Ilo hadda, kiimikada. Noocyada ilo hadda kiimikada iyo qalabka

Ilo hadda , kiimikada (dhuftay soo gaabiyo) - qabsashada, taas oo tamarta cadaanyo redox la beddelay tamarta korontada. magacyadooda kale - electrochemical ah gacanta, unugyada galvanic , cell ah electrochemical. Ay mabda 'hawlgalka waa kuwa soo socda: isdhexgal labada reagents keena falgal kiimikaad la qoondaynta awood joogto korontada hadda. In kale habka il koronto dhalin hadda dhacaa nidaamka multistage. First sii daayay tamarta kaamerada, ka dibna waxaa loo beddelaa farsamo iyo markaas uun ku tamarta korontada. Hit Advantage - habka hal-yada, i.e. korontada si toos ah helay, Goldogob tallaabooyinka bixinta kaamerada iyo tamartaa farsamo.

story

Sidee sameeyey isha ugu horeeyay ee hadda? ilo kiimikada waxaa laydiinku yeedhay unugyada galvanic ka dib markii saynisyahan Talyaaniga ee qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad - Luigi Galvani. Wuxuu ahaa dhakhtar, anatomist, physiologist iyo jirka dadka. Mid ka mid ah goobaha uu cilmi ahayd si ay u darsaan dhibaatooyinka xoolaha in ay saamayn kala duwan dibadda. Habka kiimikada ee soo saara koronto ayaa loo furay Galvani filaan ah, inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinka uu on rahyo. Waxaa xiran dareemayaasha a ceeriin lugaha rihii laba birood biraha. Marka ay tani ka dhacay foosha muruqa ah. sharaxaad isaga u gaar ah ifafaale this of Galvani ahaa kuwa Daalimiinta ah. Laakiin natiijada tijaabo iyo galku ka caawiyay ninka ay Alessandro kooxda Fluminense bisha ee waxbarashada ku xiga.

Fluminense bisha fasiray in uu shaqada aragtida ah ee dhacdo of hadda korontada iyada oo falgal kiimikaad oo u dhexeeya laba Biraha xiriir la nudaha muruqa ah rihii. Isha ugu horeysay kiimikada hadda eegay sida weel la marmar, la taarikada Hawiyaha dhexdeeda ah zinc iyo copper.

In ka baaxad warshadaha CCS bilaabay inuu la soo saaray qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, si Leklanshe France mahad kii been abuurtay unugyada manganese-zinc hoose la elektrolytka cusbo, la odhan jiray ka dib. dhawr sano ka dib, waxaa lagu soo hagaagtay cell electrochemical in saynisyahano kale oo waa ilaha kaliya kiimikada aasaasiga ah ee korontada ka hor 1940.

Design iyo hawlgal ka dhacay

qalab il kiimikada hadda ka mid ah labada electrodes (kirishbooyada nooc ugu horeysay) iyo elektrolytka gelintu (kaari ah nooca labaad, ama kaari ra'iyi). On soohdinta reer iman kara electronic baxdo u dhaxeeya. koronto The on taas wakiilka yaraynta waxaa oxidized yeedhay anode ah, oo mid ka mid ah at kaas oo dib u soo kabashada oxidant ah - cathode. Wada jir ah ula elektrolytka ah, waxay ka koobnaan nidaam electrochemical.

byproduct A cadaanyo redox u dhexeeya elektaroodhada waa dhacdo ee koronto. Inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celin this, wakiilka yaraynta waxaa oxidised iyo oxidant siinayaa electrons iyaga aqbalay oo ay sabab u tahay tani waa lay soo celiyey. Joogitaanka elektrolytka u dhexeeya cathode iyo anode waa cadaanyo shuruud. Haddii keliya wada qas budo laba Biraha kala duwan, ma dheecaan koronto ma dhici karto, tamarta oo dhan waa la sii dayn doonaa sida kulaylka. elektrolytka waxaa loo baahan yahay in aan hagaajinno hannaanka wareejinta electron. Inta badan u dhaqmo xal cusbo ama dhalaalisa ee ay tayo leh.

electrodes ayaa u eg saxan bir ama Roobka. At ay bilowga ah ee elektrolytka baxdo farqiga koronto iman kara u dhaxeeya - danab ku circuit furan. anode waxay leedahay u janjeera in ay saameyn ah electrons iyo cathode ah - in ay korsato. On ay dusha reaction kiimikada bilaabo. Waxay by furitaanka silsiladda joojiyay, iyo sidoo kale markii mid ka mid ah reactants ku baabba'saday. Breaking qaadataa meel by saarista mid ka mid ah electrodes ama elektrolytka.

nidaamyada electrochemical Curiska

Ilo hadda oxidants kiimikada waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida cusbada oxygen acid, oxygen, halides, oxides biraha sare xarunta nitroorganic iyo D. Yaraynta wakiilada ku dhex jira biraha iyo oxides ay hoose, hydrogen, iyo xeryahooda hydrocarbon t.. Sida electrolytes loo isticmaalo:

