Mass ee neutron ah, proton, electron - in ay leeyihiin in caadiga ah?

Sida ay dhacdo ka hor tago oo keliya wax aan la garanayn, sidaa darteed waxaa jirta hubi inaad su'aal baayacmushtarka-dhaw - iyo inta miisaankeedu yahay. Laakiin haddii ay tahay aan la aqoon - walxaha hoose, ka dibna waxa? Iyo waxba, su'aashu waxay sii: waxa mass ee walxaha. Haddii qof ayaa ku hawlan tirinta kharashka daryeelka ee Dadka si ay u qanciso inuu cajiib inaad wax ka barato dheeraad ah si hufan loo qiyaaso ku tacsida qayb ka hoose, ka dibna waxaan u garan lahaa in, tusaale ahaan, mass neutron in kiiloogaraam tirada breathtaking ee eber ka dib markii dhibic ee jajab tobanle, aadanaha kharashka ka qaalisan badan dhismaha ugu qaalisan tiro isku mid ah eber ka hor barta tobanle.

Waxaa oo dhan bilaabay aad si caadi ah: shaybaarka madax J. Dzh.Tomsonom ee 1897 baadhitaan ee rays cathode .. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay la goostay by joogto ah caalamiga ah ee caalamka - ratio of mass electron xukumaya saamiga. Ka hor inta aan la go'aaminayo mass ee electron ah ku dhawaad halkan waa - si loo ogaado in ay lacag. Ka dib 12 sano, Robert Millikan ahaa awoodaan in ay u samayn. Wuxuu la dhacay beerta korontada ee dhibco saliid tijaabiyay, oo wuxuu ahaa awood u ma aha oo kaliya in ay miisaamaan miisaanka qiimaha duurka, laakiin sidoo kale in uu sameeyo cabbiraadda loo baahan yahay oo aad u khafiif ah. Ay natiijada - qiimaha tiro of mass ee electron ah:

i = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Waqtigaa, iyo waxbarashada ee qaab-dhismeedka xuduntii qaaradda, ayaa horyaal u ah Ernest Rutherford. Waxa uu ahaa kii, daawashada jejebinta qayb eedeeyay, ayaa soo jeediyay model ah oo la eb la qolof electron dibadda iyo xuduntii wanaagsan. walxaha The, taas oo ah model Planetary qaaradda ayaa soo jeediyay xuduntii doorka fudud duqeymo la eb laga helay at socodka nitrogen ee Alfa-rays ah. Tani waxa ay ahayd dareen-celin ugu horeysay ee nuclear helay shaybaarka - ay natiijo ka nitrogen iyo oxygen nuclei mustaqbalka helay atamka hydrogen, protons kuwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, rays Alfa ka kooban yahay qayb adag marka lagu daro laba protons waxay ka kooban yihiin laba neutron dheeraad ah. Neutron mass ku dhowaad siman u mass of proton ah iyo miisaanka guud ee Alfa-walxaha adag waa la helay arrin si ay u wada baabbi'iyo inta muhiimka ah iyo counter in CHIP iska "gabal", iyo in ku dhacay.

Qulquli protons wanaagsan dhacday beerta koronto, celino ay kubad ka dhigay by cuf. In tijaabo si loo ogaado baaxada leh ee proton ah ma aha wax adag. Laakiin ugu xiiso ahaa su'aasha ah nooca xiriirka yihiin mass of proton iyo electron ah. Halxidhkii markiiba xalin: mass proton ka badan mass ee electron wax yar ka badan 1836 jeer.

Sidaas darteed, marka hore, model la eb ee la wareegay by Rutherford sida electron-proton set tiro isku mid ah protons iyo electrons. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad ugu dhakhsaha badan u soo baxay in model koowaad nuclear inuusan si buuxda sharaxaad ka dhan saamaynta arkay on isdhexgalka Qurub hoose. Kaliya ee 1932, Dzheyms Chedvik xaqiijiyay xiqiijiyay in qayb dheeraad ah xuduntii. Waxay ahaayeen yeedhay neutrons, protons, dhexdhexaad ah, tan iyo markii ay iyagu ma ay leeyihiin lacag. Waa xaqiiqda sababa ay cabaar ka badan - iyaga oo aan ku bixiya tamarta on ionization isku dhaceen atamka. neutron mass wax yar oo kaliya ka badan mass proton ah - wadar ahaan tacsida ah oo ku saabsan 2.6 electron dheeraad ah.

The guryaha kiimikada walxaha iyo xeryahooda oo loo sameeyay by element this, go'aamiyo tirada protons in xuduntii eb ah. Waqti ka, ka qaybgalka xaqiijiyay of proton ee xoog iyo isdhexgalka kale asaasiga ah: electromagnetic, gravitational iyo daciif. Sayidka, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in amarka offline neutron ah, la isdhexgalka proton iyo neutron xoog leh waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida an nucleon walxaha hoose ee gobolada galmada kala duwan. Qayb ka mid ah isku mid ah oo dhaqanka ka mid ah qayb ka, kuwaas oo waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in tiro ka mid ah neutron waa mid aad u yar oo ka mass ee proton kala duwan. xasiloonida proton la adeegsado ee pre-dardar si xawaare sare, sida Qurub duqaynta, waayo, reactions nuclear.