Waa maxay arsenic? Features, guryaha iyo codsiyada

Arsenic - group nitrogen element kiimikada (15 Group of miiska wareegsan). Tani luster macdan cirro walax jilic (α-arsenic) la daaqaddii crystal rhombohedral. Marka kululeeyo 600 ° C Sida sublimates. Marka qaboojinta, ciiryaamo, badalaada cusub - arsenic Yellow. Kor 270 ° C. dhan Sida u guurayso arsenic madow.

History of daahfurka

Xaqiiqada ah in arsenic this waxaa dheer yaqaan ka hor aqoonsiga xubno ka kiimikada ay. c The IV. BC. e. Aristotle hadlay shay loo yaqaan "sandarak", kaas oo haatan la rumeysan yahay inay leeyihiin realgar jirtay, ama tayadda arsenic. Oo BC waxaan qarnigii. e. Pliniy Starshy iyo qorayaasha Pedany Dioscoride tilmaamay auripigment - dheeh Sida ₂ S _3. In XI ee. n. e. khilaafeen saddex noocyo "arsenic" cad (As ₄ O _6), jaalle ah (Sida ₂ S _3), iyo kuwo gaduud ah (Sida ₄ S _4). item laftiisa laga yaabaa in markii ugu horaysay la go'doonsan ee XIII qarniga, Albert weyn, kuwaas oo xusay muuqaalka kore ee walax bir-sida marka ARS, sidoo kale loo yaqaan As ₂ S ₃ waxaa kululeeyo saabuun iyo biyo. Laakiin kalsoonida ee xaqiiqda ah in cilmiga dabiiciga ahaa arsenic saafi ah, ma. The caddayn marka hore dhabta ah ee qoondaynta of saafi element kiimikada waxaa ku taariikhaysan 1649. farmashiistaha Jarmal Iogann Shreder diyaariyey arsenic, waxaa kulaylinta ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen carbon monoxide. Later Nicolas Lemery, dhakhtarka Faransiis iyo farmashiyaha arkay formation of element this kiimikada by kulaylinta isku dar ah ee xabagta ah, iyo saabuunta potash. By bilowgii qarnigii XVIII, arsenic hore loo yaqaan a semi-birta gaar ah.

baahsanaanta

qolof iyo dhulka ayaa fiirsashada arsenic hooseeyo ahaa 1.5 ppm. Waxay dhacdaa in ciidda iyo macdan iyo laga yaabaa in hawada, biyaha oo ciidda ay sabab u tahay dabaysha iyo nabaadguurka biyaha. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, element ah gala jawiga oo laga helay ilo kale. Sidaas darteed of buureedyada hawada la sii daayay oo ku saabsan 3 kun. Arsenic T sannadkii, sheyga u sameeyaan ilaa 20 kun. T metilarsina kacsan sano ah, iyo iyada oo sababtu tahay gubanaya duidu waa in isla muddadaas loo qoondeeyey 80 kun. T.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in Sida ugu - sun dilaa ah, waa qayb muhiim ah oo awood u xoolaha qaar ka mid ah oo suurto gal ah aadanaha, inkasta oo qiyaasta loo baahan yahay in aanay ka badan 0.01 mg / maalintiiba.

Arsenic waa mid aad u adag tahay in la turjumo galaan xaalad ah biyo-L ama kacsan. Xaqiiqada ah in ay tahay arrin gacanta, macnaheedu waa in fiirsashada badan oo ah walaxda hal meel kasta oo aan soo muuqan karo. Dhinaca mid, kanu waa mid wanaagsan, laakiin dhinaca kale ah - istareexsan wixii ay u faafto, waa sababta in faddarayn arsenic ka yahay dhibaato wayn. Sababo la xiriira hawlaha aadanaha, badanaa macdanta iyo xaabo, hijroota element kiimikada sida caadiga ah Immobile, oo haatan waxaa laga heli karaa oo keliya ma aha in meelaha ay fiirsashada dabiiciga ah.