1. xal aqueous of acids, alkali, milix iyo wixii la mid ah. D.
2. xal Nonaqueous la conductivity ra'iyi helay kala diridda cusbo ku milma organic ama ka imanba.
3. cusbo ku dhalaashay.
4. xeryahooda adag la daaqaddii Madbacada qaranka, kuna waari dhexdeeda mid ka mid ah udhigo dhaqaajin karo.
5. electrolytes Matrix. Tani xal ama dhalaalayaa dareere ku yaalaan ah daloolada of a non-jirka tabinta adag - elektronositelya.
6. electrolytes Ion-is-dhaafsiga. Tani waxay xiriir adag la kooxaha go'an Madbacada qaranka ee calaamad ka mid ah. calaamad kale oo Jonah halka mobile. hantida Taas ayaa ka dhigaysa conductivity ee unipolar elektrolytka ah.

batari galvanic

Ilo hadda Chemical ka kooban yihiin unugyada electrochemical - unugyada. Xiisadda in mid ka mid ah unugyada waa yar - ka 0.5 in 4V. Iyadoo ku xiran baahida, JIIDHO isticmaali batari galvanic, oo ka kooban dhowr cunsur serially xiran. Waxaa mararka qaar loo isticmaalaa in isku midka ah ama lug ku taxane-barbar dhowr cunsur. In circuit taxane ah oo had iyo jeer ka mid ah oo kaliya unugyada hoose isku mid ah ama batari. Waa in ay leeyihiin ku soo koobin isku yihiin: Nidaamka electrochemical, design, kala duwanaansho hannaanka iyo inta uu le'eg. Waayo, xidhiidhka ka midka ah waa suurto gal in ay isticmaalaan waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee tirada kala duwan.

Hit soocidda

Ilo Chemical ku kala duwan yihiin:

• size;
• dhismaha;
• reagents;
• Nature reaction energoobrazuyuschey.

xuduudaheedu waa qeexo waxqabadka CCS ku haboon codsi gaar ah.

Qoondaynta unugyada electrochemical ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha mabda 'hawlgalka. Iyada oo ku xidhan astaamahaan, kala saaro:

1. Ilo kiimikada Primary - waxyaabaha la tuuro. Waxay leeyihiin a reagents stock gaar ah, kaas oo la wada baabbi'iyey in falcelinta. Ka dib markii unugyada sida buuxda u lumiya hufnaan. In ka dhacay kale aasaasiga ah waxa loo yaqaan unugyada galvanic. Aamin si fudud u Yeedhayno Gaalada - element ah. Tusaale ahaan ugu fudud ee il awood hoose - "Battery" AA.
2. ilaha loo dabayn karo kiimikada hadda - baytariyada (sidoo kale loo yaqaan sare, ku dhacay karo) waa xubno ka isticmaali karo. Waxaa ag marayay hadda ka circuit dibadda jihada dambe iyada oo batteriga ka dib markii dheecaan ka qaatay reactants buuxa cusboonaadeen mar aruursaday tamarta kiimikada (ee lagu soo oogay). Sababo la xiriira suuragalnimada in amraya ka ah qalab dibadda il hadda joogto ah loo isticmaalo muddo dheer, kolba ku nasto. Geedi socodka ah ee guud ahaan tamarta korontada waxaa loo yaqaan dheecaan accumulator ah. Waxaa ka mid ah baytariyada JIIDHO aaladaha badan oo elektaroonik ah (laptops, telefoonada gacanta iyo N. sidaas on.).
3. Ilo kiimikada kaamerada - qalabka garoomada ka joogto. Inta lagu jiro ay hawlgal jiro socodka joogtada ah ee yaalla cusub ee reagents iyo saarista waxyaabaha dareen-celin.
4. The isku daro (polutoplivnyh) unugyada electrochemical leeyihiin stock ah mid ka mid ah reactants ah. qalab labaad waxa bixisey in ka baxsan. nolosha ka mid ah qalabka ku xiran tahay bixinta reactant ugu horeysay. Ilo kiimiko la isku daray ee hadda korontada waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida batari, haddii ay jiraan waa wax macquul ah ee soo celinta waxay u talin by laga il dibedda marayay hadda.
5. JIIDHO la cusboonaysiin karo mashiin ama kiimikaad ahaan buuxin. Dadkaas iyaga ah, waxaa suurto gal ah si uu u bedelo ka dib markii amar buuxa ku bixisay reagents on qaybo cusub. Taasi waa, ma ay joogaan qalabka joogto ah iyo sidoo kale, sida baytariyada mudo ku maqneen.

sifooyinka JIIDHO

Sifooyinka maamulaha ilahaa awoodeed kiimikada ka mid ah:

1. danab Open circuit (OCV ama danab-rididada a). Heerka Tani ugu horeyn waxay ku xidhan tahay nidaamka electrochemical (isku darka of wakiilka yareeyo, wakiilka oksidheeyeyaal iyo elektrolytka ah). Sidoo kale OCV saamayn fiirsashada elektrolytka, degree of dheecaan, heerkulka iyo kuwa kale. OCV ku xiran tahay qiimaha hadda ku dhex maraya dhufatey.
2. Power.
3. dheecaan hadda The - ku xiran tahay iska caabin dibadda circuit.
4. Capacity - lacagta ugu badan ee korontada siisa ku dhacay markii ay gebi ahaanba laga saaro.
5. content tamarta - tamarta ugu badnaan helay qalab si buuxda.
6. sifooyinka Energy. Waayo, batariyo, waxa ugu horayn waxa loogu balan qaadayo tirada wareegyada kharash-dheecaan aan hoos danab ama kharash awoodda (khayraad).
7. waxqabadka kala duwan heerkulka.
8. waqti Kaydinta - lacagta ugu badan ee u dhexeeya saacadaha soo saaridda iyo qalabka dheecaan ugu horeysay.
9. nolosha Service - kaydinta wadarta ugu badnaan iyo nolosha shaqada. Waayo, shidaalka unugyada waa waqti muhiim u ah adeeg la socod joogto ah go'aysa iyo.
10. tamarta guud samatabbixiyey nolosha adeeg dhan.
11. xoog farsamo si ixtiraam leh in gariirka, lama filaan ah, iyo wixii la mid ah N..
12. In uu ka shaqeyn boos kasta.
13. Halaynta.
14. dayactirka Easy.

Shuruudaha lagu dhuftay

Qorshahaa waxa ka mid ah unugyada electrochemical waa in ay bixiyaan jawi in reaction ugu hufan. Xaaladahaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• ka hortagga baxsiga ee hadda;
• shaqada uniform;
• xoog farsamo (oo ay ku jirto quwad);
• separation of reactants ah;
• xiriirka wanaagsan ee u dhexeeya electrodes iyo elektrolytka;
• dheecaan hadda ka zone falcelinta in wax soo saarka dibadda la khasaaraha ugu yar.

Ilo hadda, kiimikada waa in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha guud ee soo socda:

• qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee beegyada uu u gaar ah;
• kala duwan heerkulka ugu badan ee Oxperts Consultants,
• stress ugu weyn;
• kharashka ugu yar ee unug ka mid ah tamarta,
• danab xasiloonida,
• ka qaadaan ilaalinta;
• ammaanka,
• sahal ah dayactirka, iyo ugu fiican uma baahna, waayo,
• Nolosha adeeg dheer.

Hit Operation

Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee unugyada aasaasiga ah - uma baahna dayactirka kasta. Ka hor inta aadan bilaabin iyaga oo isticmaalaya ku filan si uu u hubiyo ka muuqday, shelf-nolosha. Marka xiran waxaa muhiim ah si ay u dhawraan polarity iyo hubi daacadnimada xiriirada qalabka. Ilo More kiimikada adag - baytariyada, waxay dalbadeen daryeelka aad u daran. Ujeedada hawshoodu - kordhin ugu badan ee nolosha. Daryeelidda batteriga waa:

• dayactirka nadaafadda;
• socodka danab ku circuit furan;
• dayactirka heer elektrolytka, (waayo, buuxiyo biyo oo keliya debeda, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa);
• Control of fiirsashada elektrolytka (via hydrometer - qalab fudud oo lagu qiyaaso mugga dareeraha).

Inta uu hawlgalka socday unugyada electrochemical u baahan tahay in ay u hoggaansamaan shuruudaha la xiriira isticmaalka ammaanka leh ee qalabka korontada.

Qoondaynta ka dhacay nidaamka electrochemical

Noocyada ilo kiimikada hadda, taas oo ku xidhan nidaamka:

• horseedi (acid);
• nickel-cadmium, nickel-birta, nickel-zinc,
• manganese-zinc, copper-zinc, mercury, zinc, zinc-chloride;
• lacag-zinc, iyo lacagta, iyo cadmium,
• air-birta,
• nickel-hydrogen iyo lacag-hydrogen,
• manganese-magnesium,
• lithium iyo t. d.

Isticmaalka casriga ah ee ka dhacay

Ilo hadda, kiimikada Waxaa hadda loo isticmaalo in:

• baabuurta,
• qalabka la qaadi karo;
• technology military iyo meel,
• qalabka sayniska,
• Medicine (pacemakers).

tusaalooyin la yaqaan ee ka dhacay guriga:

• batariyo (unugyada qalalan);
• baytariyada qalabka guriga la qaadi karo iyo qalabka korontada,
• korontada uninterruptible;
• batariyada baabuurta.

Gaar ahaan si weyn loo qaatay ilaha kiimikada lithium oo koronto ah. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in lithium (Li) ayaa cufnaanta ugu sareeya ee tamarta. Xaqiiqada ah in ay ku faantaa xun iman kara koronto oo dhan biraha kale. batariyada lithium-ra'iyi (Lia) ka hor oo dhan qiyamka kale ee CCS iyo tamarta gaarka ah ee danab shaqada. Hadda waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u yaqaaniin gudbikaraa cusub - gaadiidka wadada. In horumarka mustaqbalka sayniska la xidhiidha horumar ah ee batariyada lithium, dhaqaaqi doono dhinaca naqshado ultrathin iyo batariyo culus-waajib weyn.