Helium: guryaha, astaamaha, codsiga

Helium - gaaska inert ee group 18 of miiska wareegsan. Tani waa element labaad daaraysaa ka dib markii hydrogen. Helium - gaaska aan midabka, urka iyo dhadhanka oo uu noqdo dareere ah heerkulka a of -268,9 ° C. dhibic karaya iyo barta lagu keydsho ka hooseeya in walax kale oo la garanayo kasta. Waa element kaliya in uusan xoojiyaan la qaboojinta cadaadiska Hawada caadi ah. Waxa uu u guuray gobolka adag waa in ay ahaadaan 25 atmospheres, heerkulka a of 1 K.

History of daahfurka

Helium helay jawi gaaska ku xeeran qorraxda, astronomer Faransiiska Pierre Zhansenom in 1868 inta lagu jiro madoobaad ah ayaa ka helay line dhalaalaya huruud ah in spectrum ee chromosphere qoraxda. Markii hore waxaa loo maleeyey in line this ka dhigan sodium element ah. Isla sanadkaas, astronomer Ingiriisi Dzhozef Norman Lockyer arkay line jaale spectrum qoraxda, taas oo ma u dhigma khadadka sodium loo yaqaan D ₁ iyo _{2 D,} oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa waxaa loo magacaabay line D _3. Lockyer soo gabagabeeyey in uu sababay walax in aan la garanayn Sun on Earth. Isaga iyo farmashiyaha Edward Frankland in element horyaalka isticmaalaya magaca Greek 'Heliopolis' The Sun.

In 1895, farmashiyaha British Sir Uilyam Ramzay ayaa cadeeyay jiritaanka helium on Earth. Waxa uu helay macdanta uranium-sita cleveite muunad, iyo ka dib baadhaya gaasas sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro kulaylinta, waxaa la helay in line dhalaalaya huruud ah in spectrum soo beegantay iyadoo line D _3, lagu arkay spectrum qoraxda. Sayidka, element cusub ayaa waxaa ugu dambeyntii ku rakiban. In 1903 Ramsay oo Frederick Soddy ogaaday in helium waa wax soo saarka ee bololka ee isxilqaamay ee walxaha shucaaca.

Qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

mass ee helium wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 23% of mass guud ee caalamka, iyo qeybaha labaad ee ugu badan ee meel bannaan. Waxaa ku urursan xiddigaha, halkaas oo hydrogen waxaa la aasaasay ka isuga ka dhalanaya. Inkastoo helium ee jawiga waa in uruuray of 1 qayb ilaa 200 th. (5 ppm) iyo waxa ku jira xaddi yar oo ah macdanta shucaaca, qanjirka meteorite, iyo sidoo kale ilaha macdanta, xaddi badan oo element ka helay United States (gaar ahaan Texas, New Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, iyo Arizona) sida qayb (in 7.6%) ee gaaska dabiiciga ah. Yaryar iyo kuwa kaydka ah ayaa laga helay Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar iyo Russia. In fiirsashada helium qolof ah waa kaliya oo ku saabsan 8 PPB.

isotopes

muhimka ah ee mid kasta oo la eb helium ku jira laba protons, laakiin, sida xubno kale, waxa ay leedahay isotopes. Waxay ka kooban oo ka mid ah lix neutrons, sidaas darteed tirada ay mass min saddex ilaa sideed. Xasilloon oo ka mid ah ay yihiin xubno ka ah oo miisaankiisu waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa helium tirada qaaradda 3 ⁽³ Wuxuu) iyo 4 ⁽⁴ Isagu). All kale shucaac ah iyo si degdeg ah qudhun galay walxaha kale. Earth ee helium ma aha qayb ka mid ah asalka ah ee caalamka, waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo ay sabab u suuska shucaaca. Qurub Alpha timaada by nuclei walxaha culus shucaaca waxaa isotope ⁴ xuduntii Wuxuu. Helium ma ku ururto u tiro badan in jawiga, maxaa yeelay, Earth ee cuf ahi kuma filla in looga hortago ka soo taraysa u dusaya meel. Raad ³ Wuxuu dunida waxaa lagu sharaxay hydrogen suuska beta negative dhif 3-element (tritium). ⁴ Isagu waa ugu badan ee isotopes deggan: ⁴ ratio of Wuxuu atamka xagga ³ wuxuu ku saabsan 700 kun 1 jawiga iyo 7 million by 1 in qaar ka mid ah macdanta helium-hodanka ah waa ..