Inta ay arsenic ee qolof waa qiyaastii 5 g per ton. In meel, waxa lagu qiyaasay sida fiirsashada of 4 atamka halkii milyan atamka Silicon. element Tani waxaa si balaadhan loo qaybiyey. qadar yar oo jooga gobolka hooyo. Caadi ahaan, formation of 90-98% arsenic khayroon daahirnimo wada dhacaan biraha sida midabyo iyo lacag. Inta badan waxaa ka mid ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa qayb ka mid ah in ka badan 150 macdan kala duwan - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides iyo arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS waa mid ka mid ah ugu badan macdanta As-sita. xarumaha kale ee caadiga ah arsenic - macdanta realgar Sida ₄ S _4, auripigment Sida ₂ S _3, FeAs loellingite iyo enargite ₂ CU ₃ dameer _4. Sidoo kale xabagta caadi arsenic. Inta badan wax this waa byproduct ah dikhaw oo naxaas ah, lead, Cobalt, iyo senti dahab.

In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira oo kaliya hal isotope xasiloon arsenic - ⁷⁵ Sida. Ka mid ah isotopes radioactive macmal ah la sii daayay ⁷⁶ Sida c bar-nolosha ee 26.4 saacadood. Arsenic-72, -74 -76 iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in Baadhista caafimaad.

wax soo saarka warshadaha iyo isticmaalka

arsenopyrite arsenic Birta diyaariyeen kululaynta si 650-700 ° C oo aan heli hawada. Haddii arsenopyrite iyo biraha kale senti kululeeyo la oxygen, Sida si fudud uga jawaabo la qaab xarunta dhaba sublimes Sida ₄ O _6, sidoo kale loo yaqaan "arsenic cad". uumi xabagta ayaa la soo ururiyay oo aruurshey, oo markii danbe dib-u-daahiriyeen by sublimation. Inta badan sida saaray yareynta carbon of arsenic cad sidaas helay.

isticmaalka World of arsenic macdan xad waa yar yahay - oo kaliya dhowr boqol oo tons sannadkii. Inta badan waxa wada baabbe'een, ka timaada Sweden. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in metallurgy sababta oo ah guryaha ay metalloid. About 1% arsenic ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda of shot hogaanka, sida ay hagaajinaysaa roundness oo ka mid ah dhibco la shubay. The sifooyinka daawaha dhalista ku salaysan hogaanka ayaa labadaba hagaagtay sifooyinka kaamerada iyo farsamo ah marka ay ku jiraan 3% of arsenic. Joogitaanka tiro yar oo element kiimikada ee Alloys hogaanka iyaga dabeecadahooda loogu isticmaalo baytariyada iyo hub cable ka. nijaasta Small waa arsenic iska caabin ah daxalka kordhay iyo guryaha kaamerada of copper iyo naxaas. kiimikada saafiga ahayd aasaaska Sida naxaas ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsanaya blaastiigga iyo pyrotechnics. Aadka arsenic helaa codsiga in technology Semiconductor, halkaasoo loo adeegsaday la Silicon iyo germanium, iyo sidoo kale qaab arsenide gallium (Gaas) ee dioska-, laser oo transistors.

Sida xeryahooda

Tan iyo valence arsenic waa 3 iyo 5, iyo waxa ay leedahay dhowr dalalka qayilo ka -3 si +5, element waxa ay dhisan karaan noocyada kala duwan ee xeryahooda. muhiimadda ganacsiga ayaa ay ugu muhiimsan oxides, aasaasiga ah noocyada kuwaas oo ₄ O _6, Sida iyo Sida ₂ O _5. xabagta Arsenous, guud ahaan loo yaqaan arsenic cad, - byproduct a galidda senti oo naxaas ah, hogaanka iyo qaar ka mid ah macdanaha kale, iyo sidoo kale senti tayadda iyo arsenopyrite. Isagu waa wax laga bilaabo in inta badan oo ka mid ah xarumaha kale ee. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in sunta cayayaanka, isticmaali decolorizing wakiilka in soo saaridda ee dhalooyinka iyo preservative for maqaar. pentoxide arsenic waxaa la aasaasay markii loo feydo oxidant ah (tus, nitric acid) si arsenic cad. Waa qayb ugu weyn ee cayayaanka, doogga iyo koolo ee biraha.

