Dadka iyo hab xisaabeed ka mid ah cilmi-baaris. Taasi waxbarasho ee genetics habka dadka-tirakoobka?

Qaababka dhaxalka ah sifooyin kala duwan ee jirka aadanaha baadhayaa laan ka mid ah bayoolaji - genetics aadanaha. Waxaa si dhow la xiriira jirka, daawo, deegaanka iyo waxaa loogu talagalay si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka ogaanshaha iyo ogaanshaha hore ee heley, sababa aberrations balliga hiddo dadka aadanaha - koromosoomyada, hidaha iyo Isbedelo genomic. Dadka iyo habka tirakoobka waa mid ka mid ah nooca ugu caddeeyey ee ogaanshaha iyo saadaasha of syndromes - cudurada aadanaha dhaxlo, Akhriya iyo la jirayaa, si ay this article.

Features of habka codsiga

Hidaha Medical in ay shaqo billaabeen inay si qaabab kala duwan ee hay'adaha cilmi-baarista koromosoom aadanaha, barbaro xogta ee saxda ah cilmiga, tirakoobka iyo daawo lagu daawayn karo. Lama filaan ma aha sal akhriska ee genetics dadka iyo sharciyadeeda oo la diyaariyey iyadoo la kaashanayo falanqaynta xisaabta. Population-tirakoobka habka loo isticmaalo ma aha oo kaliya si ay u aqoonsadaan cilladaha hiddo, laakiin sidoo kale si loo ogaado inta jeer ee dhacdo of hiddo-taag xanuunadan sida xaalad homozygous recessive, iyo (more caadi ah), heterozygous aan muujin qaab phenotypic.

Fikradda ah dadka

Si aad u rakibi astaamaha xisaabeed ee qaybinta sifooyin kala dhaxlo gaar balliga hiddo, genetics billaabeen inay fikirka ah dadyowga bini'aadanka ah. Waa maxay hababka waxaa ugu baahida by sayniska casriga ah si ay u bartaan? Maxay yihiin saddex ugu muhiimsan:

1. Habka Population-tirakoobka.

2. abtirsiinta.

3. Twin.

Under pool hiddo fahmi noocyo ka mid ah dhammaan dadka ku nool meel siiyey. Tani waxay noqon kartaa tirada dadka dalka oo dhan, quruun gaar ah ama koox aadanaha ku nool oo ku filan in go'doomin, tusaale ahaan, dadka degan tuulada lumay ee buuraha reer Afghanistan ama qabiilka ee kaymaha Amazon ah.

soocista The genotypic dadweynaha galo set oo dhan hiddo iyo calaamadaha dibadda ee shakhsiyaadka ay. Dadka iyo hab xisaabeed ka mid ah cilmi-codsatay in ay daraasadda labada aan caadi ahayn goos goos ah iyo kuwa ay leeyihiin foom kala duwan abtiriskii bandhigay.

Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay waxay dhacdaa iyada oo sababtu tahay xaaladeed uurkugirta. Kooxdu waxay kale oo ka mid ah liiska dheer ee cillado, kuwaas oo si nidaamsan diiwaan geliyay gaar ah qoyska, iyo quruun kasta, jinsiyad, muddo dheer waqti. Tusaale ahaan, polydactyly, indho la'aan, hemophilia. Si aad u barato hab ay of gudbinta sifooyin kala dhaxlo bahal xakameeyo cudurada kuwaas oo populjatsionno isticmaalo habka tirakoobka.

Arrimaha saameynaya muuqaalka kore ee cudurka cabista hidde

Medicine nooca multifactorial tijaabiyey (labada hidaha iyo deegaanka) heley in ay isu muujin in tiro ka mid ah dhowr ah ka ab aadanaha. Falanqaynta hidda of hypertension, waxaan diabetes type, neefta, schizophrenia iyo cudurada kale ee la kala dhaxlo cabista u baahan tahay daraasad kun oo abtirsadeen.

Xaalad kasta populjatsionno genetics tirakoobka hab waa awoodaa in la ogaado heerka falcelinta group aadanaha ee saamaynta deegaanka (radiation Halabuurka microelement ee la cabbo biyaha, cimilada) iyo loo ogaado sida badan hiddo waxaa lagu qeexay.