The guryaha jirka ah ee helium

dhibic karaya oo barafku of this item waa hooseeya. Sababtan awgeed, helium jira sida gaas marka laga reebo xaalado aad u adag. Wuxuu gaaska waa kala diri biyo yar oo ay of gaaska kasta oo kale, iyo heerka of sida- jidhka adag waxaa saddex jeer ka weyn yahay kii hawada. Its index Refractive ee ugu dhow ku dhowaado 1.

conductivity kaamerada The of helium waa labaad oo kaliya in ay hydrogen conductivity kaamerada, kulaylka gaar ah iyo caadi ahayn sare. At heerkulka caadiga ah waa kuleelka inta lagu guda jiro ballaarinta, oo hoos 40 K - qaboojiyey. Sidaa darteed, at T <40 K helium waxaa loo roggi karaa dareere ah by ballaariyo.

Cunsurka waa insulator ah, haddii ma aha ee gobolka ionized. Sida gaasas kale oo sharaf leh, helium leedahay heerar tamar metastable oo u oggolaan in la ionized by dheecaan koronto markii danab a waa hoos iman kara ionization ah.

Helium-4 waa mid gaar ah in uu leeyahay laba nooc oo dareere ah. Sida caadiga ah loo yaqaan I helium oo jira marka heerkulku min dhibic karaya of 4.21 K ah (-268,9 ° C) oo ku saabsan 2,18 K (-271 ° C). conductivity Hoose kaamerada of 2,18 K ⁴ Wuxuu noqonayaa 1000 jeer ka weyn yahay kii copper. Foomkan waxaa loo yaqaan helium II, si ay u kala soocaan ka caadiga ah. Waxaa superfluid: nafwaayay waa sidaa u hooseeya in aan la qiyaasi karin. Helium II fidaa filim khafiif ah oo korka ka mid ah wax kasta oo ka walwalsan, iyo filimka waxaa loo dal aan khilaaf xataa ka dhanka ah cuf.

In ka yar badan helium-3 foomamka saddex marxaladood oo kala duwan oo dareere ah, laba ka mid ah kuwaas oo superfluid. Superfluidity in ⁴ Wuxuu la ogaaday by jirka ah Soviet Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey ee bartamihii 1930-, iyo ifafaale la mid ah ³ wuxuu markii ugu horaysay la ogaaday by Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, iyo Robert C. Richardson ee Maraykanka sanadkii 1972.

isku dar A dareeraha ah laba isotopes of helium-3 iyo -4 marka heerkulku hoos 0.8 K (-272.4 ° C) waxa loo kala qaybiyaa labo lakab - an muhiimad saafi ah ³ Isaga iyo ^{4 Oo} wuxuu isku dar ah oo leh 6% of helium-3. KALA DIRIDDA ³ Oo ⁴ Waxa uu weheliyay saamaynta qaboojinta taas oo loo isticmaalayo in dhismayaasha cryostat taas oo heerkulka helium hoose 0.01 K waa (-273,14 ° C) iyo loo dayactiro muddo dhowr maalmood.

xiriir

Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, helium waa kiimikaad inert. In xad-dhaaf ah abuuri kara element xarunta a in tilmaamayaasha caadi heerkulka iyo cadaadiska ma tahay mid deggan. Tusaale ahaan, helium sameysmi karaa xeryahooda la iodine, tungsten, fluorine, fosfooraska, iyo baaruud, marka sakhiray in dheecaan ah uu yahey korontada ama duqayn electron ee gobolka plasma ah. Oo sidaas ha loo abuuray HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ iyo udhigo kelli Wuxuu ₂ ⁺ ₂ Aan ^++, HeH ⁺ iyo ^{+ HeD.} Farsamadan ayaa sidoo kale Britain ayaa dhexdhexaad ah Waxa uu ₂ iyo HgHe.

plasma

In caalamka advantageously qaybiyey helium ionized, kuwaas oo guryaha kala duwan ku ool ah ka kelli ah. The electrons iyo protons lama lala, iyo waxa ay leedahay conductivity aad u dheer korontada xataa in xaalad qayb ionized. On qayb eedeeyay si weyn u saameeyay beeraha magnetic iyo korontada. Tusaale ahaan, dabaysha qoraxda la udhigo helium ula falgalaan dhulka magnetosphere hydrogen ionized, ee keenaya Borealis aurora.