Arsine (Ash _3), gaaska Biyuhu sun ah oo ka kooban hydrogen iyo arsenic, - waa shay kale oo loo yaqaan. walaxda, sidoo kale loo yaqaan hydrogen arsenical waxaa loo diyaariyey by hydrolysis of arsenides bir, iyo soo kabashada biraha ka xeryahooda arsenic in xal acid. Waxa uu helay codsiga sida dopant ah ee semiconductors iyo gaas sun ah ciidamada. In beeraha, muhiimadda ugu weyn arsenic acid (H ₃ Aso _4), arsenate hogaanka (PbHAsO ₄₎ iyo arsenate calcium [Ca ₃ (Aso _{4) 2],} kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo si nadiifin gacanta ciidda iyo cayayaan ah.

element kiimikada la xirrira hannaanka ah xeryahooda organic - arsenic. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} As-As _{(CH3) 2,} tusaale ahaan, loo isticmaalo diyaarinta desiccant loo (wakiilka qalajiyo) a - cacodylic acid. xarunta organic Complex ee element ah loo isticmaalo sida dabadhiig qaba amoebic ay keento sheyga ee daaweynta ee cudurada qaarkood.

guryaha jirka

waa maxay arsenic marka la eego hantida jirka? In ay gobolka ugu nabdoon, waa birta adag midab jilic cirradayda conductivity kaamerada iyo korontada ku yar yahay. Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah Sida yihiin bir-sida, shaqo uu si non-birta - soocista badan oo sax ah ee arsenic. Waxaa jira noocyada kale ee arsenic, laakiin waxa ay si aad u wanaagsan oo aan bartay, foomka metastable gaar ahaan huruud ah, oo ka kooban taagoo Sida _4, sida fosfooraska caddaan P _4. sublimes arsenic at 613 ° C, iyo sida uumiga ah oo ku jira sida taagoo Sida _4, kuwaas oo aan beri in ay heerkul ah oo ku saabsan 800 ° C. dissociation oo dhamaystiran u taagoo on Sida ₂ ka dhici 1700 ° C.

Qaab dhismeedka Atoomikada iyo awooddiisa ah inuu abuuro bonds

formula arsenic Electronic - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3 ² 3p ⁶ 3D ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ^{3 -} sida nitrogen iyo fosfooraska in uu leeyahay shan electrons in qolof ah barxadda dibadda, laakiin waxaa ka duwan yahay iyaga ka ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen 18 electrons in qolof ceshadka halkii laba ama sideed. Intaa waxaa dheer ee 10 eedeeyay wanaagsan ee xudunta u ah inta lagu guda jiro buuxinta shan 3D-orbitals inta badan sababa hoos u dhac guud ee daruur electron iyo xubno electronegativity sii kordhaya. Arsenic ee miiska wareegsan loo kooxaha kale, taas oo si cad u muujiyaan sida hannaankii this marka la barbar dhigo karo. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa laysla ogol yahay in zinc waa ka electronegative badan magnesium iyo gallium - badan aluminium. Hase yeeshee, in ay kooxdu soo socda, farqiga this hoos u, iyo dad badan oo aadan kula raacsaneyn xaqiiqda ah in electronegativity Germany ee Silicon, inkastoo badnaa ee caddayn kiimikada. Tani guurka ka 8- in xuub 18-cell ka fosfooraska in arsenic kordhin kartaa electronegativity ah, laakiin waxa ay weli muranka.

Sida la mid ah qolof dibadda iyo P muujinaysaa in ay abuuri karaan saddex bonds covalent per la eb in joogitaanka labada nin electron furan dheeraad. Sidaas daraaddeed qayilo waa in uu +3 ama -3, taas oo ku xidhan electronegativity ee labada dhinac qaraabo. Dhismaha arsenic sidoo kale soo jeedinaya suurtagalnimada isticmaalka dibadda d-orbitals for ballaarinta octet ah oo kuu ogolaanaya in element ah si ay u sameeyaan a 5 xiriirka. Waxaa la ogaaday in kaliya falcelinta la fluorine. Joogitaanka labo ka mid electron lacag la'aan ah formation of xeryahooda adag (via deeq electron) Sida la eb muuqataa uga yar yahay ee fosfooraska, iyo nitrogen.

Arsenic waa mid deggan hawada qalalan laakiin qoyan daboolay xabagta madow. uumi ay si fudud combusted foomka Sida ₂ O _3. Waa maxay arsenic ee gobolka free? Waxaa la ficil ahaan ma bandhigi biyaha, alkalis iyo acids non-oksidheeyeyaal ah, laakiin waxaa la oxidized la nitric acid gobolka +5. Tan iyo arsenic fal halogens, baaruud, iyo biraha badan u sameeyaan arsenides.

chemistry gorfaynta

maalka waxaa lagu ogaan karaa tayo arsenic sida orpiment jaale precipitates hoos tallaabada of 25% xal acid Hydrochloric. Raad Sida, sida caadiga ah lagu go'aamiyaa ay beddelidda, si ay arsine, kaas oo lagu ogaan karaa by tijaabo March. Arsine waxaa thermally giirte si ay u sameeyaan muraayad madow ee arsenic gudahood tuubada dhuuban. By habka Gutzeit baaritaan cufay la chloride mercury hoos tallaabada of arsine madoobaan ay sabab u tahay roobab of mercury.

