Hydrogen xabagta, diyaarinta iyo guryaha

The walax ugu muhiimsan oo caadi on dhulkeenna, dabcan, biyo. Maxaa is barbardhigi kartaa la in muhiimadda? Waxaa la og yahay in nolosha on Earth la sameeyey suuragal ah keliya la dhalashada ee dareeraha ah. Sida biyo oo kale waa (xabagta hydrogen), ka dhibic kiimikada ee view? Waa maxay waxa ay ku jirtaa iyo guryaha waa maxay? Isku day inaad si ay u fahmaan this article.

Hydrogen iyo xeryahooda ay

eb ugu fudud oo dhan nidaamka wareegsan - hydrogen. Waxa uu heystaa meel dual, been in koox hoosaadka ee halogens, sidoo kale kooxdii ugu horreysey oo ay Biraha alkali. Maxaa sharaxayaa qaababka kale ah? Its qolof-dhismeedka elektaroonik ah la eb. Waxa uu leeyahay mid ka mid electron oo keliya, kaas oo noqon kara ugu fudud ee fasaxa, oo wuxuu isu soo lifaaq kale, la xirrira labo ka mid ah, iyo buuxinta daaha dibadda.

Taasi waa sababta ugu weyn oo keliya heerka uu qayilo qaybaha 1 iyo -1. Waxaa si fudud u sameynayso la Biraha la xirrira hydrides - involatile xarunta cusbo-sida adag ee midabka cad.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee sidoo kale si fudud u abuuraa taagoo hydrogen iyo walxaha kacsan lalana xiriiro nonmetals. Tusaale ahaan:

• hydrogen tayadda H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane SiH ₄ iyo kuwo kale.

Guud ahaan, hydrogen xeryahooda abuuraa ku filan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, walax ugu muhiimsan, taas waxaa ka mid ah, waa xabagta hydrogen kuwaas oo formula waa H ₂ O. Tani waa xarunta loo yaqaan kaas oo aqoonsan formula xataa ardayga dugsiga hoose, weli ma yaqaanaan chemistry ah. Ka dib markii biyo (kanna waa xabagta ugu sareeya ee hydrogen) - ma aha oo kaliya walax caadiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale isha nolosha on dhulkeenna.

Magaca aad u of element ka tarjumayaa ay nuxurka weyn ee - hydrogen, ie "dhalmada in ay biyo." Like xabagta kasta oo kale, firfircoon sidoo kale waa xarunta ah binary isagoo tiro ka mid ah guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jira sifooyin gaar ah oo la kala saaro biyaha ka dhan ah xarumaha kale.

fasalka kale oo muhiim ah oo xeryahooda taas oo samaysa hydrogen yihiin acids, labada organic iyo macdanta.

guryaha Chemical ah hydrogen

Marka laga eego dhnaca ee falcelin, hydrogen - Wakiilka yaraynta ku filan oo xoog leh. In reactions badan waxa uu muujinayaa guryaha oo kaliya sida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, is dhexgalka la biraha kale xoog, waxa uu noqonayaa mid oxidant.

Aad u muhiim ah in industry waa falcelinta ee hydrogen la oxides biraha. Waa mid ka mid Jidka helitaanka ugu dambeeyay qaab daahir ah. Vodorodotermiya - hab qodniinka- waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee oxides biraha saafi by yareynta la hydrogen.

falcelinta la xabagta hydrogen uu leeyahay qaab guud ee soo socda: Me _x O _y + H ₂ = H ₂ O Me +.

Dabcan, tani ma aha habka kaliya ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee biraha saafi ah. Waxaa jira kuwo kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hoos u hydrogen ee oxides - habka wax soo saarka ku filan energetically wanaagsan oo fudud kaas oo uu ka helay codsi ballaaran.

Sidoo kale xiiso leh waa muujinta ah in marka la hawada isku qasan, gaaska hydrogen sameysmi karaa isku dar ah waxyaabaha qarxa si xoog leh. Its magiciisana waxaa la qarxiyeen gaaska. Ujeedada this, qodan waa in la sameeyaa heerka of laba muda ah hydrogen in mid ka mid ah oksijiinta.