helitaanka kayd ee Maraykanka

Ka dib markii qodista ee 1903 ee Dexter, Kansas, waxaa la helay gaaska aan ololi kara. Markii hore, ma waxaa loo yaqaan in uu ka kooban helium. Waa kuwee gaaska laga helay, gobolka aqoonsaday Erasmus Haworth geologist, ayaa ururiyey baarka iyo jaamacadda Kansas via farmashiye Kedi Gamiltona iyo David McFarland ogaaday in waxa ku jira 72% nitrogen, 15% methane, 1% hydrogen iyo 12% aan la aqoonsaday. Ka dib faqri falanqaynta xiga, cilmi ogaaday in 1.84% ee tijaabada ah helium. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan ogahay in element this kiimikada joogo in tiro badan ee guntiisa ku Babacyada Great, halkaas oo lagu soo bixiyay karaa gaaska dabiiciga ah.

wax soo saarka warshadaha

Tani ayaa Mareykanka soo saarka adduunka ee hogaamiyaha helium. At soo jeedinaya by Sir Richard Threlfall, Navy Maraykanka maal saddex warshad pilot yar si loo soo saaro walax this inta lagu jiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka si loo hubiyo in buufinta daba jog ah gaaska khafiifa qaadista non-ololi kara. Sida laga soo xigtay barnaamijkan waxaa laga soo saaray in total of 5700 m ³ boqolkiiba 92 Wuxuu, inkasta oo ay tani helay ugu yaraan kaliya 100 litir oo gaas. Qayb ka mid ah lacagta loogu dhex adeegsaday airship ugu horeysay adduunka ee helium ee Navy Maraykanka C-7, taas oo ka dhigtay in ay safar gabadh ka Hampton Waddooyinka (Virginia) ee Bolling Field (Washington, DC) December 7, 1921.

Inkasta oo nidaamka of gaaska dareeraha ah heerkulka hoose ee xiliga in aan la filan horumariyo in ay muhiim ah inta lagu jiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, wax soo saarka sii. Helium waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalo sida gaaska wiish in diyaarad a. Baahida waxaa loogu talagalay ayaa kor u kacay intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka markii la isticmaalo la alxanka a arc gaashaan. element ayaa sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay muhiimad weyn in abuurka bam qaaradda "Manhattan".

reserve Qaranka Maraykanka

In 1925, dawladda Maraykanka abuuray reserve Qaranka helium in Amarillo, Texas, si ay u bixiyaan Saiarrada military wakhtiga dagaalka iyo Saiarrada ganacsi ee nabadda. Isticmaalka gaaska ka dib World Labaad ku dhacay, laakiin saamiyada ayaa waxaa kor u kacay in 1950 si ay u bixiyaan, iyo waxyaabo kale, waxay siisa sida coolant loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee lagu gano oxygen-hydrogen inta lagu guda jiro tartanka bannaan iyo Dagaalkii Qaboobaa. Isticmaalka helium ee Maraykanka ee 1965, siddeed jeer ka badan isticmaalka peak SOFHURA.

Ka dib markii la ansaxiyo sharciga on helium 1960 Macdanta Bureau xigta 5 shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay si ay u soo saaro element ka gaaska dabiiciga ah. Barnaamijkan waxa la dhisay 425-km dhuumaha in ay ku xidhmaan dhirta, kuwaas oo isaga iyo berrinkaba inuu gaaska dowladda qayb dhammaaday dhow Amarillo, Texas. isku dar Helium-nitrogen loogu shubaa kaydinta dhulka hoostiisa, oo waxaa soo hadhay ilaa ma jiraan wax u baahan in.

By 1995, mugga of stock lagu soo shiriyey bilyan oo mitir oo saddex jibbaaran, halka daynta of reserve Qaranka ee 1.4 bilyan oo doolar, taas oo keentay in Congress Maraykanka ee 1996 in ay laasho soo baxay waxaa ka mid ah. Ka dib markii la ansaxiyo 1996 sharciga ku saabsan lahaanshaha gaarka ah ee helium Wasaaradda Khayraadka Dabeeciga ah bilaabay dukaan badanoo ah sanadkii 2005.

