Guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee dufanka. Helitaanka guryaha baruurta iyo kiimikada

Kooxdu waxay of muhiim xeryahooda organic - subaga - si wadajir ah ula steroids oo iswayneeya ka mid ah dufanka. Ay content ee unugyada nool u dhaxeysa 5 ilaa 10% by miisaanka unugyada qalalan. Waxyaabahani bartay, oo ku salaysan sifooyinka ay qaab-dhismeedka kelli, taas oo keeni kiimikaad oo dufan ah. Chemistry ee Organic xeryahooda ka fiirsaneysa kuwaas oo walxaha sida sheyga cadaanyo esterification dhexeeya glycerol ku trihydric khamriga iyo xadka sare ama acids carboxylic roodhida ah.

In this article, waxaan baari doonaa ma aha oo kaliya si ay u isticmaalaan in warshadaha iyo qiimaha, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u helaan dufanka iyo guryaha kiimikada kuwa caadiga ah ee fasalka this xeryahooda.

History of daahfurka

Dhismaha ayaa la bartay bartamihii qarnigii 19-ka. farmashiyaha Faransiis E. Chevrel iyaga kululaynta biyo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen alkali iyo waxyaabaha laga helo dareen ah u taagoo of acids dufanka leh iyo glycerol. M. Berthelot cadaanyo ka soo horjeeda, marka la isku dar ah ee glycerol iyo acids gaaska dhirta steorinovoy uu helay triglycerides kululeeyo - baruurta. Iyada oo ku saleysan tijaabo kuwaas, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey in walxaha bartay ka tirsan fasalka ee esters. The guryaha kiimikada ee dufanka ayaa xaqiijisay gabagabo this.

Subagga - esters

Sida uu tijaabo iyo E. M. Berthelot Chevrel tijaabiyey, dufanta waa esters of glycerol khamriga trihydric iyo acids monocarboxylic sare. Fat kooban steorinovuyu ama gaaska dhirta waa adag, tusaale ahaan, hilibka lo'da, doofaarka, iyo wan yar. Tani dufanka xayawaanka. Haddii Halabuurka ee triglycerides ka mid ah acids roodhida dufan - xeyr, linoleic, linolenic - dufanka dareere ah sida waxa loo yaqaan saliidaha (gabbaldayaha, Groundnut, linseed).

guryaha Chemical xaydha oo waxaa lagu kala duwanaayeen ka esters kale by xaqiiqada ah in qaab-dhismeedka taagoo waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa kala duwan acids carboxylic.

guryaha jirka

Labada dabiiciga ah iyo isku dardaro, sida margarine, triglycerides leeyihiin sifooyinka caadi ah. iyaga ka mid ah Chief - hydrophobicity, heerkulka barafku hoose iyo cufnaanta gaar ah u hooseeya. Waxay si fiican u baabbi'isaa qase organic, tus, benzene, tetrachloride carbon. All dufanka waxaa si fudud u nuugo qalab iska furan ama buunshada ku. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada xeryahooda organic M. Butlerov, guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada ee dufanka la xiriira. Xaqiijinta ee xaqiiqda la hoos ku siin doonaa.

falgalka kiimikada triglycerides

Halabuurka tiro iyo tayo oo ka mid ah u taagoo baruurta, iyo sidoo kale ay u qaabeynta da'ayeen Oo Xaqiijiyay In xaqiiqda ah ee ka tirsan ah esters triglyceride fasalka. Xoolahooda kiimikada ugu weyn - cadaanyo biyo (hydrolysis). Waxa dhaba dhacdaa in joogitaanka Xoojiya - alkali, oxides magnesium, zinc ama calcium. The ogaado waxyaabaha reaction isku dar ah ee acids carboxylic oo glycerine. Tan iyo falcelinta waa karo biyo, baruurta, warshadaha abuuro xaaladaha ka yar taas oo u gudbinayaa dhamaadka - dhinaca formation of glycerol iyo acids monocarboxylic sare. Ujeedada this, isku dar ah Waxyeelo waxaa si joogto ah la quudin in xalka alkali iyo badeecada si toos ah soo saaray zone falcelinta. Hababka waxay ka hortagtaa in suurtagalnimada ee dhacdo of habka dambe, taasoo keentay in formation of baruurta. Hydrolysis waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in chemistry Avv organic soo saarka leh walxaha kor ku xusan.