Ma cudurada aadanaha la xidhiidha heterogeneity hidaha ee dadweynaha

Waa maxay natiijooyinka siinayaa falanqayn barbardhig oo ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan qowmiyadaha ku nool xaaladaha deegaanka isku mid ah? Ku kala duwan yihiin wax ka qabashada dadka sida arrimo abiotic la mid ah waa caddeynta ay heterogeneity hidaha.

Clinical, qoyska iyo dadka habka tirakoobka waxbarasho ee genetics aadanaha ayaa muujisay in heerka muujinta cudurka qoysaska uu u dhigmo ay noqnoqoshada dhacdo in dadweynaha. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in daraasadda of laabotooyinka hidde cabista, xasaasiyad, iyo sidoo kale in waxbarashada caafimaad ee dadweynaha by cudurada multifactorial saameeyeen: sclerosis, Alzheimers, autism.

xaq Xisaabeed of dhaxal

Ka hor inta tixgelinaysa genetics gaar ah oo dadka aadanaha, waxaan ka baran ay qaab teori soo bandhigay qaab sharci xisaabta. Its nuxurka waa sida soo socota: Inta jeer ee noocyo sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah hiddo-ka waxaa loo xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta ee wadarta square ah laba tiro. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka waa in ahaato mid si fiican u ballaaran, ma noqon karto ciidamada miyigii oo doorashada dabiiciga ah hidaha iyo weheshiga degna dhacaan.

Dalbashada habka dadka-tirakoobka waxbarasho genetics aadanaha iyo natiijooyinka indhaynta clinical, waxaa suurtagal ah in la saadaaliyo inta jeer ee ra'yi dhiibashada phenotypic ah hiddo-haleysan, iyo fursadaha ka haysta ilmo qaba cudurada a.

Sida loo xisaabiyo itimaalka cudurka

Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale ka mid ah dhaxalka ee phenylketonuria - cudurada hidde, kaas oo ku salaysan qaybsiga xadgudub phenylalanine amino lagama maarmaan ah acid ah. In dadka muwaadiniinta Yurub hiddo aan caadi ahayn dhacdo inta jeer f waa 1: 10,000 oo bukaan yihiin homozygous FF genotype recessive.

Isticmaalka awoodaha habka dadka-tirakoobka, iyo xisaabta, waxaa suurtagal ah si ay u dejiyaan inta jeer ee hiddo aan caadi ahayn. Waa isku mid in 0.01. Markaas jaaniska ah sifo muujiyay in phenotype ah, waa 0.99. Sidaa awgeed, ka sidayaal ee hidda recessive, isagoo genotype FF ah, ka koobnaan 0.02. Taasi waa, in dadka this qiyaastii 2% ka mid ah dadka ku nool ay genotype hiddo recessive phenylketonuria.

Sida aan ku aragno, habka dadka-tirakoobka loo isticmaalo si loo xisaabiyo inta jeer ee hiddo dadka panmictic mas'uul ka hadal ah heley dhaxlo.

Features dadka aadanaha

horumar ah ee ilbaxnimada aadanaha, la xirrira taxon nafleyda, matali karaa sida horumarinta bulshada shaqsi, muddo dheer ku nool jawi xaaladaha la midka ah. Waxaa ka mid ah oo xuduudaheedu climatogeographic la mid ah, jidka keliya oo wax cunaya, wareer caadi ah.

Waxaas oo dhan ka qayb qaatay xoojinta balliga hiddo dadka ka mid ah kooxaha ka mid ah alleles caadiga ah iyo noocyada marxaladaha hore ee anthropogenesis ahaa aasaas u ah tallaabada of noocyada kala dhaxlo ee kala duwanaansho iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah.

Taasi waxbarasho ee genetics dadka iyo hababka tirakoobka hadda? First of dhan, waxaa saamayn on hiddawadayaasha aadanaha go'doomin ee guurka la xiriira si dhow, Nabaad guurka khasabka ah. Waxay keentay in pool hiddo aadanaha miisaamay hoos by hiddo aan caadi ahayn oo uu keeno abuurka ah ee la tashiga-hidaha ee shabakad balaadhan oo loogu talagalay in lagu aqoonsado cabista hidde in muujinta cudurro kala duwan.