Nadiifi oo-soo-saarka

Helium soo saaray ilaa 1945 sano lahaa khayroon daahirnimo ah oo ku saabsan 98%, dadka kale 2% waxay ahaayeen in nitrogen ku filan Saiarrada. In 1945, waxaa soo saaray qadar yar oo ah 99.9 boqolkiiba gaaska loogu isticmaalo alxanka ARC. By 1949, adigoo daahir ah ee element ka dhalanaya uu gaaray 99,995%.

Sanado badan Maraykanka soo saaray in ka badan 90% ka mid ah helium ganacsiga dunida ee. Tan iyo 2004, sanad kasta waxaa la soo shaqeeyay baxay 140 million m ^3, 85% ka mid ah oo ka dhaca Maraykanka, 10% waxaa lagu fuliyay Algeria, iyo inta kale - in Russia iyo Poland. Ilaha ugu waaweyn ee helium ee dunida ay yihiin beeraha gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Texas, Oklahoma, iyo Kansas.

Geedi socodka si loo helo

Helium (khayroon daahirnimo 98.2%) waxaa ka soo kabsaday liquefaction ee gaasta dabiiciga ah qaybaha kale marka heerkulku hooseeyo iyo cadaadis sare. adsorption The of gaasas kale hore.Isticmaal shaqeysiin carbon gaari karo khayroon daahirnimo ee 99,995%. Qaddar yar oo helium soo saaray inta lagu jiro liquefaction hawada on qiyaasta weyn. Oo ka mid ah 900 oo tan oo hawada ka heli kartaa oo ku saabsan 3.17 mitir oo saddex jibbaaran. m gaas.

Fields codsiga

gaaska Noble ayaa codsatay in beeraha kala duwan.

• Helium, oo guryaha u ogolaan in la helo heerkulka aad u yar yahay, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka ah qaboojinta ee LHC, MRI apparatuses magnet superconducting iyo spectrometers resonance magnetic nuclear, qalabka satellite, iyo sidoo kale liquefaction ee ogsijiin iyo hydrogen in gantaalaha "Apollo".
• Sida gaaska inert waayo alxanka aluminium iyo kuwa kale. Biraha soo saaridda ee semiconductors iyo macdantaa indhaha.
• .. In la abuuro cadaadis Haamaha Shiidaalka ee matoorada gantaal, gaar ahaan kuwa ka hawlgala on hydrogen dareere ah, t in kaliya gaaska helium ilaaliyaa ay state of xulkii markii hydrogen weli dareere);
• Wuxuu-Ne laser gaaska waxaa loo isticmaalaa in laga baarayo barcode ku saabsan xafiiska sanduuqa in dukaamada.
• microscope Helium-ra'iyi kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u hesho image ugu wanaagsan ee badan oo elektaroonik ah.
• Sababo la permeability sare ee gaaska sharaf leh waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u tijaabiso darroor, tusaale ahaan in nidaamka hawada-qaboojiyaha gaariga, iyo sidoo kale buux degdeg ah barkinta shilka ku dul dhaceen.
• cufnaanta Low ogolaanaya kubadaha madaxtooyada la helium ka buuxsamay. gaaska inert waxaa bedelay gaas hydrogen qarxa Saiarrada iyo biibiile. Tusaale ahaan, in yaqanaan saadaasha cimilada, buufinta helium waxaa loo isticmaalaa si kor qalab qiyaaseed.
• coolant The cryogenic loo isticmaalo, tan iyo heerkulka element ah kiimikada ee gobolka dareere suurto gal ugu yar.
• Helium, oo guryaha u bixiyaan falcelin yar iyo milmi biyo (iyo dhiig), isku dar ah la oxygen ayaa codsiga in daawooyinka neefsashada, waayo, Laagu oo haysta shaqo caisson helay.
• Meteorites iyo dhagaxyada ayaa la falanqeeyay for content ee element this si loo ogaado da'dooda.

Helium: sifooyinka element ah

Wuxuu guryaha ugu waaweyn ee jirka waa sida soo socota:

• Tirada Atoomikada: 2.
• mass The qaraabo la eb helium ah: 4,0026.
• MILMA dhibic: no.
• dhibic karaya: -268,9 ° C.
• Mugga (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / n.
• qayilo gobolka 0.