falcelinta ee saponification alkali

Waxaan kordhiyo waxbarasho walxaha organic - esters. Subagga iyo guryaha kiimikada kuwaas oo wakiil ka reaction hydrolysis ah, ayaa sidoo kale la jawaabay karaa alkali. reaction Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa saponification, oo waxaa ka soo horjeeda geedi socodka of esterification. taasoo keentay saponification The cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay of acid dufanka leh iyo glycerol waxaa lagu daaweeyaa carbonate sodium ama hydroxide sodium. Natiijadu waxay tahay saabuun ah.

Waa adag, ayaa caanaha C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa yeedhay dhaqaale. Haddii daray darina colorants, glycerin, uunsi la isku qurxiyo, saabuunta helo. saabuunta dareeraha ah, ka duwan noocyada adag helay haddii baruurtii in reaction saponification la qaso hydroxide sodium iyo potassium hydroxide ah. Tusaale ahaan, palmitate potassium, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ KARI - saabuunta dareeraha ah potassium. waxyaabaha sida xawliga ah u reaction saponification yihiin dufanka cheap isir xoolaadka ah ama cuntada.

dufanka Liquid - saliidaha

Waxay ka kooban yahay u taagoo of acids carboxylic roodhida isagoo silsilado double. dufanka qudaar yihiin dhexsameeysmo jirka ee channels of reticulum ku endoplasmic by tallaabada ee falgalka ka glycerol iyo dufanka leh acids. Oo iyana waxay ku, markeeda, waxaa la sameeyey ee reactions wareegga Calvin dhaca sabab u ah photosynthesis. dhibco saliidda ku ururto abuurka, miraha, ugu yaraan meelaha daaqsinka ah ee dhirta iyo adeega sidii sahayda ee nafaqooyinka. guryaha Physicochemical dufanka sameeyay dhirta, ay sabab u joogaan in ay u taagoo bonds pi double. At meeshii dillaac dhici reaction Intaa waxaa dheer, tusaale ahaan, atamka hydrogen. Tani waxay keenaysaa in formation of triglycerides hydrogenated adag.

guryaha The kiimikada ee dufanka cuntada

Sida hore u soo sheegnay, dufanta ka soo jeedo cuntada ku jira ee ay ka kooban roodhida carboxylic acid sare. Oil loo samayn karo iyada oo loo marayo hydrogenation. Nidaamkan waxaa lagu fuliyaa ka yar kululaynta iyo in joogitaanka Hannaan - nickel particulate.

alaabta falcelinta - baruurta adag (baruurta hydrogenated). Its isticmaalo qaadashada steorina-soo-saarka, glycerol iyo saabuun ah. Haddii salomas ku dar sonkorta, cusbo, caano iyo midabaynta cuntada, ka dibna ka heli baruurta cuntada - margarine. Marka intaa ku daray darina vitamins iyo subagga dabiiciga ah loo diyaariyey wax-u saliid laambadda - faafinta.

dufanka dardaro

Waxay waa ka raqiisan yihiin dabiiciga ah, oo ay kala duwanaayeen ay Halabuurka triglyceride dabiiciga ah. Mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee baruurta dardaro - waa gaaska shidaalka dabiiciga ah oo la xidhiidha, iyo sidoo kale saliid laftiisa. paraffins sare ku jira, kuwaas oo macdanta dabiiciga ah, waxaa la oxidized. Natiijadu waxay tahay acid ah dufanka leh dardaro. Ay la dhexgalo tones ethylene saarta baruur ah synthetic. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in industry maqaar, (waayo, fatliquoring harag dhogorta iyo Saamaha). In warshadaha isku qurxiyo ee triglycerides dardaro loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee saabuunta musqusha, kareemada, looshan. In warshadaha qalabka dhismaha yihiin dufanka macmal ah wax soo saarka ee blaastiigga, putties, rinjiga.

The guryaha kiimikada ee dufanka helay hab aan dabiici ahayn, ma waxaa laga dabiiciga ah ee kala duwan. Waxay sidoo kale ku yimaadaan falcelin hydrolysis in joogitaanka acid ah oo sakhiray in an alkali (reaction saponification).