sifooyinka shiidka arsenic

sumoobo cell iyo taagayo ay si balaadhan waa kala duwan tahay gudahood tiro balaadhan, ka arsine aad u sun iyo taagayo organic in ay si fudud u As, taas oo ah xad inert. Taasi waa arsenic, ayaa sheegay in isticmaalka xeryahooda organic ay sida wakiilada dagaal kiimiko (liwisaytka) iyo wakiilka fin defoliant ( "buluug ah wakiilka" ku salaysan isku dar ah aqueous of 5% cacodylic acid, 26% sodium cusbo oo dhanba).

Guud ahaan, taagayo ee element this kiimikada cuncun maqaarka iyo ka dhigi dermatitis. Sidoo kale lagu talinayaa in laga ilaaliyo neefsashada ciidda arsenic-ka kooban, laakiin sumowga ugu dhacaa marka daama. fiirsashada ugu badnaan la ogolaan karo ee As ciidda maalintii siddeed saac waa 0.5 mg / m ^3. Waayo, dose arsine waa la dhimay si 0.05 qaybo halkii milyan. Ka sokow isticmaalka ka xeryahooda ee element ah kiimikada sida doogga iyo cayayaanka, codsiga arsenic ee Farmashiiste koreen oo salvarsan - horeysay daroogada guul ka dhanka ah syphilis.

Saameynta caafimaadka

Arsenic waa mid ka mid ah Xubnihii ugu sun ah. xeryahooda ka imanba ee kiimikada dabiici ah looga helo tiro yar. Users laga yaabaa in loo soo bandhigin arsenic cuntada, biyaha iyo hawada. gaadhista ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inuu dhaco dul xiriir maqaarka ciid ama biyo wasakhaysan.

content arsenic waa wax yar cuntooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka ay Kalluunka iyo xayawaanka qolofleyda noqon kartaa mid aad u sarreeya, tan iyo markii ay u nuugo element kiimikada firfircoon oo biyo ah, taas oo ay ku nool yihiin. Xaddi weyn oo arsenic imanba ee kalluunka waxaa laga yaabaa in halis ku ah caafimaadka aadanaha.

Saamaynta walxaha sidoo kale waxaa waajib ah in dadka aan la shaqeeyo, ku nool yihiin guryo dhisay oo qoryo loola dhaqmo iyaga la, iyo dhulka beeraha, taas oo hore loo adeegsaday sunta cayayaanka.

arsenic imanba keeni kartaa waxyeelo caafimaad oo kala duwan sida xasaasiyad ka mid ah caloosha iyo mindhicirrada, hoos u wax soo saarka unugyada dhiigga cas iyo caddaan, isbedel maqaarka, sambabka iyo cuncun. Waxaa la malaysan in nuugista ee qadar weyn oo ah walaxda this kordhin kartaa fursadaha kansarka, gaar ahaan kansarka maqaarka, sambabka, beerka iyo nidaamka durey.

uruureen aad u sarreeya oo arsenic imanba yihiin Jidka dhalmo la'aan iyo dhicinta dumarka, dermatitis, hoos caabiga cudurada, dhibaatooyin wadnaha iyo dhaawac maskaxeed. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, element this kiimikada awoodaa dhaawac DNA.

Dilaaga dose arsenic cad waa 100 mg.

xarunta organic ee element ah ama kansarka, ama dhaawici code hidaha ma keenaan, laakiin qaadasho sare oo keeni karta dhibaato ku ah caafimaadka dadka, sida ay u keeni xanuunada habdhiska ama xanuun caloosha.

Sida guryaha

kiimikada aasaasiga ah iyo guryaha jirka ah ee arsenic soo socda:

• tirada Atoomikada - 33.
• miisaanka Atoomikada - 74,9216.
• barta barafku caaryada cawl - 814 ° C at cadaadis ah 36 atmospheres.
• Mugga caaryada cawl - 5,73 g / cm ³ at 14 ° C.
• cufnaanta ee foomka jaalaha ah - 2,03 g / cm ³ at 18 ° C.
• formula arsenic Electronic - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 3D ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p _^3.
• gobolka qayilo - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency of arsenic - 3, 5.