Biyaha - xabagta hydrogen

Xaqiiqada ah in xabagta waa mid aad u muhiim ah, waxaan hore u soo sheegnay dhowr jeer. Haddaba, aynu u sifaha eego chemistry. Ma xarunta this iska leh class this of walxaha imanba?

Si arrintan loo sameeyo, isku day in aad qori a formula kala duwan yar: H ₂ O = HOH. line hoose waa isku mid sida tirada atamka ee hore, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa hadda cad in aan wajahno hydroxide ah. Waa maxay guryaha waa in ay leeyihiin? Tixgeli dissociation xeryahooda:

HOH = H ⁺ + OH ^-.

Sidaas awgeed, ku sifooyinka acidic ah, maxaa yeelay, hydrogen xaadirka ah in xalka siifilisku ah. Ka sokow ugu weyn ee ay la ma abuuri karaa oo kaliya ka dib markii biraha alkali.

Sidaa darteed, waa magac kale oo ah in uu leeyahay xabagta hydrogen - oxyacid Halabuurka mid aad u fudud. Marka dabeecad sida dunta adag ee Britain ayaa la siiyo, sidaas awgeed, hantida noqon doonaa gaarka ah. Iyo guryaha waxaa ku eeliyey ka dhismeedka of Britain ee, sidaas darteed waa iyo kala dhig.

Dhismaha Britain biyaha

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee model this u maleeyeen Niels Bohr, oo wuxuu iska leh ee horyaalka oo qoray ee arrintan. Waxay la dhigay sifooyinka soo socda.

1. Britain ayaa biyo The - Dipole ah, tan iyo xubno gudahood dhismeedkooda aad bay u kala duwan yihiin macno electronegativity.
2. Its qaab waa saddex xagal, salka - hydrogen, iyo hogaanka - oxygen ah.
3. Sababo la-dhismeedka this, walaxda oo awood u sameynta bonds hydrogen sida dhexeeya taagoo isla, iyo xarumaha kale ee haysta halabuurka ah si xoog leh element electronegative.

View sida hydrogen viewed schematically muuqataa xabagta, la hoos ku sawiran karaa.

guryaha jirka ah ee xabagta hydrogen

qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada aasaasiga ah sifo lagu tilmaami Karin.

1. Foomka: gaseous - uumiga, dareere, adke - barafka, baraf.
2. dhibic karkaraya - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. barta barafku - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Biyaha ihin karaa marka kululeeyo ee kala duwan heerkulka of 0-4 ⁰ C. Tani waxay ku sharxayaa formation of barafka dushiisa, taas oo uu leeyahay cufnaanta hoose iyo ilaalinta nolosha ka yar lakabka ah ee xabagta hydrogen.
5. Qiimaha sare ee awoodda kulaylka, conductivity kaamerada si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad u yar.
6. In ka soo bandhigaa xabagta hydrogen ku nafwaayay gobolka dareere ah.
7. hantida A gaar ah waxaa loo yeedhi karaa xiisadda dusha iyo formation of awood u xun korontada dushiisa.

Sida aynu kor ku xusan, gaar ahaan guryaha ku xiran tahay qaab-dhismeedka. Sidaas halkan waa. Awoodda si ay u sameeyaan bonds hydrogen keentay in muuqaalada mid ah xarunta.

xabagta hydrogen: Guryaha Chemical

Eegaysana ee kimistari, waxqabad biyaha waa heer sare ah oo ku filan. Gaar ahaan marka ay timaado falcelin ku weheliyay kululaynta. Waa maxay awood ficil hydrogen xabagta?