Sida triglycerides waxaa la soo saaray ee jirka aadanaha

Maxaa yeelay unugyada dufanka reactions dheefshiidka ee jirka la samaysan karin ka carbohydrates xad-dhaaf ah. Tani waxay fasireysaa xaqiiqda ah in isticmaalka caasiyoobay oo cunto hodan ku ah istaarijka iyo sucrose (waxyaabaha bur, bariis, baradho, macmacaanka), waxay keenaysaa in miisaanka xad-dhaaf ah. In geeddi-socodka ah ee alaabta dheefshiidka ka kooban dufanka ee malawadka dhegay inay glycerol iyo dufanka leh acids. Ay hydrolysis dhacdaa lipase qasabka ah ka qaybgalka - ensaymes ganaca iyo bile ku qarisay by beerka. Sida saabuunta, bile emulsifies dufanka, ie jebiyo taagoo weyn dhibco wanaagsan lipase si fudud cleavable.

villi ee xiidmaha yar yihiin dhexsameeysmo taagoo baruurta gaar ah jidhka bini'aadamka, ka dibna ay nuugo galay dheecaanka. The dufanka weelashii lymph galaan gacanta, iyo xad-dhaaf ah lagu shubo baruur ama saliid shaabaddii subcutaneous.

Doorka noolaha ee subaga

By waxbarashada guryaha kiimikada ee dufanka, diiradda saaraan awoodooda si qarsan xaddi badan oo tamar, hal garaam xaydha bixisaa 37.8 KJ tamar ka qayilo dhameystiran. Sidaa darteed triglycerides - qeybiyeyaasha ay generic. Sayidka, dufan - waa cunto qiimo leh. Waxaa la og yahay in la triglycerides kaydinta sax ahayn oo dheer "da" iyo dufunta, isuna ur xun. Tani waxay dhacdaa sababtoo ah xidhiidh saliidda by ogsijiin atmosfeerta. Wuxuu bilaabay inuu dhanaan saliidda waa u fududahay si loo ogaado haddii aad ku dari u iodide potassium. Peroxides ku jira sheyga, xarunta waxaa loo oxidized si iodine, kaas oo keena midab buluug ah xiriir la walxaha noqde ku jiro oo lacag la'aan ah.

Subagga sidoo kale waa wax muhiim ah dhismaha iyo qeyb ka mid ah xuubka gacanta iyo organelles yihiin. doorka ay noolaha thermoregulation waa weyn yahay. Tusaale ahaan, xoolaha nool ee moolka dheer oo waaweyn meesha heerkulka biyaha waa mid aad u hooseeya, waxay leeyihiin daaha horumarsan Maqaarka baruurta, tus, nibiriyada badda ka gaari karin oo dhumucdiisuna waxay a of 1.5 m. Xayawaanka steppe, cidlada iyo semi-cidla ah ayaa sidoo kale ku ururto ay jidhka qadar ku filan oo baruurta. lagama maarmaan iyaga, waayo, waa sida il biyo ah qoomiyadda, sida in lagu qayilo baruurta marka lagu daro tamarta, xaddi weyn oo dareere ah. Xayawaanka noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah awrtii, jerboa, Shrews.

Subaga ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee ilaalinta xubnaha gudaha. Nin waxaa fiican oo heer sare seal saliid si ay u ilaaliyaan caloosha, qanjirka dheefshiidka dhaawacyo gudaha. xubnaha muhiimka ah sida kelyaha, u baahan tahay in lakabka ah ee baruurta. Iyada oo miisaanka fiiqan Ia'aan ah fal l'a aadanaha kelyaha laga yaabaa inuu dhaco ay sabab u tahay khafiifinta of lakabka, taas oo ah cudurada halis ah, hakad nidaamka excretory.

qiimaha sare ee subaga in formation of xuubka unug. Oo ay la socdaan carbohydrates iyo borotiin, ay u sameeyaan laba lakab isagoo qaab mahrajaan. Xeryahooda oo dufan ah borotiinka loo yaqaan Lipoproteins. Waxay keeni permeability ee la xushay ee xuubka unug.

Maqaalkani waxa uu baaro Halabuurka kiimikada iyo guryaha oo dufan ah, iyo sidoo kale codsigooda in industry.