhismeedka.

acids amino

The taagoo protein monomers kaliya yihiin acids Alfa-amino. Waxaa jira oo keliya 20, oo ay dhif tahay aasaaska nolosha. Xaaladan oo ah bond peptide ah, Avv borotiinka suurto gal ahayd. protein A laftiisa ka dibna bilaabay in ay sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka-sameynta, receptor, enzyme, gaadiidka, dhexdhexaadiyaha iyo hawlaha kale. Sababo la this shaqo ku nool jirka iyo in la soo saari karaa.

Ubadatay acid Alfa-amino acid waa carboxylic organic isagoo group amino ah ku xiran eb Alfa-carbon ah. Last ku taalla ee soo socda si kooxda carboxyl ah. Sayidka monomers borotiinada waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida walxaha organic, taas oo la eb carbon terminal iyo waxbay ushafeeci idanka abahaaga ah iyo koox carboxyl ah.

Xarunta of acids amino ee peptides iyo borotiinada

acids amino soo biiray in ay dimers, trimers iyo polymers via bond peptide ah. Waxaa la aasaasay by cholesterol of hydroxyl group (-OH) ka qayb carboxyl mid acid Alfa-amino iyo hydrogen (H) - oo ah koox amino acids kale Alfa-amino. The dhexgalka oo biyo ah loo kala off, oo weli at qayb terminus carboxy ee C = O la hadhay electron a free dhow carbon carboxyl ah. In kale oo hadhay amino acid uu leeyahay (NH) la heli karaa lacag la'aan ah xagjirka ah ee la eb nitrogen ah. Tani waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad in ay ku xidhmaan labada xag si ay u sameeyaan dhigaalka (CONH). Waxaa lagu magacaabaa peptide ah.

Lahjadaha of acids Alfa-amino

Total loo yaqaan 23 acids Alfa-amino. Waxay waxaa lagu soo bandhigay sida liiska: glycine, valine, aminotransferase, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine iyo glutamine. Iyadoo ku xiran in ay la samaysan karin by jidhka bini'aadamka, kuwaas oo acids amino kala qaybsan yihiin lagama maarmaanka ah iyo qolaalka.

Fikradda ah acids lagama maarmaanka ah iyo qolaalka aan amino

Laysku beddelid karo jidhka bini'aadamka synthesize karo, halka lagama maarmaan iman lahaa oo kaliya cunto. Sayidka labada acids lagama maarmaanka ah iyo qolaalka ay muhiim u yihiin biosynthesis protein, maxaa yeelay, iyaga oo aan Avv lama dhamaystiri karo. Haddii aan hal acid amino ah, xitaa haddii qof kasta oo kale waa la joogo, ma suurtowdo in loo dhiso protein in gacanta loo baahan yahay si ay u qabtaan hawlaha ay.

Mid ka mid ah Baadi in mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka biosynthetic - iyo protein waa ku haboonayn, maxaa yeelay waxa ay awoodaan in ay la kulanto qaabka la doonayo ma noqon doonto sabab u tahay xadgudubyada cufnaanta electron iyo isdhexgalka interatomic. Maxaa yeelay aadanaha (iyo noolaha kale), waxaa muhiim ah si loo dhammeeyo cuntooyinka borotiinka, kuwaas oo ka kooban ee acids amino lagama maarmaan ah. Ay ka maqan in cunto keenaysaa in tiro ka mid ah xanuunada-shiid borotiinka.

Geedi socodka ah ee formation of bond peptide ah

The monomers protein kaliya yihiin acids Alfa-amino. Waxay ku xiran yihiin si tartiib tartiib ah Silsilad polypeptide ah, qaab-dhismeedka taas oo lagu kaydiyo ka hor ee code hidaha ee DNA (ama RNA, markii viewed biosynthesis bakteeriyo). Xaaladdan oo kale, protein ah - isku xigxiga oo adag harta amino acid. silsiladdan waxaa loo qabanqaabiyaa in qaab gaar ah, ka shaqeeya shaqo ah pre-barnaamijkii cell.

xigxiga -Stage of biosynthesis protein

Geedi socodka ah ee formation of protein ka kooban yahay silsilad ah marxaladood: site taranka DNA (ama RNA) Avv macluumaadka nooca RNA, waxa soo saarka si cytoplasm ee bu'da unugga, xarunta la ribosome iyo lifaaqa si tartiib ah ku harta amino acid in bixisey RNA kala iibsiga. walax A taas oo monomer protein uu ka qeyb qaato falcelinta enzymatic cholesterol koox hydroxyl iyo proton hydrogen a, ka dibna ku biiray silsiladda polipetidnoy extensible.

silsilad polypeptide Sayidka helay, taas oo hore waa in reticulum ee gacanta endoplasmic lagu amro in a-dhismeedka loo dejiyay qaarkood oo kaabaya carbohydrate ama moiety la egyahay marka loo baahdo. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan "koriinkedu" of protein ah, ka dib markii taas oo uu nidaamka gaadiidka ee gacanta ay u caga soo diray.

borotiinada Functions dhexsameeysmo

Monomers borotiinada yihiin acids amino loo baahan yahay in la dhiso ay qaab dhismeedka hoose. Qaab dhismeedka Sare, jaamacadaha iyo quaternary laftiisa waxaa hore u sameeyay, laakiin mararka qaarkood sidoo kale waxay u baahan tahay ka qaybgalka falgalka iyo waxyaabaha kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay mar dambe waa weyn, inkastoo ay lagama maarmaan ah in borotiinada ku qabtaan shaqadooda.

Amino acid, taas oo monomer protein ah ayaa laga yaabaa in lifaaqa carbohydrate dhibcood, biraha ama fiitamiino. jaamacadaha waxbarashada ama qaab-dhismeedka quaternary waxay suuro gelineysaa in la helo meelo badan, waayo, meesha uu kooxaha la geliyo. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa for derivative ah protein ah, taas oo door ee eulayska, receptor, walxaha xamuulka ah galay cell ama ka mid ah, immunoglobulin ah, qayb ka mid ah dhismaha xuubka unug ama organelles, protein muruqa.

Borotiin loo sameeyay ka acids amino, waa meesha keliya ee nolosha. Markaasaa maanta waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nolosha ka kacay ka dib markii muuqaalka kore ee acids amino, oo ay sabab u tahay polymerization. Ka dib oo dhan, isdhexgalka intermolecular borotiinada waa bilowga nolosha, oo ay ku jiraan caaqil. All hababka kale lagmamaarmaanna, oo ay ku jiraan tamarta, waa lagama maarmaan u ah xaqiijinta biosynthesis protein ah, oo ay sabab u tahay, sii dheeraad ah nolosha.