1. Iyadoo Biraha ku jira voltages isku xigta si ay u hydrogen ah. Sayidka ugu firfircoon (Al) ma u baahan tahay xaaladaha gaarka ah, oo waxaad leedihiin xoog hoose yaraynta in fal la uumi kaliya. Kuwa, ka dib markii hydrogen, ma awoodaan inay sameeyaan isdhexgal sida.
2. Iyada oo aan biraha. Ma aha oo dhan, laakiin intooda badan. Tusaale ahaan, in jawi olol baa wax gubaya buluug biyo fluorine. Sidoo kale, falcelinta noqon kartaa chlorine, carbon, Silicon iyo atamka kale.
3. Iyada oo oxides biraha (asaasiga ah) iyo acid (nonmetals). Ma la sameeyay, siday u kala horreeyaan, alkalis iyo acids. Ka mid ah biraha ee reactions sida wakiilada oo awood u leh labada koox ee ugu weyn ee kooxaha, beryllium iyo magnesium mooyee. Non-Biraha in ay u sameeyaan oxides acidic fal oo dhan biyo. marka laga reebo waa ciid webiga - SiO _2.

reactions isla'egta xabagta hydrogen tusaale, sida soo socota: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

Dhab ahaan baan u helay in walaxda - ugu badan ee adduunka. Yeero content boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ka.

1. About 70% oo miisaankiisu mid ah jirka insaanka iyo nuujiya. Qaar ka mid ah xabagta dubato ka kooban hydrogen ku saabsan 98% (xayawaan badeed).
2. 71% ka mid ah dhulka oo dhan qariyeen by biyo.
3. miisaanka ugu badan ee biyaha badaha.
4. About 2% ku jira glaciers.
5. 0,63% waa mid isku urursan ee dhulka.
6. 0,001% ka jawiga (ceeryaan).
7. jirka warshad uu ka kooban yahay 50% biyaha, noocyada qaar ka mid ah xitaa ka sii badan.
8. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah xeryahooda ka helay qaab crystalline ka kooban biyo xidhxidhan.

Continue liiska wuxuu noqon karaa waqti dheer, maxaa yeelay, way adag tahay in la xasuusto wax, qayb ka mid ah oo aan ka mid ah oo biyo ah ama marka ay wax kuma jirto. Ama sameeyay iyada oo aan ku lug of xabagta ku.

Hababka diyaarinta

Diyaarinta qiimaha warshadaha laha xabagta hydrogen. Ka dib oo dhan, si fudud loo isticmaali ilo diyaar-dhigay - Wabiyaal, harooyinka iyo hay'adaha kale ee biyo badan si ay u qaataan tiro aad u badan oo ah tamar iyo kiimikada. Sidaa darteed, in shaybaarka waa ku haboon oo kaliya si aad u hesho arimaha debeda, biyo aalladda saafi ah.

Ujeeddooyinkan, isticmaali apparatuses gaar ah sida sawiro. biyo noocan oo kale ah waxaa looga baahan yahay reactions badan oo kiimikada, tan iyo cayriin ku jira xaddi badan oo nijaasta ahaa, cusbada, udhigo.

Doorka noolaha

Si aad u odhan biyo la meel walba loo isticmaalo, ma aha in la yidhaahdo wax. Waa la malaysan in la qiyaaso nolosha aan xiriir this. Laga soo bilaabo aroortii ilaa waqti dambe habeenkii dadka si joogto ah u isticmaalaya labadaba in ujeedooyin guryaha iyo warshadaha.

Sifooyinka xabagta hydrogen ku lug isticmaalka waxa ka mid ah sida dareeraha ah universal. Iyagoo keliya ma aha ee shaybaarka. Laakiin sidoo kale in xayawaankii, meel walba labaad kun meesha reactions lagmamaarmaanna.

Sidoo kale, biyo laftiisa waa ka qayb syntheses badan, waxa kale oo u adeegta sida a by-saarka keentay iyaga ka. Qof kasta ee adduun ee muddo 60 sano ah, maraa laftiisa iyada oo ku saabsan 50 tan oo wax this la yaab leh!

hydrogen Oxide waxaa loo isticmaalaa:

• in dhammaan warshadaha;
• daawo,
• Avv kiimikada,
• in dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee warshadaha;
• daruuriyaadka reerkiisii wato;
• beeraha.

Way adag tahay si loo ogaado meesha of nolosha, taas oo ka mid ah ku noolaan karaan oo aan biyo lahayn. Kaliya nool dadkuba lahayn xabagta hydrogen in ay ka kooban oo ku nool, iyada oo, waa fayrusyada. Taasi waa sababta nin ay adag tahay in la noolaha qabtaan.